Representative of landscape poets
Wang Wei
1. Wang Wei is a representative writer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is versatile and proficient in painting, calligraphy and music. In his early years, Wang Wei aspired to fame and fortune, and wrote many poems with heroic style, open realm and lofty sentiments, most of which were poems with the theme of frontier ranger, such as Youth Travel, Old Man Travel, Dragon Head Song, Frontier Ambassador and so on. However, in the history of Tang poetry, it is the pastoral poetry that lays its position and best marks its artistic achievements. The main content of his poems is to reflect pastoral seclusion and describe natural landscape. For example, Farmer Weishui, Autumn Night in the Deep Mountain, Zhongnanshan, Bird's Singing Stream, Chai Lu, Zhuliguan, Wu Xinyi, etc. Or write about the quiet and leisurely life in the countryside, or write about the quiet and beautiful natural scenery.
2. The artistic features of Wang Wei's pastoral poems;
(1) Wang Wei's pastoral poetry is a highly unified poem and painting. Su Shi once commented: "There are fascinating paintings in poetry and poems in paintings." (Dongpo Zhi Lin) He is good at discovering and capturing the image characteristics and state of natural scenery, composing and selecting colors with the painter's painting skills, blending the poet's unique emotional experience and aesthetic feeling of nature and spiritual realm into the scenery, and creating an elegant and beautiful artistic realm.
(2) Some of Wang Wei's pastoral poems directly penetrate into the artistic realm of meditation and emptiness, which is the artistic embodiment of Zen and Zen interest in the poetic realm.
(3) Wang Wei's pastoral poems have both the natural artistic realm of Tao Yuanming's poems and the meticulous carving of Xie Lingyun's poems. The language is fresh and lively, clean and concise, which is the perfect combination of simplicity and elegance. And language has a strong artistic expression. Wang Wei's landscape poems are mostly written in the later period. Compared with his predecessors, he expanded the content of this kind of poetry and added its artistic style, which made the achievements of landscape poetry reach an unprecedented height. This is his outstanding contribution to China's classical poetry. Among them, the pastoral poems describing rural scenery and farm life are full of pastoral sentiment, showing his leisurely interest and calm and comfortable state of mind. Such as farmhouses on the Wei River and pastoral songs in spring. More works focus on the picturesque scenery of the countryside, "New Sunny Wild Hope": "The new sunny Yuan Ye is vast and has no atmosphere. There are no idle people on the farm and the home is in the south. " Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains describes the beautiful scenery of the mountain village when it rains at dusk. Those landscape poems in Wang's poems that depict the beauty of natural tranquility have high aesthetic value. Such as "Qingxi": I once drove the river of yellow flowers and chased Qingxi water first. 10,000 laps over the mountains. On a journey of less than thirty miles. The rapids buzzed on the piled rocks, but the light dimmed among the dense pine trees. There is no water in the water, and weeds are flourishing on the shore. Deep down in my heart, I have always been pure, Qingchuan Dansuo. Oh, stay on a wide flat rock and cast the fishing line forever! .
Throughout, the heart shines on the water, the heart is lined with the water, and things and I blend, which embodies an inherent pursuit of beauty. While some pastoral poems focus on rendering ethereal artistic conception and lonely feelings. For example, "Zhu" and "Zhu" are both weak points, aiming at quietness and interest. This will undoubtedly have a certain negative impact on later landscape poems.
Wang Wei is brilliant, and the infiltration of different arts has had a far-reaching impact on his poems. He put painting into poetry, which made his landscape poems poetic.
The language of Wang's poems is implicit, fresh and lively, with varied sentence patterns and rhythms, loud and harmonious phonology and musical beauty.
In a word, Wang Wei's landscape poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations, both in subject matter and artistic style.
meng haoran
1. Meng Haoran is a representative writer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and he is also the first poet who wrote a large number of pastoral poems in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems are landscape poems, or he writes about the scenery he saw in various places during his travels, or about the natural scenery of his hometown. Among them, lonely feelings are often mixed with frustration, and homesickness is integrated into the entertainment of the scenery. Such as "Dongting Lake to Prime Minister Zhang", "Going Home on the River" and "Sleeping in Jiande". His pastoral poems mainly show the elegant feelings of seclusion and leisure. Such as "Passing the Old Village" and "Wandering and Thinking Back to Wang Baiyun".
2. The artistic features of Meng Haoran's pastoral poems;
(1) The style of Meng Haoran's pastoral poems is mostly peaceful and diluted, fresh and natural, not yet carved, but also extraordinary and refined. Shen Deqian commented: "Montessori is better than others. He has no intention of finding a job every time, which is beyond the secular and unexpected. " Wen Yiduo said, "It's too light to read poetry. It's really Meng Haoran's poem." His pastoral poems are simple and natural, simple and pure, full of life breath, such as the simple life of farmers and the rural natural scenery in light pen and ink, which are deeply influenced by Tao Yuanming's poetic style. However, some of Meng Haoran's landscape poems are vigorous and broad, such as Dongting Lake to Prime Minister Zhang.
(2) Meng Haoran's poems are light and rich in flavor, just as Shen Deqian said: "Xiangyang's poems get the Tao from quietness, so the language is light and the taste is not light." His poems are good at using plain language, integrating personal subjective feelings and emotional implications, creating Qingyuan's artistic realm, which contains rich poetic meaning.
liu zongyuan
Liu Zongyuan (773-819) was born in Hedong (now Yuncheng, Shanxi). He and Liu Yuxi entered the Jinshi in the same year and participated in Yongzhen Innovation together. After the failure, Yongzhou was demoted first, then Liuzhou was demoted. His experience is more unfortunate than Liu Yuxi's. Until the fourteenth year of Yuanhe, this derogatory fate did not leave him, but when Tang Xianzong recalled him at the request of Pei Du, he died at the age of 47. There is Liuhe East Collection.
Liu Zongyuan's pastoral poems are good at expressing loneliness and lofty realm, and contain profound spiritual pain. For example, Xiju: I have been disturbed by the official robes for a long time. I am glad that I am an exile in this wild south China. I am now a neighbor of plantation owners and harvesters, and I am a guest in the mountains. Xiao Geng radish, tied my fishing boat in the evening, I shuttled through the quiet stream, hardly met anyone, sang a long poem and stared at the blue sky. (Xiju)
Poetry reveals inner loneliness in superficial lightness and tranquility, while the conclusion of "singing long poems in harmony and looking at the sky" depicts a quiet and lonely poetic realm. Another example is the fisherman:
The fisherman rests on the western hills at night, learns the clear water in the morning, and cooks for firewood. Then, at sunrise, he walked through the fog and threatened a green landscape. Looking back, the fishing boat has drifted below the horizon, and white clouds are floating in the mountains, chasing each other.
This poem describes the fisherman's elegance, elegance and elegance. It is a masterpiece with clear poetry and broad artistic conception. However, the description in the poem filters out all traces of others. It seems that only one fisherman is elegant and chic, and that is the phrase "Little Qing Ji River burns bamboo". He wrote that the fisherman picked all the fireworks, which made the fisherman's exquisiteness hard to see.
Another example is Jiang Xue:
There are no birds on a hundred mountains, no footprints on a thousand roads, a boat, a bamboo cloak, and an old man fishing in the cold Jiang Xue.
The mountains and rivers covered with heavy snow in the poem are both extremely pure and chilling. A "unique" and a "unique" all show the coldness and loneliness of the environment. A lonely boat on the cold river not only symbolizes the lonely and noble soul of the author! This poem is a typical representative of Liu Zongyuan's landscape poetry style, with a lonely atmosphere and interest in Gao Zhuo.
Liu Zongyuan, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei are also called the four masters of landscape pastoral poetry. Su Dongpo called Liu's poems "dry outside and smooth inside, seemingly light and beautiful" (Dongpo Inscription); This evaluation is very accurate: "it grows in simplicity and tastes lighter than indifference" (after Shu Huang Zi Si Poetry). [ 1]
Chu Guangxi
Chu Guangxi (about 706 ~ 763) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Runzhou (now Jintan, Jiangsu) is from Yanling. My ancestral home is Yanzhou (now Shandong). In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), he was a scholar, tied with Cui and Qi. Feng Yi was awarded county commandant, and transferred to county commanders such as Surabaya, Anyi and Xia. This official is not satisfied. He lives in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan. After coming out of the mountain, he became a blessing, and the world called Chu Taizu. Dynamic supervision suggestions. At the end of Tianbao, I was sent to john young. At that time, An Lushan served as our time in Fanyang, Pinglu and Hedong towns. Qiang Bing died and was actively preparing to launch a rebellion. However, the appointment power of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty was wasted in politics. Chu Guangxi passed by Handan and wrote two "Little Valley". On the way, he saw: "The army gathers in the north and the son of heaven lives in the west. The female is a county, and Ding Zhuang crusades. It's never too early to cry when the old and the young are separated. The crops have been destroyed and Chuanze has withered. " And he said to himself, "Hanlin has a guest and is a loner." Wandering in the middle of the night, thinking of offering a trick, your door is steep and deep, and you are still empty. "Worried about the current situation, meaning is quite profound. Another poem, Watching john young Deliver Prisoners, said: "Four honors are awarded to Rongyuan, and the title of" Great Stick "is unique to Yan Huang. "Keep an open mind about the fainting of the imperial court and the Anshi rebellion. An Shi uprising, the rebels captured Chang 'an. He was captured, forced to accept a fake post, and then left to return to Korea and died in Lingnan.
The emergence and characteristics of poetry schools
Time background
1. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the society was stable, the national strength was strong, and the social politics, economy and culture were prosperous in an all-round way. The rich material life of the scholar-officials provided conditions for roaming and enjoying the mountains and rivers. The popularity of Buddhism and Taoism in society, Taoism's pursuit of advocating nature and returning to simplicity, and the pure and clear realm of Buddhism and Zen provide a cultural and aesthetic psychological foundation for poetry. The recluse feelings of literati are also closely related to the formation of pastoral poems, but at this moment, they are not recluse for the sake of recluse, but have formed a cultural mentality of yearning for nature, pursuing detachment and independence, and advocating natural aesthetic taste. In addition, the creation of landscape pastoral poetry and landscape pastoral poetry since the Jin and Song Dynasties has undoubtedly provided artistic reference.
2. The pastoral school is represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei, as well as Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian, Zuyong, Qi and others. They inherited the creative traditions of pastoral poetry and landscape poetry of Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao since Jin and Song Dynasties, and formed a school of poetry with the same theme and similar artistic style. Their poems depict natural landscapes and rural scenery, show the interest of returning to simplicity, loving and nurturing, and express the leisure of seclusion. Their poetic style is fresh and natural, and their artistic conception is far away. They write landscapes vividly, which improves the artistic skills of expressing natural scenery in poetry and is a wonderful flower in the garden of Tang poetry art.
trait
Specific style: fresh, lofty, broad, colorful and full of emotion.
Landscape pastoral school mainly describes natural landscapes such as mountains and rivers, praises rural life, and takes rural scenery and the labor of farmers, herdsmen and fishermen as the theme. The poet takes natural landscapes or rural natural scenery and rural life as the object of chanting, and throws delicate brushstrokes into quiet mountains and leisurely fields to create a rural life, thus expressing his dissatisfaction with reality and yearning for a quiet and peaceful life. Landscape pastoral poetry belongs to the category of landscape poetry. The main feature of this kind of poetry is that "all scenery words are emotional words", that is, the natural scenery written by the author is integrated into the author's subjective feelings, or the scenery is used to express feelings, or the scene is blended.