[Description of Examination Outline]
The requirement of the national college entrance examination Chinese volume syllabus in 2009 is "appreciation of poetry expression skills", and the ability level is specified as E. Means of expression refers to the special means of expression used by the author in shaping the image, creating artistic conception and expressing thoughts and feelings. Its meaning is very broad, which can include the use of various rhetorical devices and expressions, as well as the clever use of various expressive devices and artistic ideas.
Appreciating expression means identifying the rhetorical devices, expression methods, expression methods or artistic ideas used in poetry, analyzing its own artistic effects and evaluating its role in expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings.
[Frequently Asked Questions]
1, rhetorical appreciation. Point out what rhetorical devices are used in a poem and analyze its artistic effect.
2. Thank you for your expression. Clearly point out the main ways of expression in poetry (narrative, description, discussion and lyricism), analyze its artistic effect and evaluate its role in expressing the poet's feelings.
3. Appreciate the expression. Point out what expressive techniques are mainly used in poetry (such as setting off, contrast, symbol, comparison, rendering, contrast and so on). ), and combined with poetry to analyze its role and effect in expression and performance.
4. Appreciate structural skills. Appreciation of structural skills is often combined with the examination of the functions of words or sentences in poetry.
There are three types of structural skills: one is to point out the relationship between images and emotions in ancient poetry, that is, the relationship between scenery (things, events) and emotions (or themes). According to the order of scenery and emotion, it includes two types: "scenery first, emotion later" and "feeling with scenery"; The second is to point out the structural characteristics of ancient poetry and the relationship between the former sentence (couplet) and the latter sentence (couplet), including "overlapping sentences, bedding, transition and care"; The third is to point out how words and expressions embody the main idea, including "get to the point, point to the theme, do what you say, see the big picture from the small, and have a clear contrast".
[Knowledge carding]
Appreciation of expressive ability is the focus of the proposition of appreciation of ancient poetry in college entrance examination. There are separate topics in the form of propositions, and there are also comprehensive topics that combine image, language or ideological content with the author's feelings and attitudes. At the same time, expression skill is a very complicated problem in the appreciation of ancient poetry, but as long as a basic principle is grasped, all methods that can improve the expression effect of poetry and enhance its expressive force belong to the category of expression skill, which generally includes rhetorical methods, expressive techniques, expressive techniques and structural skills.
To review this testing center, we should do the following:
First, study the college entrance examination papers and grasp the test sites
Appreciation of ancient poetry expression skills is a very serious test question for candidates. The lack of relevant knowledge of candidates is an important reason for losing points. Therefore, the accumulation and storage of relevant knowledge should be the premise and key to solve the problem of appreciation of expression skills. The types of expression skills of ancient poetry can be roughly classified from some angles.
1, expression
Generally speaking, there are five kinds: narrative, argumentative, explanatory, descriptive and lyrical. Appreciation of ancient poetry usually involves lyricism (direct and indirect lyricism) and description (positive description and side description). In addition, there are narratives (mostly used in narrative poems) and arguments (mostly used to point out the theme of poems).
A brief list of poetic expressions
narrate
discuss
Describe the object: the details of the character environment and scene.
describe
Outline description of dynamic and static combination
(1) the performance and description combined with reality.
Front description color rendering
Angle change
Get the whole picture from small details
Direct lyric
Lyric borrowing scenery, the lyrical blending of scenery and scenery.
(of) expressing emotion indirectly, expressing emotion and expressing ambition.
Borrow things to express feelings, combine reason with scenery, and borrow the ancient to satirize the present.
Borrow allusions
Outline description: describe things around the described things to make the objects more vivid and prominent. For example, Wang Changling's "Join the Army":
"The desert dusty sky is faint, and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Hebei at night and has been reported alive. " -the second sentence of the poem describes the situation on the side. On the one hand, the wind is strong, which is convenient to roll up the red flag and March in a hurry. On the other hand, it is highly alert, unobtrusive, and highlights tension.
Dynamic and static combination: the dynamic and static description of things and scenery sets off each other and constitutes a kind of interest. For example, Wang Wei's "Bird Singing Stream": "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, it surprises the birds and sounds into the spring stream. " -It's quiet in the middle of the night, but sweet-scented osmanthus quietly falls on the empty spring mountain, which is moving. Birds sing when they are frightened, and when they cross a deep stream, they show the silence of the mountain. This is the stillness in watching. One autumn night in the mountains: "There is moonlight in the pine forest and crystal stone in the stream." -The harmonious coexistence of brightness and darkness, movement and stillness constitutes an artistic conception of emptiness, brightness, cleanliness, coldness and stillness.
The combination of reality and fiction: it means that the scenes and events of reality and the scenes and events of imagination (dreams and memories) set off each other, interweave each other and show together.
The same feeling. For example, Liu Yong's Yulin Order: "Affectionate feelings have been hurt since ancient times, and it is even more important to neglect the Qing Autumn Festival. Where did you wake up tonight? Yang Liuan and Xiaofeng are dying. This is a long time, people who love each other are not together, and I even expect to be satisfied with the good weather and scenery in name only. There are many kinds of customs, who to talk to. " -"Where did you wake up from a drunken night, Yang Liuan?" Imagine a scene after leaving: a boat leaves the shore, and the poet wakes up from a drunken dream, only to see a breeze blowing the rustling willow, and the waning moon hanging high on the willow tip, which doubles the sadness of leaving in imagination.
Color rendering: Describing a scene with bright colors can convey a happy mood and also set off a sad mood (write a sad mood with a happy scene). For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " -The author highlights the newly sprouted willow branches, paired orioles, free egrets and a blue sky. Four bright colors are fresh and bright, which constitute a gorgeous picture and convey a feeling of happiness. Du Fu's quatrains: "The Jiangbi birds are too white, and the mountains are blue and white. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " —— Render a pleasant scenery with thick ink and heavy colors. The mountains are green, the flowers are red, the birds are white and the waves are green. The scene is fresh and pleasing to the eye, but it paves the way for writing an article to arouse the sadness of wandering.
Angle change: description should be hierarchical-from far to near or from bottom to top. The position of the observer is different, and the angle is also different.
In different degrees, looking down, looking up, looking down and looking closely, the visual image will present various forms and changes. For example, Mutu's "Mountain Walk" says: "The stone path of Hanshan Mountain is oblique, and there are people in Bai Yunsheng. Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February. " -The first two sentences describe the prospect of Akiyama. The first sentence describes the majestic scenery of the autumn mountain and shows the poet's courage to climb it. The second sentence describes a specific scene in the autumn mountain, and several families can be seen faintly under the white clouds fluttering sky. The last two sentences depict a close-up of Akiyama.
See the big from the small: "small" refers to small and specific events, scenes, images, actions, etc. "Big" refers to the background of the event, the broad realm of things and the typical significance of the image. For example, Du Mu's poem "Crossing the Qing Palace in China" says: "Chang 'an looks back with piles of embroidery, and the top of the mountain opens a thousand times. When riding the red dust and laughing, no one knows that it is litchi. " -The poem selects the little thing of "sending litchi", describes two scenes of sending litchi and eating litchi, lashes the extravagant life of Xuanzong and Guifei, and fully embodies "seeing the big from the small".
Direct expression: a lyric way to directly express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love and hate, likes and dislikes, joys and sorrows. For example, Chen Ziang wrote on the tower of Youzhou: "Where was the past before me? Behind me, where are the future generations? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall. " -poetry goes straight to the theme. After the poem, he went straight to the high platform. "Where, in front of me, are the lost years? Behind me, are the future generations? " It caused the poet to feel sad sometimes. Thinking of the vastness of heaven and earth and the smallness of the individual, he couldn't help but say, "I am alone, and my tear drops is coming".
Lyric by borrowing scenery: the poet touches the external scenery with strong subjective feelings and injects his own feelings into it.
The middle is expressed by the description of the scenery, and the objective scenery brings the poet's subjective affection. In China's ancient poems
In song, pine, bamboo, plum, orchid, rocks, streams, deserts, ancient roads, border crossings, sunset, jathyapple, breeze, drizzle and
Weft grass and so on. It is often the object that poets use to express their feelings. For example, Du Fu's "Spring Hope": "Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers last forever, and the vegetation is spring. Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. " ..... The word "broken" in the first couplet is shocking, and then the word "deep" is sad everywhere. Write the scenery clearly, express your feelings and send them to the scenery. Necklace personifies people with flowers and birds, which makes people feel sad when they leave. Flowers also shed tears, and birds are also shocked. Blend your feelings into the scenery and express your feelings with the scenery.
Expressing ambition by things: A poet uses the characteristics of something in nature to express his ambition or pursuit.
The things in this poem are personified. For example, Yu Shinan's "Cicada" says: "Drinking clear dew and smelling Shu Tong. It's not the autumn wind that makes you afraid to speak loudly. " -Three or four sentences in the poem, with the unique feeling of cicada singing spreading far and wide, tell the truth, that is, a person with noble character can spread his reputation far and wide without some kind of outside help, thus expressing his warm praise and high confidence in his inner character.
Citation: There are two kinds of allusions: using useful things and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems and encourage people to associate and speak. Use allusions to make the language concise and rich in content. For example, Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le? Gu Beiting, Jingkou, reminisced about the past: "I thought that in those days, Wan Li was swallowed by a tiger. "-This word is practical except recalling the author's experience of going south 43 years ago." I think in those days, Jin Ge was an iron horse, devouring Wan Li. "It's about the heroism of Emperor Wu of Song in the Northern Expedition against the enemy. By praising Emperor Wu of Song, the author satirizes the shameless behavior of the main peace faction in the Southern Song Dynasty, showing the author's anti-gold proposition and determination to restore the Central Plains. Cao Cao's "Short Songs": "Green, leisurely in my heart. But for your sake, I've thought it over. "Yo yo Luming Literature, Shi Ye ping. I have a guest, blowing sheng. " -Quoting the Book of Songs? Zheng Feng? Ji Zi's poems make the expression subtle and elegant.
Borrowing the past to satirize the present or borrow the past to express one's feelings: On the surface, borrowing the past to express one's feelings is to recall history and describe the ancients, but in fact it is to express one's understanding of things.
2. Rhetorical methods
There are metaphors, analogies, puns, duality, exaggeration, metonymy, rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, thimbles (mostly in songs or words) and so on. Its characteristics and usage are roughly the same as those in modern literary works.
Metaphor: Compare one thing or situation with another. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. It can highlight the characteristics of things and visualize abstract things. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting": "Looking at Dongting's landscape from a distance, there are green snails in the silver plate"-the poem skillfully compares "snails" and compares the mountains under the bright moon Yin Hui to green snails in the silver plate, with elegant color and seamless landscape.
Metonymy: borrowing related things, not what you want to express. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit. For example, Li Qingzhao's dream: "Do you know, do you know? It should be "green, fat, red and thin"-in the poem, "green" and "red" are used instead of leaves and flowers to describe the lush leaves and the withering flowers respectively.
Exaggeration: an enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly. For example, Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pus: "White hair is three thousands of feet, and sorrow is like a long beard"-sorrow gives birth to white hair, and the poet exaggeratedly writes that white hair is three thousands of feet. It can be seen that the sadness is deep.
Duality: using a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two identical or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit. For example, Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain": "Leaves are like the foam of a waterfall, and I think the long river always rolls forward." -From the structure of the article, this poem is 40% folded, sentence by sentence is relative, round and natural, and there is no trace of axe chisel. "Falling Trees" has a broad and far-reaching artistic conception for "the endless Yangtze River". The rustling of fallen leaves makes people feel more colorful about the tumbling water. More importantly, from here, I feel the pain that the poet's youth is fleeting and his ambition is hard to pay.
Analogy: people are called anthropomorphic, or crops are called simulacra. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid. For example, Lin Bu's "Xiao Mei in the Mountain Garden": "The frost bird wants to see first, and the butterfly is like a soul." -This couplet adopts personification. Steal a glimpse first describes how much the white crane loves plum blossoms. Before it could fly down, it couldn't wait to peek at the plum blossom first. The word "broken soul" describes the butterfly's love for Mei, exaggerating her love for Mei to the extreme.
Parallelism: Say several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone in succession. For example, Su Shi's "Apricot Fragrant Son": "There is no dust in the clear night, and the moonlight is like silver. Be sure to pour the wine for ten minutes. This is both fame and fortune, but it is a waste of people and money. A pony in a sigh is a fire in a stone. Although holding the article. Open your mouth and kiss. And Tao Tao, Lotte, really. When will you go home? Be an idle person. Yes, a piano and a pot of wine. A cloud. " -Three sentences contrast "The Pony in the Crack" expresses the poet's strong feeling that life is short and fame is useless, which contains strong pessimism. The three sentences in To a Piano once again express the poet's yearning for a quiet and indifferent life through parallelism.
Ask questions: ask questions first, and then express your opinions. Introduction to the problem. Drive the whole article, ask questions in the middle, connect the preceding with the following,
Ask questions at the end, deepen the theme and make people memorable. For example, Aruvi wrote a poem: "Who is the hero in the world? There is wine on the river, which is fair to Cao. " -Start with a question. Point out the theme and lead to the following hierarchical description of the heroic achievements of the Three Kingdoms.
Rhetorical question: express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings. For example, Wang Anshi's "Tiaojiang Pavilion": "Although the disciples in Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to make a comeback for you?" -using rhetorical sentences, the tone is cold, emphasizing the inevitability of history.
Pun: Pun is a rhetorical device, which uses the polysemy and homonymy of words in a certain language environment to intentionally make a sentence have double meanings, meaning one thing and another. In some poems, especially folk songs, in order to express a euphemistic and implicit emotion, the author often uses pun rhetoric, such as Liu Yuxi's Zhi Zhu poem "Willow Green Jiang Shuiping, I listen to the songs on the Langjiang River. Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny or sunny. In Li Shangyin's Untitled and Spring Silkworm Woven to Death, silk means thinking.
Intertextuality: Intertextuality is a special rhetorical device in ancient Chinese. In ancient poetry, due to the limitation of words and rules or the need of expressing art, it is necessary to express rich content with concise words and implicit and concise sentences. Therefore, only one of the two appears in the context, omitting the other, that is, the so-called "two give one side and save one side" to achieve the effect of simplifying the complex. For example, "The morning glory is far away, and the river girl is a China girl" (nineteen ancient poems), "My master dismounted and the guest boarded the boat" (Pipa line) and "The bow is stiff, and it is hard to get it back" (Bai Xuege sent Tian Wu home).
3. Expression skills
Bixing, contrast (contrast), rendering, contrast (contrast), contrast (dynamic contrast, music scene contrast or sad scene contrast), line drawing (concise language, no rendering contrast), allusions (using predecessors' poems, quoting fairy tales, using historical stories), cadence, symbol, etc.
Initiation: Initiation means saying other things first, so as to arouse the words to be recited. For example, "Peacock flies southeast": "Peacock flies southeast and lingers for five miles." -flying southeast with peacocks, causing memories of their unfortunate experiences.
Set-off: Describe from the side to highlight the subject, which can be divided into contrast and positive contrast.
"Positive contrast" is the simultaneous contrast of similar things or similar things, such as prosperity to prosperity. For example, Zhang Ji's a night-mooring near maple bridge: "Frosty night, river breeze, fishing fire, worrying about sleep. Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, passenger ships are ringing at midnight. " -A bleak picture of a night stop in Qiu Jiang touches the setting of the moon, the crying and the frosty sky, setting off the sad mood and homesickness of tourists, which is a kind of "positive contrast".
"Contrast" is to use one aspect of contradiction to set off another, such as E Lai to set off goodness and joy to set off sadness. For example, Wang Ji's "If you are in the Xi": "The cicada forest is quieter, and the Yingong Mountain is more secluded"-moving to settle the silence is a kind of "contrast".
Sketch: It was originally one of the traditional techniques in China's painting, which is roughly similar to the sketch or sketch in western painting. Its characteristic is to outline the picture with simple ink lines, freehand brushwork, no contrast and no color. This painting method is introduced into poetry creation, that is, without adjectives and modifiers, it is carefully carved and rendered layer by layer, not to mention melody or foil, but by grasping the object of description, using accurate and powerful brushstrokes, simple and concise language and plain words, it neatly outlines the shape, light and shade (sound) of things and shows the author's feelings about things.
Rendering: Describe the environmental scenery in various ways to make the image more prominent and enhance the artistic effect. In fact, it is a colorful description, different from line drawing. For example, Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain": "The sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow and birds crow, and the blue lake and white sand return." -The first link tells what we saw and heard in the pitching room, and six close-ups appeared one after another, rendering the characteristics of Qiujiang scenery.
Contrast: to compare two things or situations that are opposite or opposite, and to compare with each other. For example, Li Bai's "Vietnam's Visit to the Ancient": "The more
Wang Goujian broke Wu's return, and the soldiers returned to their hometown. Maid-in-waiting is like a flower in Man Chun Hall, but only partridges are flying today. -the first three sentences describe the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence describes the desolation and desolation of today, which makes readers feel particularly profound and contains the poet's deep historical thinking.
Restraint: both negative and positive aspects should be said at the same time, and only one of them can be emphasized.
The purpose of suppressing this and promoting that. There are two kinds: suppression before promotion and suppression after promotion. For example, Wang Changling's "Forever in My Heart": "Young women in boudoir don't know how to worry. They put on makeup in spring and go up to Cuilou. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the seal. " -this poem adopts the method of praise before suppression, first writing the young woman's "ignorance" and then saying her "regret". By describing the subtle changes of young women's mood, this paper profoundly shows the sentimental and sad feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
Symbol: to express concepts, thoughts and feelings with similar or similar characteristics through concrete and easy-to-associate images. For example, "Ode to Lime": "A thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, and if the fire burns idle. I am not afraid of being smashed, I want to remain innocent in the world. " -This poem expresses things and aspirations by symbolic means. Write lime on the surface, actually write, and write yourself like lime to stand any severe test. Not afraid of sacrifice, not afraid of suffering, be a strong person, honest and innocent.
Concern: refers to the necessary answer to the previous writing in the poem. This method is used properly to make the structure compact and rigorous. (including the content reference topic, and the ending refers to the beginning). For example, Wei's "Night Rain Farewell to Li Zhou": "Is it raining all the way to Chu? The bell in the evening came to us from Nanjing. Your wet sails are dragging and you don't want to leave, and the birds in the shadows are flying slowly. " -The poet in the first two sentences stood by the drizzling river at dusk, pointed out the "twilight rain" in the poem title and took care of the word "send" in the poem title.
4. Structural skills
There are mainly the first sentence, cut to the chase, write down the topic, pave the way, see the big picture from the small, make the finishing point, show the ambition of the pawn, get the right total score, and take care of and pave the way for the transition.
Title of the first sentence: Make it clear at the beginning and get to the point directly. Bai Juyi said: "The first sentence is based on it" (Preface to New Yuefu). This "purpose" is the central argument of the article. This method pointed out the "navigation mark" for the full text at the beginning.
Cut to the chase: get to the point at the beginning of the article, don't beat around the bush.
Get to the point: if you don't get to the point right away, start from a beginning. Using it well will make the article feel ups and downs, arouse suspense and attract readers.
Forestage: It is a writing skill to make some suggestive arrangements for the characters or events that will appear before the story of the article, and then "respond" when the events develop to a certain extent. Good foreshadowing can play a role in hinting, pointing out topics, communicating the internal relations of articles, and reversing the relationship between characters. , make the arts and sciences smooth and reasonable, and often make people have reading surprises such as knowing smiles, heart bells or unexpected feelings; At the same time, it can make the article brilliant and has unique charm.
Reference: Reference is the foreshadowing reference between texts, also called echo. An article should have a beginning and an end, and the content before and after should be internally related. If the front has been explained, the back must be managed; If you want to take care of the back, you have to explain it first. In this way, the article can run through, which is convenient for readers to grasp the context of the full text. The role of care. Citation can make the plot coherent, the context clear and the structure tight.
See the big from the small: see the whole from the local, see the infinite from the limited, and achieve the artistic effect of seeing the big from the small through models and symbols and with the help of people's life experience. In ancient poetry, the artistic interest of viewing the scenery from the window is often shown, and it is full of interest to associate the limited with the infinite. Similarly, watching the sun in the bamboo, reflecting the scenery in the mirror and reflecting the scenery in the water also have this artistic effect. Features: 1. Poetry grasps the small scenery with typical characteristics and can arouse the great realm in readers' hearts. The so-called "small scene to convey feelings." Second, writing about social life also uses typical life details to express important social content, especially quatrains.
Zhang Xianzhi: Poets often express their thoughts or feelings at the end of poems and point out the main ideas.
Ending feelings with scenery: in the process of discussion or lyricism, poetry suddenly stopped and turned to writing scenery, ending with scenery instead of feelings, making poetry "ruthless at this time is better than feelings", which has not been completed yet.
Forestage: the explanation and suggestion before the plot takes place.
Make the finishing point: point out the main idea with one or two wonderful sentences.
Nature: the structure is very complete, as if it were naturally generated.
Transition: from one meaning to another; Or from one content to another, words should be strung together in the middle, which is "transition". It is a way to express connection or transition and an important means of content conversion. Transition, like a bridge, has the function of connecting the preceding with the following. It not only makes the article natural, coherent in tone, clear in context and rigorous in structure, but also helps to express the theme.
In recent years, the setting angle of expression skills such as lyricism, contrast, contrast, reality, combination of static and dynamic, making the past serve the present, metaphor, analogy and duality in college entrance examination questions is the focus of college entrance examination.
Second, rely on the transmission and application of teaching materials.
Some important types of expression skills in ancient poetry can be seen in almost all textbooks. It is common to borrow scenery to express feelings, and other types are not uncommon, such as "expressing one's mind directly" in Li Qingzhao's Slow Whispering (this time, what a sad word), "contrast" in Du Fu's "Climbing Yueyang Tower" (I used to hear about Dongting Lake, but now I finally boarded this building), and "Autumn Night in the Mountain" by Wang Wei. "Bi Xing" in Jiang Kui's Slow Yangzhou (since Huma went to see the river, she abandoned the trees in the pond and hated talking about soldiers), "Bi Xing" in Li Yu's Yu Meiren (asking you how worried you can be, just like a river flowing eastward), Su Shi's Niannujiao? Looking back on the past in Chibi (the first part is about rivers, picturesque rivers and mountains, heroes and heroes flying around in rocks, aiming to write about Zhou Yu's achievements for the next part), and Liu Yuxi's "borrowing the past to satirize the present" in Stone City is endless. When we appreciate them, we can regard them as "model" poems and try to appreciate them carefully.
On this basis, further work should be done to "hook up" the poems with the same expression techniques in the teaching materials, such as "Stone City" and "Guizhixiang? "Jinling Nostalgia", "Mountain Dwelling in Autumn Night" and "Li Ping's Quotations" all adopt the technique of "dynamic and static combination; It can also be linked from text poetry to extracurricular poetry. For example, Du Fu's One Night in a Foreign Country uses the technique of "writing sadness with joy", while Su Shi's "Death of Hua Lian" is also used in some extracurricular articles such as Flowers Xie, Red Apricot and Little Apricot. Learn to transfer knowledge.
Third, explore the law of setting questions and seek enlightenment from answering questions.
The topic setting angles of ancient poetry appreciation and expression skills can be roughly divided into two categories: one is "small angle" and the other is "big angle".
1, "small angle" topic. This kind of question has a small "entry point" and the exam is highly targeted. The stem requirements clearly stipulate appreciation from specific aspects of expression skills. For example:
1 09 Jiangxi Volume: The predecessors thought that the whole poem had two moving sentences: "And like raindrops brightening yellow leaves, the lamp shines on my bald head". Please analyze its originality from the perspective of situational relationship.
② Sichuan Volume in 2008: What rhetorical devices are mainly used in this Yuan Sanqu? Try to appreciate it.
Jiangxi Volume 2008: Please appreciate this poem from the perspective of the relationship between reality and reality.
National Volume 1, 2007: Please appreciate this word from the perspective of "scenery" and "emotion".
The examination objectives of this kind of questions are very clear, and the stem clearly tells candidates to appreciate them from the perspectives of rhetorical methods, reality, scenery, emotion and emotion in the scenery. When answering questions, you only need to analyze and explain according to the relevant expression skills and the specific content of the poem.
2. "big angle" topic. Such topics are often "general" and have no specific angle requirements. The keywords that appear in the stem of the question are usually broader concepts such as "expression technique", "expression effect", "artistic technique" or "technique". For example:
Anhui Volume 2009: What is the most outstanding performance of this word? Please make a brief analysis of the upper and lower que respectively.
②2008 Shanghai Volume: Appreciate the expressive effect of "Snow" and "Zhu" in combination with the whole poem.
Zhejiang Volume 2007: Please briefly appreciate the expressive techniques and language features of these three works.
Fourth, clarify the way of asking questions and accurately standardize the answers.
The way of asking questions in this test center is "What kind of expression is used in this poem? Please analyze it briefly. " Its variant is "please analyze the expressive technique (or artistic technique, or skill) of this poem." How do poets express their feelings? What is the effect? "
The answer steps are divided into three steps:
(1) Indicate exactly what skill or skill is used. (What was used)
(2) Explain how this technique is used in poetry. (How to use)
(3) What is the effect of using this technology? What kind of feelings and purport did the poet express (from the structure of the poem and the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet). (use effect)
In a word, analytical expression skill is to analyze the way poets write landscapes or express their thoughts and feelings. First of all, we should distinguish the requirements of appreciation, that is, we should ask questions from the perspective of rhetoric, expression, text structure or both. This is a highly technical topic. Candidates must be familiar with the commonly used techniques and their effects in order to make a concrete analysis of poetry in combination with the functions of this technique. When you ask for analysis, you must appreciate it in combination with poetry, and you can't be divorced from poetry, otherwise you can only get half a point or even less; Answer the questions in the order of total first and then points. The language expression in the process of appreciation must be a smooth and beautiful analysis combining the interpretation of poetic artistic conception with the appreciation of formal skills.
For example, Chen Tao's Journey to the West in Longxi: "I swear to sweep the Huns regardless of my body, and 5,000 minks mourn Chen Hu. Poor riverside bone, still a dream girl. " In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Shizhen appreciated the last two sentences of this poem, "The idea is wonderful". So, how do you achieve "good intentions"?
In this poem, the poet wants to reveal the pain and disaster brought by the war to the people, but in the last two sentences, he does not directly describe it, but reveals the main idea in a comparative and relatively realistic way. The poet associated "Chunjiang Bone" with "Spring Boudoir Dream", and wrote that the wife in the spring boudoir did not know that she had been recruited to death, but still dreamed that she had become a husband with bones in her dream. On the one hand, she is a sad and desolate skeleton, on the other hand, she is a living soldier in her dream. The reality is relative, the ups and downs are different, and the contrast is strong, resulting in a strong artistic effect.
Supplement: the analysis of expression skills, in addition to the basic expression skills presented in the list, sometimes starts with the artistic conception of the poem itself.
For example, Jie Jiang's "Young Beauty": "Young people listen to the rain songs upstairs, and the red candle is faint. In the prime of life, the boat is listening to the rain, and the wild geese in the river are called the west wind. Now listening to the rain monk Lu, there are stars on his temples. The joys and sorrows are always ruthless, and the next step is until dawn. "
This word takes "listening to the rain" as a clue, and goes from teenager to prime of life and then to old age in chronological order. Its genius lies in intercepting three suggestive and symbolic pictures from its long and tortuous life experience, and summarizing the changes of its environment, life and mood from teenager to old age. The first picture is set off by a red candle, with a low account, happiness, sweetness and carefree; The second picture is a piece of Wang Yang, with low winds and clouds, wandering around, leaving thousands of worries; The third picture is an independent monk's house, lonely and desolate, and everything is empty and hopeless. The joy of the first painting is in sharp contrast with the desolation of the last two paintings. Listening to the rain skillfully forms three pictures into a whole; Joy in listening to the rain, sadness in listening to the rain, and summing up your life in listening to the rain.
Analysis of expression skills, but also pay attention to the role of the first sentence (or turning sentence) in the whole poem. The function of the first poem can be thought from the following aspects: laying the emotional tone, summarizing the overall content, creating an artistic atmosphere for the whole poem, causing the following and paving the way for the following.
For example, Su Shi's Dongpo: "The rain washes Dongpo, the moonlight is clear, and the people in the city are like savages. Don't be afraid to find the right slope, love to drag the stick. "
In the picture described by the author of this poem, the moonlight is clear and there are few people. Everything is quiet. Only Dongpo returned from ploughing in Long Mu on a moonlit night, dragging his plow backwards on the rugged mountain road, making constant noise all the way. The first sentence is the foreshadowing of the whole poem, which depicts a moonlit map of Dongpo after the rain, creating a quiet atmosphere to set off the spiritual realm of the author's mind Ming Che.
Problem solving format:
Appreciating rhetorical methods: revealing skills+analyzing and expressing functions (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
Appreciate expression: how to say (describe)+what to say (describe)+what to express.
Appreciate the expression technique: technique+expression function (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)