Only one impressionist one was found.
Impressionism is a painting school born in France in the second half of the 19th century. Its representatives include Monet, Manet, Pissarro, Renoir, Sisley, Degas, Morisot, and Bazzi. About and Cézanne et al. The Impressionists' paintings grew out of realism, but their primary interest was in accurately and objectively depicting one's own visual experience of the world. Impressionist painters paid more attention to instant visual experience, color, atmosphere, and brushwork than to social history, religion, and ethics. It was in this aspect that they embarked on a different artistic path from previous European painters. When their works first appeared, they were criticized by audiences who were accustomed to classical painting forms. In 1874, at the first Impressionist exhibition, Monet's "Sunrise Impression" was criticized. From then on, "Impressionism" and "Impressionism" " is used as a proper noun to refer to the works of a group of artists like Monet.
From the perspective of the development process of European painting history, it was under the impressionist painters' pen that flickering sunlight and subtle shadows were introduced into the painting, making the painting fresh, bright and vital. Artists' efforts to pursue authenticity reached their peak during the Impressionist era and then began to decline. From Manet to Cézanne, the European painting tradition is self-denying and self-improving at the same time. This process constitutes the development framework of the entire Western modern painting. Although the Impressionist painters were misunderstood and even ridiculed when they started their artistic activities, and their joint activities did not last long, they had an extremely profound impact on Western art, which also affected music and literature. By the early 20th century, Impressionism had become a popular art school. To this day, Impressionist paintings are still more popular with audiences around the world than any other genre in the history of painting. Using works by artists such as Manet, Monet, Renoir, Degas or Cézanne, this exhibition will present the evolution of French Impressionism: its beginnings, its development and its influence on subsequent painting. Visitors can observe not only the diversity of subjects handled by these outstanding painters (involving landscapes, still lifes and portraits), but also the development of their painting experience. The exhibition of some representative works makes this art exhibition rare. There are a total of 51 Impressionist works exhibited in China this time, including all the major French Impressionist painters - 11 Monet, 5 Sisley, 4 Degas, 4 Renoir, Manet 3 pieces, Pissarro 7 pieces, Fantin——Latour, Morisot, Bazille and others also have works that can be seen by the Chinese audience. Among them are Manet's "Boy Playing Piccolo" and "Tavern Maid", Degas's "Dance Lesson", "Café, also known as Absinthe", "Portrait of a Young Woman", Monet's "Rouen Cathedral" ", "Water Lilies", Renoir's "Bust, Effect of Sunlight", Pissarro's "Pontoise: The Slope of the Hermitage", Sisley's "Rufuschen's Garden Path", etc. The works are all examples of Impressionist painting art.
Impressionist paintings began to be introduced to China in the 1920s, but it was not until the late 1970s that Chinese audiences were able to see few Impressionist works. During the French Culture Year activities, Impressionist paintings were displayed in a concentrated manner, setting a precedent in the history of my country's foreign art exchanges. The 51 works presented to the Chinese audience this time belong to the French national collection, and most of them come from the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. The Musée d'Orsay is a national museum that specializes in collecting modern art works. It is located on the banks of the Seine River in Paris. It is a must-stop stop for art pilgrims from all over the world when traveling to Paris. The Musée d'Orsay took out such a large number of exquisite Impressionist works at one time and sent them to China, an ocean away, for display. It can be called an art event of the century. This exhibition hopes to provide the public with an opportunity to build a bridge between Chinese and French cultures and understand the similarities and differences between Chinese and French cultures, as well as the common and complementary things between Chinese and French cultures.
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Impressionism It originated in France in the second half of the 19th century. A group of painters centered on Manet, such as Monet, Sisley, Renoir, Cézanne, Degas, Pissarro, etc., under the slogan of opposing academic art, carried out artistic innovation with an innovative attitude and became famous. Enter the French painting circle. They held their first exhibition in Paris in 1874, which received great social response. Among the exhibited works, there was an oil painting titled "Impression Sunrise" created by Monet, which was attacked by academics. Critics jokingly called these The painters were "Impressionists", hence the name Impressionist painting.
Impressionism emphasizes the painter's feelings and impressions of objective things, opposes the academic conventions, and advocates artistic innovation. In terms of painting techniques, he discussed light and color, developed a method of using external light to describe objects, and realized that changes in color are caused by colored light. Color occurs with the observation position, different light conditions, and the influence of the environment. changes, and at the same time apply this scientific principle to painting. They walked out of the studio, walked into nature, and sketched directly in the sunlight, expressing subtle color changes based on observation and direct feelings. This was a great revolution in the history of painting and had a great influence on subsequent modern art. Since Impressionist paintings rarely reflect the themes of human life, the subject matter and content of their creations are greatly restricted.
Manet (1832~1883) was a painting master who played an important role in the revolution in the field of painting in the second half of the 19th century. Although he had close ties with the Impressionist painters, he did not participate in the Impressionism movement. Art exhibition, but the Impressionist painters always created new painting theories and works with Manet as the center.
Manet was born in a wealthy judge's family in 1832. Because of his love for art, he gave up his career as a high-ranking official and became a painter. Manet was the first painter to break the traditional sepia tone and make the painting bright and fresh with outdoor light. He was influenced by classical art and always maintains a grand and solemn style in his works. His paintings have high realistic skills in modeling, but their colors have not yet developed to the extent that some later impressionist painters did to break down the colors of objects. extent. His handling of colors is relatively complete, and each color block is harmonious, soft, and bright, giving people a sense of transparency and freshness. "The Boy Playing the Flute" is a famous work by Manet. In the general dark tone, several bright and vivid colors stand out, making it more loud and dazzling. Another of his representative works, "Olympia", also uses this expression method.
Monet (1840-1926) was the leader of Impressionism. In 1874, he initiated and organized the first Impressionist painting exhibition. His oil painting "Impression Sunrise" caused a response in the exhibition, thus making the name "Impressionism" officially appear.
"Impression·Sunrise" expresses the painter's feelings and impressions of the fleeting scene of "sunrise over the water" he saw. What the painting shows is that in the hazy morning fog with the same color as the sky and water, a red sun is rising slowly. The boats in the water and the scenery on the shore are easily outlined with blue and green colors, and all the objects in the whole picture blend into one.
In Monet's works, he paid great attention to the exploration of the color field and ignored the realism of objects and shapes. He focuses on using light and color to express instant impressions, and pursues the independent beauty of color relationships in painting. He was the first painter to truly emphasize outdoor painting. Almost all of his works are done outdoors, and his attitude is very serious. In order to maintain the authenticity of the impression, the painting is often painted in the morning. If it is not completed, it is waited until the same time the next day to continue painting until it is finished. He often faces a scene and draws the color changes of the object at different times and under different lights. For example, the oil paintings "Hastack" and "Lyon Cathedral" are often mentioned works by the painter who conducted this kind of color experiment. His carefully considered works, which pursue the effect of subtle changes in light and color in an instant, have never been seen before. This artistic pursuit is particularly prominent in the oil painting "Water Lilies" created by Monet in his later years. Monet was the longest-lived among the Impressionist painters. In his later years, people had realized the value of Impressionist paintings, which made him live a happy life in his later years.
Degas (1834-1917) was an active activist and important member of the Impressionist painters, famous for his depictions of dancers and bathing ladies. Degas was the son of a banker. He lived a prosperous life, received a good education, and had a high level of cultural accomplishment.
Degas was influenced by strict classical art in his early years, which cultivated his love for traditional art. Therefore, among the Impressionist painters, he was the painter who always insisted on strict modeling. Influenced by Manet, he began to focus on the study of color and participated in Impressionist exhibitions, becoming a member of the Impressionist painters with a unique style. Throughout his life, Degas maintained a strong interest in the pursuit of complicated and confusing movements, especially the dancers under the stage lights and the scenes on the racecourse, which were extremely vivid. He often observes objects calmly backstage and in the box, dictating the moment-by-moment movements of the actors as they dance, vividly showing the dancers' gentle movements and lively jumping postures. What is even more successful is that he conveys the feelings under the stage lights. It has to be extremely real. Degas' representative works are "Dancing Girl on the Stage" and "The Ironing Woman".
Renoir (1841-1919) was an important Impressionist painter. He was born in a poor tailor's family in 1841 and made a living by painting on ceramic vessels. He is optimistic and simple by nature, loves life and nature, and has an extremely keen artistic sensibility for the beauty of people and nature. Renoir mainly painted portraits of women and nudes. His paintings are always full of joyful atmosphere, and the characters are shaped with indescribable tenderness and smiles. At the same time, he tried to use the Impressionist method in his paintings, and achieved ideal results. His figure paintings were lively and colorful.
Renoir's works on girls and children also have high artistic value. The children in his paintings are innocent and childish, and the girls he painted can convey a calm and elegant mood. "Portrait of a Girl" is one of his representative works of this type.
Renoir's works give people a sense of jumping in the use of brushstrokes. He also often likes to use various colors of red from light to dark in his paintings. The characters in the painting are depicted as very leisurely and happy, full of youthful beauty, like a piece of praise and lyrical music. It can make people feel that life is so beautiful and full of romantic sentiment. The works "Lunch on the Cruise Ship" and "Biscuit Shop" "Dance in the Street" and "Box" all fully reflect his artistic characteristics.
Pissarro (1830-1903) was an important painter of Impressionism. Pissarro was born on the small island of St. Thomas in the French Antilles. His father was a small shop owner.
When he was young, he worked as a shop assistant. Because of his passion for painting, he left his hometown island when he was 25 years old and came to Paris, which is known as the capital of art. The works of Corot and Millet had a great influence on him, and he firmly believed that the only master for art to follow was nature. Pissarro began painting in outdoor light earlier than any other Impressionist painter. He often said: "In the vivid light outdoors, paint faithfully according to nature!"
Pissarro was poor throughout his life, but he always lived with a cheerful and bright face. He likes rural life very much and paints everything he sees that is extremely ordinary without exaggeration or whitewashing. In the paintings, he often uses saturated colors and delicate brushstrokes to depict objects, which has a pure artistic charm. Representative works include "Red Roofs in Toise", "Monmartre Street", etc.
Seurat (1859~1891), a latecomer in Impressionism, was unique in Impressionism. Seurat guided artistic practice based on the principles of color science. He believed that under the illumination of light, the colors of all objects are divided. To truly express this divided color, different, pure color points and blocks must be juxtaposed. Together. Works under the guidance of this theory are called "Pointillism" and form "Neo-Impressionism Painting", also known as "Pointillism". Neo-Impressionism, which is based on scientific theory and rationality in architecture, has restored the concreteness and reality of objects in paintings in some aspects, and has made some explorations in color analysis. However, due to its excessive emphasis on rules and rules, painting has also lost its Valuable, intuitive vividness.
"Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte" is Seurat's representative work. It took *** three years to complete. The painter used fine brushstrokes and small dots, and used large blocks of green as the main tone, mixed with purple, blue, red, yellow and other color dots, so that the picture has rich color changes and complementary color contrasts in parts, and overall Be coordinated.
After Impressionism, another artistic idea appeared that was different from that of Impressionism. It was represented by Cézanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin. It was called "Post-Impressionism". Post-Impressionism was not satisfied with the "objectivist" expression and one-sided pursuit of external light and color of Impressionism, but instead emphasized the expression of the author's self-feelings, subjective feelings and emotions. In terms of artistic expression, "Post-Impressionism" attaches great importance to the compositional relationship between shape, color and volume, emphasizing that artistic images should be different from life objects, that the author's subjective feelings should be used to transform objective objects, and that "subjective objectivity" should be expressed. They respected the Impressionists' achievements in external light and color, but did not pursue external light and focused on expressing the concreteness, stability and inner structure of matter. Post-Impressionist paintings had a significant influence on the development of modern schools.
Cézanne (1839-1906) was an important painter of Post-Impressionism and the father of modern painting. Cézanne was introduced to the Impressionist school by Pissarro and participated in the first Impressionist exhibition. He did not stick to the Impressionist analysis of light and color, but worked hard to capture fleeting natural phenomena, establishing his own artistic methods and style.
After long-term observation and practice, Cezanne proposed that natural objects can be summarized into geometric shapes such as cylinders, cones, and spheres. For humans, nature is not about plane but depth. We should pay attention to the relationship between the shape and structure of natural scenery and the progression of colors. He believes that "lines do not exist, nor do light and dark, there are only contrasts between colors. The volume of objects is expressed from the accurate relationship between tones." He is very good at using color to deal with the sense of space in the picture. No matter whether the scenery is far or near, there is no blur or hazy place in the work. It is very fresh and bright. At the same time, it shows a clear sense of far and near perspective and space. This feeling is not expressed by the perspective lines and composition of the objects on the picture, but by the colors of the objects and the relationship between the colors. Color replaces volume, and color relationship replaces the relationship between light and dark. He is using color to create shapes. We know that the difficulty lies in finding accurate colors and harmonious relationships between colors, and Cezanne successfully overcome this difficulty.
Most of Cezanne's works are the reflection of his own artistic thoughts. His still life paintings, landscape paintings and figure paintings show a strong sense of geometry, ignoring the accuracy of the texture and shape of the objects, emphasizing the heavy and steady sense of volume and the overall relationship between the objects. Cézanne's works do not blindly copy reality, but seek the harmony of various relationships.
Cézanne’s emphasis on volume and space, his ingenious arrangement and use of colors, his handling of the shape and structure of objects and his conscious use of deformation techniques, etc., are all artistic methods that pursue formal beauty. , which had a very significant influence on later modern schools. Therefore, in his later years, Cézanne was praised by many painters who were keen on modern art and respected him as the "Father of Modern Art".
Cezanne's representative works include "Still Life" and "Mont Saint-Victoire".
Van Gogh (1853-1890) was an important painter of the Post-Impressionist movement. He was from the Netherlands. His family lived in poverty. He worked in many professions when he was young, such as art dealer, teacher, missionary, etc. When he was nearly 30 years old, he started his painting career.
Because he has rich life experience and has deep feelings for the working people, he is keen to express their ordinary and hard working life in his art.
Most of the early oil paintings used realistic techniques to describe rural scenery and people's working life, and the color expression was mainly traditional dark tones. In 1886, Van Gogh came to Paris and was attracted by the wonderful and warm light and color effects in Impressionist paintings. He began to change his original painting methods and devoted himself to the expression of color and other forms of Impressionist paintings with great enthusiasm. in the experiment. From then on, Van Gogh's oil paintings began to become brighter, using more bright and fiery colors, as well as sporty, continuous, wave-like rapid-flowing brushstrokes, which constitute the characteristics of his paintings. He regards the objects he depicts as a medium to express his passionate and exciting subjective feelings and as a medium to express his unique artistic techniques to express his subjective feelings and passion. He developed the artistic methods of Impressionism, especially the methods of color and shape of things, to a point where he was more independent from tradition. Van Gogh's art was not recognized by the world during his lifetime, but later, people slowly understood and recognized his artistic creation. His works are full of the desire for kindness, beauty and freedom of creative imagination. He was especially accepted by the "Fauvist" and "Expressionist" painters who later developed. To this day, Van Gogh is still alive. in the art world.
Van Gogh's representative works include: the early work "The Potato Eaters", the later works "Sunflowers", "Starry Night" and "The Postman".
Gauguin (1848-1903) was an important painter of Post-Impressionism. He was born in Paris and worked as a sailor and shop assistant in his youth. Later, he gave up business to pursue art and devoted most of his time to the creation of paintings. Initially, he was guided to the path of Impressionist painting by the Impressionist painter Pissarro. Soon he changed his painting style and began to create a style that was more focused on the artist's subjective fantasy and more decorative. He is tired of the bustling and strife-filled urban life and yearns for simple nature and a solitary lifestyle. Gauguin gave up his wealthy life, left Paris, traveled across the ocean, and came to Tahiti, a tropical island south of the equator in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, where he began to explore his unique artistic style. The most important works of his life were completed here. of. Here he found the deep feelings for the indigenous peoples that he had received from his mother in his childhood. Gauguin used great enthusiasm to express the primitive beauty of undeveloped tropical nature and the simple and simple life of indigenous people far away from the noise of civilization. He adopts an artistic technique that is close to the solemn, steady, peaceful and richly patterned decorative style of ancient Egyptian art, and pursues simple, naive and thick-line structural forms. In terms of color, he starts from the requirements of formal beauty, pays attention to the layout and overall effect of color blocks, arranges them with subjective creation, simplifies the relationship between colors, uses more pure colors, and pursues a leap. The harmony or contrast shows a strong sense of decoration. Gauguin advocated that artists should not only express objective nature, but also explore the mysterious heart in thought and express subjective things. Therefore, like Cézanne and Van Gogh, he inspired a group of modern painters
Orientation of art appreciation: Western art
Moving further towards art
Through the study of Western art history, I can solve some artistic problems.
First of all, what is art for?
There are different opinions on the nature of art in ancient times. Aristotle said that "art is the imitation of nature", which is no longer completely true. Although art needs to use natural materials for expression, or use natural phenomena as symbols and natural forms as objects of description, it is by no means a blind imitation of nature.
Some people say that art is "a creative skill of human beings, creating a specific and objective object of feeling. This object can cause happiness in our spiritual world and has long-lasting value." This is objectively speaking... From a subjective perspective, art is the embodiment and objectification of the artist's ideal emotions, the so-called self-expression. Therefore, the purpose of art is not practicality, but pure spiritual happiness. The origin of art is not the structure of rational knowledge, but the creation of a national spirit or the natural impulse of a genius. He expresses nationality or individuality everywhere. The ability to create art is rooted in nature. Although it can be guided and expanded by rational knowledge, it cannot be created or perfected exclusively by academics. The source of art is an extremely strong, deep, and uncontrollable emotion, which carries with it an imagination beyond the ordinary. This kind of emotion that arises from the deepest part of human nature stimulates the imagination to an incredible intensity and guides him to intuitively reach a realm that cannot be summed up by ordinary reason. The connection organization of many complex feelings and emotions generated at this moment is like this. It has become the basis for artistic creation.
Once again, it is the relationship between aesthetics and art
Hugo once said: "Without art, human life will be eclipsed." Schiller once called out emotionally: "Ah! Human beings have Only you have art. “Everyone is fascinated by art and yearns for the feeling of artistic beauty. That’s why people need real artists to create artistic beauty. And art needs real life and the creation of artists. Without these, how can there be artistic beauty? Artistic beauty in art is inseparable from works of art. Artistic beauty refers to the beauty in works of art. It is the beauty of things created according to the laws of beauty and for the purpose of beauty, resulting from the aesthetic understanding of the creative subject. Therefore, the artistic beauty of works of art is also the unity of truth, goodness and beauty.
“Anything in which we can see life as we understand it to be is beautiful; anything that shows life or reminds us of life is beautiful. ,". If it is said that "a thing is beautiful if it can fully express the concept of the thing," that is to say, "anything that is extraordinary and unparalleled among its kind is beautiful." This statement Obviously inaccurate. It is absolutely true that something must be outstanding before it can be called beautiful. For example, a forest may be beautiful, but it must be a "good" forest with tall, tall and dense trees. In a word, an excellent forest is a forest full of broken branches, withered trees, low and sparse trees. It cannot be considered beautiful. But not everything that is out of the ordinary is beautiful, and the better a swamp is among its kind, the uglier it is from an aesthetic point of view. Although "beauty" is not completely equal to art, art must be "beauty". The history of Chinese and foreign aesthetics and the aesthetic practice of the masses show that although art as an ideology is not the only object of aesthetics, it is an important object of aesthetics. There are many categories. However, in terms of the relationship between art and life, creative motivation and artistic effect, aesthetic object and aesthetic subject, they have the same essence and are consistent with each other.
There is also the issue of art and science. The relationship between art and science is an ancient but young topic. Here, the most convincing one is the Western Renaissance. Whether it is the "Six Arts" in ancient China "The connotation of "art" or the concept of "art" in ancient Greece profoundly reflects the close relationship between art and science and technology. The ancient Greeks called skills that could be learned based on specialized knowledge "art." Music, sculpture, painting, and poetry were arts. Handicrafts, agriculture, medicine, riding, archery, and cooking were also called arts. This "art" concept of the unity of art and science and technology reached its peak during the European Renaissance, and the development of science, culture, and art in the Renaissance was also the most glorious period in the history of human civilization. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dürer, etc. were not only artists, but also scientists and engineers. They created outstanding works of art and also made great achievements in scientific development and technological inventions. Art and science are two wings of human culture, and people have been exploring the relationship between them. Einstein said: "Real science and real music require the same thinking process." The relationship between art and science was once very close, and their separation happened before and after the Industrial Revolution. This is related to the development and deepening of science and technology. The emergence of various professional behaviors is closely related. However, the organic combination of the two is of great benefit to the development of art and science. The scientific and cultural achievements of the Renaissance are the best embodiment of the mutual integration and development of art and science. It can be seen that art and science are closely connected. ,
The above three points are my thoughts and gains from this course. Of course, it is much more than these, but the important thing is that I can use theoretical knowledge to answer and solve some real-life problems. .
In short, studying the history of Western art has broadened my knowledge and I have learned more