Sikuquanshu
Title of the series. Compiled during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. It started in 1772 and took ten years to compile. It is the largest official book in ancient China and the largest series of books in ancient China. It is divided into four parts: Jing, Shi, Zi and Ji, hence the name Siku. According to the collection of Wenjin Pavilion, the book contains a total of three thousand five hundred and three (3503) types of ancient books, seventy-nine thousand three hundred and thirty-seven (79337) volumes, and is bound into more than thirty-six thousand volumes. Rich documentation has been preserved. The name "Siku" originated from the early Tang Dynasty. The official collection of books in the early Tang Dynasty was divided into four library collections of classics and history, known as the "Sibu Kushu", or "the books of the Siku". The four-dividing method of classics and history is the main method of classifying ancient books. It basically covers all ancient books, so it is called "the whole book". In the early years of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty, scholar Zhou Shuinian proposed the "Confucian Zang Theory", which advocated collecting Confucian works for others to borrow. This theory has received widespread response from society, which is the social basis for compiling the "Sikuquanshu". "Summary of the General Catalog of Sikuquanshu" is another important bibliographic work.
The compilation history of Sikuquanshu
In November of the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign (1772), Anhui academician Zhu Jun raised the issue of the loss of the "Yongle Dadian", and received permission from Emperor Qianlong. After receiving his approval, he then issued an edict to compile the collected lost books and "all the official engravings collected by the provinces and Wuying Palace" together, and named it "Sikuquanshu". In this way, the loss of the "Yongle Dadian" led to the huge project of compiling the "Sikuquanshu" and became the direct reason for the compilation of the "Sikuquanshu". The compilation process of "Sikuquanshu" is divided into four steps: the first step is to collect books. The collection of letters began in the 37th year of Qianlong's reign (1772) and ended in the 43rd year of Qianlong's reign (1778), which lasted seven years. In order to commend those who submitted books, the Qing government also formulated reward methods such as award books, inscriptions, and names: "Award Books" meant that those who submitted more than 500 kinds of books would be awarded a "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books"; those who submitted more than 100 kinds of books , gave him a copy of "Pei Wen Yun Mansion". "Inscriptions and chants" means that for those who have entered more than a hundred kinds of books, they will choose a refined version and have Emperor Qianlong inscribe and chant the abbreviated version to show his favor. "Registration" means to indicate the name of the collector or book collector in the abstract. With the strong assistance of the local government and the active response of bibliophiles, the book collection work is progressing smoothly. 12,237 kinds of books have been collected, including 4,808 kinds of books from Jiangsu, ranking first among all provinces; and 4,600 kinds of books from Zhejiang, ranking second. Private bibliophiles Ma Yu, Bao Shigong, Fan Maozhu, Wang Qishu, etc. also bought many books.
The second step is to organize the books. Emperor Qianlong built the North and South Seven Pavilions imitating the famous library "Tianyi Pavilion" in order to store the "Sikuquanshu". In December of the forty-sixth year of Qianlong's reign (1781), the first "Sikuquanshu" was finally copied and decorated for presentation. Then it took nearly three years to copy the second, third and fourth parts and store them separately in Wenyuan Pavilion, Wensu Pavilion, Wenyuan Pavilion and Wenjin Pavilion. These are the so-called "Northern Four Pavilions". From July of the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782) to the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1787), three more volumes were copied and stored separately in Jiangnan Wenzong Pavilion, Wenhui Pavilion and Wenlan Pavilion. This is the so-called "Southern Three Pavilions" . Each "Sikuquanshu" is bound into 36,300 volumes and 6,752 letters. The books in Qige are all stamped with seals. For example, the volume in the Wenyuan Pavilion has a seal in Zhu Wen of "Wenyuan Pavilion Treasure" at the beginning, and a Zhu Wen Fang Seal inscribed at the end of the volume "Treasure of Qianlong's Imperial View".
Four origins of the original version of "Sikuquanshu"
1. Collection of books in the inner palace;
2. Book editing by Qing court officials;
< p>3. Books collected from various places;4. Lost books compiled from "Yongle Dadian".
The officials of the Siku Library put forward specific opinions on whether the above books should be copied, engraved, and kept. The books that should be copied are those that are considered qualified and can be copied into the "Sikuquanshu". The books that should be engraved are the works that are considered to be the best. These works should not only be copied into the "Sikuquanshu", but should also be engraved separately for wide circulation. Books that should be preserved are works that are considered unqualified and cannot be copied into the "Sikuquanshu". Instead, only their names are kept in the "Sikuquanshu General Catalog" and included in the catalogue. There are a total of 6793 kinds of such works. There are 93,551 volumes, nearly double the number of works included in the "Sikuquanshu". For works that should be copied or engraved, it is necessary to compare the differences between different versions of the same book and choose a better version as the base. Once a book is designated as a Siku original, it must undergo a series of processing. Flying signatures and eyebrow batches are the products of processing. Flying signatures, also called clipping signatures, are slips of paper used by branch officials to correct typos and write preliminary opinions. This kind of note is often affixed to the inside of the volume and submitted to the editor for review. If the editor approves it, the original text can be modified using Zhubi Jing, otherwise no changes will be made. It is then submitted to the chief editor for a third review. After analysis, the chief editor may disagree with the review opinion of the editor and adopt the preliminary opinion of the branch officer. After the third review, it was submitted to the imperial review. The third step is to copy the original manuscript. The scribes were initially recruited through recommendation. Later, it was discovered that this method had shortcomings such as giving and accepting bribes, so it was changed to the method of examination. The specific method is: when it is necessary to increase the number of scribes, a notice will be issued first, and after the applicants sign up, the order will be given on the spot. Write several lines, judge whether the handwriting is correct or not, and select the best candidates for admission. Although the examination method is superior to the recommendation method, it also has inconveniences, so in the end it was changed to select students who failed in the provincial examination and those whose handwriting on the test paper was neat were selected. In this way, 3826 people were selected for copying work, ensuring the need for copying the "Sikuquanshu".
In order to ensure progress, copying quotas were also set: each person copied 1,000 words per day, 330,000 words per year, and 1.8 million words within five years. At the end of the five-year period, those who have copied 2 million words will be classified as first class; those who have copied 1.65 million words will be classified as second class. According to the level, four official positions were awarded, including state leader, state magistrate, county magistrate, and chief registrar. Anyone whose handwriting is found to be irregular will be given a demerit and fined for writing 10,000 more words. Due to effective measures and clear rewards and punishments, the copying work of "Sikuquanshu" is progressing smoothly. 600 people are engaged in copying work every day, and at least more than 600,000 words can be copied. The fourth step is revision. This is the last critical process. In order to ensure the smooth progress of the revision work, Sikuquan Library has formulated the "Regulations on the Punishment of Merits and Demerits", which stipulates: If the wrong words are originally a mistake, they will not be recorded as a demerit; if the original word is not a mistake, but the mistake is indeed a transcription, the mistake will be exempted. Each wrong word will be recorded as a demerit; if the original error can be found and the person who signed the petition to correct it will be credited once for each mistake. After each volume, the titles of the editors are listed to clarify their responsibilities. A book is divided into different schools, re-schooled for two times, then read by the president, and finally decorated and presented. Branch campuses, re-established schools, presidents, etc. all perform their respective duties and indeed play an important role in ensuring the quality of "Sikuquanshu".
The content of Sikuquanshu
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The content of "Sikuquanshu" is very rich. According to the content classification, it includes 4 parts, 44 categories and 66 genera. It is divided into four parts: Jing, Shi, Zi and Ji, hence the name Siku. The Book of Classics includes 10 major categories, including Yi, Shu, Poetry, Rites, Spring and Autumn, Filial Classics, General Meanings of the Five Classics, Four Books, Music, and Primary Schools. Among them, the Rites are divided into Zhou Rites, Ritual, etc. There are 6 categories: Rites, Book of Rites, General Meanings of Three Rites, Tongli, and Miscellaneous Rites. The primary school category is divided into 3 categories: exegesis, calligraphy, and rhyme books. The history category includes official history, chronicle, chronicle, and miscellaneous history. There are 15 major categories, including history, edicts and memorials, biographies, historical notes, records, seasonal affairs, geography, officials, political documents, catalogs, and historical reviews, among which edicts The memorial category is further divided into two categories: edicts and memorials; the biography category is further divided into five categories: saints, celebrities, general records, miscellaneous records, and separate records; the geography category is further divided into palaces, general records, cities and counties, rivers and canals, border defenses, There are 10 genera of mountains and rivers, historical sites, miscellaneous notes, travel notes, and foreign notes. The official category is divided into 2 genera: official system and official admonishment. The political book category is divided into 6 genera: general system, ceremony, state planning, military affairs, laws, and examinations. The directory category is also divided into 10 categories. It is divided into 2 categories: classics and epigraphy; sub-categories include Confucianism, military strategist, legalism, farming, medical, astronomical algorithm, arithmetic, art, genealogy, miscellaneous books, novelists, etc. , Buddhism, Taoism, etc. There are 14 major categories. Among them, the astronomical algorithm category is divided into two categories: pushing steps and arithmetic. The arithmetic category is further divided into mathematics, fortune telling, fortune telling, fortune telling, and yin and yang five elements. , 7 genera of miscellaneous technology, the art category is divided into 4 genera of calligraphy and painting, musical notation, seal cutting, and acrobatics, the genealogy of genealogy is divided into 3 genera of utensils, recipes, plants, birds, animals, insects, and fish, and the miscellaneous family category is divided into miscellaneous studies, miscellaneous examinations, and miscellaneous theories, There are 6 categories of Miscellaneous Works, Miscellaneous Anthologies and Miscellaneous Collections. The novelist category is further divided into 3 categories: Miscellaneous Things, Strange Stories and Miscellaneous Words. The Collection Division includes 5 major categories: Songs of Chu, Part Collection, General Collection, Poetry and Prose Review, and Ci and Music. Among them, Ci and Music The category is divided into five categories: word collection, word selection, word words, word spectrum and word rhyme, and northern and southern songs. In addition to chapter novels and drama works, the above categories basically include all kinds of books circulating in society. As far as authors are concerned, there are works by various figures including women, monks, Taoists, eunuchs, soldiers, emperors, foreigners, etc.
Shortcomings of Sikuquanshu
First, it attaches great importance to Confucian works and puts them in a prominent position. Put the Confucian classics at the top of the four parts, and put the general Confucian works at the first of the sub-parts.
Second, despising scientific and technological works. It is believed that modern Western science and technology are "heretical" and that their skills can be "extracted and their academic knowledge banned". Except for a few scientific and technological works on farmers, doctors, and astronomical algorithms, general scientific and technological works are not included.
Third, dramatic works and chapter novels will not be accepted.
Fourth, the text of the book may have been deleted or tampered with.
Compilation process
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1. Process
The process of compiling "Sikuquanshu" is also the process of compilation. The process of banning and conquering is also the process of creating a literary prison. According to statistics, more than 3,100 kinds of books and more than 150,000 titles were banned and destroyed during the book repair process that lasted for more than 10 years. Among the books included in the "Sikuquanshu", there are also many deletions or changes. In the process of compiling "Sikuquanshu", the "Sikuquanshu Collection", "Sikuquanshu General Catalog", "Sikuquanshu Concise Catalog", "Sikuquanshu Textual Research", "Wuyingdian Treasure Edition" were also compiled. Series" etc. These kinds of books can be regarded as by-products of the compilation of "Sikuquanshu". "Sikuquanshu Collected Essentials" is the essence of "Sikuquanshu", containing 473 kinds of books and 19,931 volumes. The format and binding format are the same as Siku Quanshu. In the forty-third year of Qianlong's reign (1778), Emperor Qianlong copied two copies: one was placed in the Zhaocao Hall in the Imperial Garden of the palace, and the other was placed in the Weifu Bookstore in the Changchun Garden outside the east wall of the Old Summer Palace. The two hundred volumes of "Sikuquanshu General Catalog" are the general catalog of books included and deposited in "Sikuquanshu". The table of contents is preceded by "Fanli", the first of the four parts of the classics and history collection is preceded by a general preface, and there is a small preface before the major categories. Under each book there are author introductions, content summaries, edition origins and other textual research text. Because these textual research texts were written by famous scholars such as Ji Yun, Dai Zhen, Yao Ding, and Shao Jinhan, they have important academic value.
The twenty volumes of "Sikuquanshu Condensed Catalog" are the simplified version of "Sikuquanshu General Catalog". It does not list catalog books, but only lists the books included in "Sikuquanshu". The abstracts of each book are also relatively simple. . The 100-volume "Text of Sikuquanshu" is a collection of records that should be copied by the officials of Sikuquanshu, and the collation words of each book should be engraved. This book has a high reference value for the revision of ancient books. "Wuyingdian Treasure Edition Series" is printed with wooden movable type. It includes 138 kinds of "should be engraved" books in the "Sikuquanshu". After four types of this series were printed, the host Jin Jian made a comparison and believed that wooden movable type was less expensive and of higher practical value, so he changed it to wooden movable type printing and publishing. The Jin Jian describes the wooden movable type printing process in the book "Qin Ding Wu Ying Dian Treasure Edition Program" and included it in "Si Ku Quanshu". It is an important document in the history of ancient printing and has been translated into German, English and other languages ????and spread around the world.
2. The reasons for the success of the compilation of "Sikuquanshu"
First, a stable social environment. During the period when the book was compiled, during the heyday of Kangxi and Qianlong, the world was peaceful and there was no interference from war. The ministers of Siku sat in front of the desk and sat there for ten years without any worries. Second, the attention of the supreme ruler. From the inception to the completion of "Sikuquanshu", Qianlong Hongli was always involved in it and was carefully planned by him. From collecting books and selecting manuscripts to copying and proofreading, Qianlong took care of them one by one and arranged them himself. Third, strong financial resources. The "Sikuquanshu" is a voluminous volume and requires countless funds, so the Qing government took over all of it. Fourth, strict organizational system. The highest positions of Sikuquan Library are the president and vice president, which are mostly held by county princes, bachelors, six ministers, and ministers. They are responsible for all affairs in the Prime Minister's library. It has a compilation department, a book repair department, and a production supervision department. The Compilation and Revision Department is responsible for proofreading and approving all books, and also serves as the branch of the Revision Office for copying and editing books; the Revision Office is responsible for rewriting and collating all books; and the Production Supervision Office is responsible for engraving, printing, binding and organizing books in Wuying Palace. There are a total of 360 ministers in the Four Treasurys, excluding those who were dismissed for some reason, removed from their posts due to death, or transferred to other posts. Fifth, hire exceptional talents. Sikuquan Library is a treasure trove of talents. It has gathered a large number of outstanding talents. Many of them were hired under special circumstances, such as Shao Jinhan, Yu Ji, Zhou Yongnian, Dai Zhen, Yang Changlin, etc. Not only were they not Hanlin before joining the library, but Dai Zhen, Yang Changlin and others are not even Jinshi, they are just candidates. The gathering of talents created more favorable conditions for the compilation of "Sikuquanshu".
"Sikuquanshu" (1773) can be called the richest and most complete collection of Chinese traditional culture. Almost all disciplines in Chinese literature, history, philosophy, science, engineering, and medicine can find their origins and bloodline here, and almost all emerging disciplines about China can find the soil and nutrients for their survival and development here. Since then, as a symbol of national orthodoxy and national foundation, it has become a coveted model for Chinese and even Eastern scholars to settle down and settle down, and a "national treasure" for future generations of dynasties to maintain system and promote their great cause. "Sikuquanshu" contains more than 3,460 kinds of books, more than 79,000 volumes, and more than 36,000 volumes, divided into four parts: Jing, Shi, Zi, and Ji. Among them, the "Classics Department" is divided into 10 categories such as "Yi, Shu, Poems, Rites, Spring and Autumn, Xiao Jing, General Meanings of the Five Classics, Four Books, Yue, Primary School"; "Historical Department" is divided into "Official History, Chronicles, Chronicles, and There are 15 categories including "partial histories, miscellaneous histories, imperial edicts, biographies, historical notes, records, seasonal regulations, geography, officials, political books, catalogues, and historical commentaries"; "Zibu" is divided into "Confucianism, military strategist, law" There are 14 categories including "housemen, farmers, doctors, astronomical algorithms, arithmetic, art, genealogy, miscellaneous books, novelists, Buddhists, Taoists"; "Collection" is divided into "Chu Ci, other collections, general collections, poems" Literary criticism, lyrics and music" and other 05 categories. Total***44 categories. In order to preserve this batch of classic documents, the emperor recruited more than 3,800 literati from all over the country and concentrated them in the capital. It took ten years to copy seven volumes of the book in neat block letters, and together with the original manuscript, eight volumes were produced. Built in a pavilion, it is hidden deep inside and is rarely seen by the world. Although it was copied by thousands of people, the font style is dignified and standardized, and the writing is meticulous, as if it were written by one person. Therefore, both in terms of content and form, it has very rare research, collection and appreciation value. After several wars, more than half of it was destroyed, making this giant set in the world's publishing history a rare and priceless treasure.
"Sikuquanshu" is the largest official series of books in existence in my country. It is an imperial edict of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. It is the largest cultural project in our country and even in the world. The whole book is divided into four parts: Classics, History, Zi, and Collection. It contains 3,503 kinds of books and 79,309 volumes. It catalogs 6,793 kinds of books and 93,551 volumes. It is divided into more than 36,000 volumes and about 1 billion words. It is equivalent to 44 times that of the "Encyclopedia" edited by Diderot in France during the same period. Many important Chinese classics before the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty are included in it. Since the editors were all famous scholars at that time, it represented the highest academic level at that time. Although Qianlong's original intention of compiling this book was to "contain bans and conquests", it objectively organized and preserved a large number of important classics, created Chinese bibliography, established the dominant position of Sinology in social culture, and has unparalleled documentary value , historical data value, cultural relic value and edition value. The "Compilation of Sikuquanshu" published this time selects the essence of "Sikuquanshu" for the purpose of making it easier for readers to read. The selected articles are interesting and refreshing, and there is no word that is not thought-provoking. Without wisdom, the essence of thousands of years of Taoism and art are gathered here.
The copies in the Wenyuan Pavilion were destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion; the copies in the Wenyuan Pavilion were burned by the British and French forces; and most of the Wenlan Pavilions were lost. Later, they were copied and copied almost completely, but they are no longer the original books.
In 1948, the Kuomintang government withdrew from the mainland and went to Taiwan. When transporting some precious collections from the Palace Museum to Taiwan, it brought the Wenyuange "Sikuquanshu", the most precious collection of the "Sikuquanshu", to Taiwan. Kuquanshu" is now stored in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Since the "Sikuquanshu" was compiled by Emperor Qianlong, in order to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, it was named "Jigu Youwen", but in fact it was "contained in the conquest", and a large number of books were collected, banned, deleted, edited and destroyed. According to several lists of banned books and relevant archive records that have been handed down to this day, more than 2,400 kinds of books were destroyed, more than 400 kinds of books were destroyed, and 70,000 to 80,000 pieces of book editions were destroyed or burned. At the same time, "literary inquisition" was promoted, and 48 "literary inquisitions" occurred within 10 years after the opening of "Sikuquanshu". Rare books: refers to books that are historical relics, academic materials, artistic representatives, or have special value in one of these aspects. Generally speaking, an edition published earlier or that has been carefully edited and has fewer errors can be called a rare book. Orphan copy: a copy or manuscript of a book. There is only one copy of the rubbing that has been circulated in the world. Secret book: A version that is kept secretly in a private collector's home and kept in a high cabinet and is not allowed to be seen by outsiders is a secret book. Forbidden version: The version that was banned or destroyed in previous generations or during the current era, and the version that luckily survived in private is the forbidden version. In ancient times, it was very dangerous to preserve this kind of forbidden copy. Once discovered by the authorities, it would be a disaster, so it was extremely difficult to spread it. Extremely precious. Embroidered image version: The version with illustrations in the middle of the book is an embroidered image version. This type of embroidered portrait book is very popular because of its vivid expression. However, due to the complicated painting and engraving process, high price and few finished products, the existing ones are very precious. Lithograph: A hard, wide and smooth stone is selected, polished and carved into a stone tablet. The text is then written on special pharmaceutical paper with medical ink. The writing on the medical paper is transferred to the stone tablet, and then the ink is rolled and printed. The book is a lithograph. Manuscript: A book copied from a manuscript. Among them, there is a kind of photocopy, which is a book in which transparent paper is covered on the original book and the original font and line are copied. Fragmented copies: Books that are incomplete due to various reasons (such as transportation, resale, copying, disputes, etc.) during the circulation process are called fragmentary copies. Supplement: A book that adds to the works of previous generations and adds original thoughts. Continuation: a continued description of the content of the works of previous generations, with the main purpose of continuing the meaning of the original work. Reserved copy: A book that is specially reserved for some private purpose. It is usually collected and kept by family members from generation to generation and regarded as a treasure. Classics: Book of Changes, Books, Poems, Rites, Spring and Autumn, Filial Piety, General Meanings of the Five Classics, Four Books, Music, and Primary Schools. History Department: official history category, chronicle category, chronicle category, special history category, miscellaneous history category, imperial edict and memorial category, biography category, historical notes category, record category, seasonal category, geography category, official category, political category Books, catalogs, and historical reviews. Subcategories: Confucianism, military strategists, legalists, farmers, physicians, astronomical algorithms, arithmetic, art, genealogy, miscellany, books, novelists, Buddhists, Taoists . Collection department: Chu Ci category, other collections category, general collection category, poetry and prose criticism category, lyrics and music category. Ji Yun (1724-1804), courtesy name Xiaolan, was a native of Xianxian County, Hebei Province and a famous scholar. He planned day and night, collated and identified, advanced and retreated from hundreds of schools, and picked out the hidden and hidden. Together with Lu Xixiong, he completed the general compilation of the "Sikuquanshu", which became a masterpiece of academic textual research, classic book commentary and edition assessment, and literature review. Ji Yun was also a famous bibliophile. The place where he collected his books was called "Yueweicaochang". After his collection was presented to the Siku Quanshu Library, the collection included 105 categories, 1868 volumes, and 41 categories were included in the archives. He is the author of "Notes of Yuewei Thatched Cottage" and so on. Dai Zhen (1724-1777), courtesy name Dongyuan, was born in Xiuning, Anhui. With profound knowledge, precise judgment and sophisticated thinking, he was the most famous thinker in the Qianlong Dynasty and a representative figure of Sinology. Because of his extensive knowledge and knowledge, he was allowed to serve in Siku Hall as a juren as an exception, and was responsible for the compilation and proofreading of "Yongle Dadian". The main editor and editor of "Sikuquanshu". Lu Xixiong (1734-1792), courtesy name Jiannan, was born in Ershan, Shanghai. As the chief compiler of "Sikuquanshu", he was very effective and received many favors. In the 52nd year of Qianlong's reign, the Qing court discovered that there were books that slandered the imperial court in the "Sikuquanshu". Emperor Qianlong was furious and ordered Lu Xixiong and Ji Yun to be responsible for revising it, and they shared the cost. It was the middle of winter, and Lu Xixiong fell ill. He died of mental and physical exhaustion while re-editing Wensu Pavilion's "Sikuquanshu". It can be seen that the government and the public attach great importance and rigor to the "Sikuquanshu". Yong? (1743-1790), the sixth son of Emperor Qianlong, was named Jiusi Master. In the last years of Qianlong's reign, he was named Prince of Zhi. He likes to write poetry, calligraphy and painting, and is the author of "Jiusizhai Poetry Notes". After the "Sikuquanshu" library was officially established, Emperor Qianlong ordered Yongxu, Yongxuan, Yongxu, bachelor and military minister Liu Tongxun, and Yu in order to express his attention to this cultural project and to strengthen the supervision of the compilation work. Min Zhong is the top executive officer, the president, and is responsible for all matters within the Prime Minister's Office. This set of "Sikuquanshu Compilation" is a deluxe hardcover edition, 16 pages, 50 volumes, 5 boxes, finely printed on yellow plastic paper, and packed in imitation mahogany boxes.
Table of contents of this book: "Book of Changes", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Zhou Rites", "Rituals", "Book of Rites", "Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "Mencius", "The Analects of Confucius", "The Classic of Filial Piety", "Erya", "Chun Qiu Zuo" Biography" "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Biography" "Spring and Autumn Guliang Biography" Department of History "Guoyu" "Historical Records" "Han Shu" "Jin Shu" "Song Shu" "Liang Shu" "Chen Shu" "Wei Shu" "Zhou Shu" "Book of the Sui Dynasty" "History of the South" "History of the North" "History of the Song Dynasty" "History of the Liao Dynasty" "History of the Jin Dynasty" "History of the Yuan Dynasty" "History of the Ming Dynasty" "Shi Tong" "Warring States Policy" "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" "History of the Three Kingdoms" "Book of the Southern Qi Dynasty" "Book of Northern Qi", "Old Book of Tang", "New Book of Tang", "Biography of Lienv", "Yue Jueshu", "Shui Jing Zhu", "Dao Yi Zhi Lue", "Old History of the Five Dynasties", "New History of the Five Dynasties", "The Spring and Autumn Period of Wuyue" and "Customs". Tongyi" "Huayang Guozhi" "Jiankang Shilu" "Zhenguan Zhengyi" "Zi Zhi Tongjian" "Tiangong Kaiwu" "Eastern Zhou Dynasty Chronicles" Zibu Confucianism "Xunzi" "Shuo Yuan" "Emperor Fan" "Zheng" "Xun", "Qianshu", "New Preface", "Salt and Iron Theory", "Qianfu Theory", "Jin Si Lu", "Yu Ion", "Zhuan Xi Lu", "Moaning Language", "Confucius' Family Language", "Wen Gong's Family Model", "Yuan Shi Lu" "Shi Fan" Military strategist "Sun Tzu's Art of War" "Wu Zi" "Sima Fa" "Wei Liao Zi" "Sun Bin's Art of War" "Six Tao" "Three Strategies" "Grasping the Strange Scripture" "Su Shu" "General Garden" "Li Weigong Questions and Answers" 》 "Tiger Seal Sutra" "City Guarding Record" "Records of Military Training" "New Book of Records" "Dr. He's Preparation" Legalist "Guanzi" "Book of Shang Jun" "Han Feizi" Farmer "Essential Techniques for Elevating the People" "Nongsang "Compiled Essentials" by physicians, "The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic", "Shen Nong's Materia Medica", "The Eighty-one Difficulties of the Yellow Emperor", "Collected Records of the Cleansing of Wrongdoes", Mathematics and Astronomy, "Zhou Bi Suan Jing"... Collection of "Songs of Chu" and "Poems" "Qupin" "Southern Opera" "Collection of Flowers" "Liu Yong's Ci" "Yan Shu's Ci" "Dongpo's Ci" "Qin Guan's Ci" "Fang Weng's Ci" "Jiang Kui's Ci"
"Four The significance of "Sikuquanshu"
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Although there were errors such as deletions and changes in content during the compilation process of "Sikuquanshu", on the whole, The merits should outweigh the faults.
But it also plays a certain role in some aspects. It preserves a large number of ancient books and is a summary of ancient culture. The compilation of "Sikuquanshu" made an important contribution to the promotion of national culture and the dissemination of ancient culture. Over the past 200 years, there have been wars and wars. Without the Sikuquanshu, a collection of books, a large number of ancient books would have been lost, causing irreparable losses. Secondly, in terms of the methods of organizing ancient books, especially in terms of compilation, collation, bibliography, and collection of engravings, it has left many useful inspirations to future generations: In terms of compilation, the Siku library officials compiled the collection from the "Yongle Dadian" There are a total of 385 lost books that have been included in the "Sikuquanshu", which not only brings many long-lost ancient books to light, but also provides a good example for future generations to compile lost books; in terms of collation, Sikukuan has The ministers collected many copies and carefully selected the originals, which set a good example for future generations' collation work; in terms of bibliography, the academic value of "Sikuquanshu General Catalog" is unparalleled by any official or private bibliography in ancient times, and its compilation method It had a profound impact on later generations; in terms of the Hui Ke Series, the Qing people took the "Si Ku Quanshu" as an example and set off a craze for compiling the Ke Ke Series. In recent years, the publication of the "Sikuquanshu Collection Series" and "The Continuation of the Sikuquanshu" are the fruitful fruits of promoting national culture and inheriting and carrying forward the fine traditions of the "Sikuquanshu".
Books destroyed in Sikuquanshu
When Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty compiled Sikuquanshu, the total number of books that were detrimental to the Manchu and Qing Dynasties was destroyed. According to statistics, it was 13,600 volumes. The total number of books burned was 150,000. A total of more than 170 types of plates and more than 80,000 pieces were destroyed. In addition to burning books, the Manchus also systematically destroyed Ming Dynasty archives. At present, there are only more than 3,000 Ming Dynasty archives, mainly the archives of the Ministry of War of Tianqi and Chongzhen dynasties, and a small number of official documents of Hongwu, Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, Zhengde, Jiajing, Longqing, Wanli, and Taichang dynasties (many of which have been revised by the Manchu and Qing dynasties). Pass). The rest, estimated to be no less than 10 million Ming Dynasty archives, have all been destroyed. In addition to destroying books and files, the Manchu Qing Dynasty also systematically tampered with the remaining books and files.
According to the "Compilation of Mongolian and Chinese Historical Materials of the Ming Dynasty" (first volume) compiled by Han Yinhu and others, the Manchu and Qing Dynasties systematically destroyed and destroyed various records related to Mongolia and the Manchu Qing Dynasty during the Literary Prison Period. tamper.
Some of the destroyed historical materials are prefixed with "jun": "Military Illustrations", "Military Posthumous Manuscripts", and prefixed with "jing": "Economic Records", "Economic Comments", "Jinglue Fuguyaobian", " "Jing Lue Shu Manuscript", "Jing Shi Collection", "Jing Shi Qi Yao", "Jing Shi Practical Collection", "Jing Shi Yao Lue", "Jing She Yi Ji", "Jing Yuan Tong Zong", the word "Ming" Head: "Biography of One Hundred Generals of the Ming Dynasty", "Bao Xun of the Ming Dynasty", "Selection of Ming Dynasty Biao", "Compilation of Military Strategies of the Ming Dynasty", "Cheng Heng of the Ming Dynasty", "Encyclopedia of the Official System of the Ming Dynasty", "Jie Lu of the Ming Dynasty", "Ming Dynasty Official Records" "Compilation of Chaotong Jihui", "A Brief History of the Ming Dynasty", "Records of the Words and Deeds of Ming Dynasty Officials", "Memories of Ming Dynasty Officials", "A Brief History of the Founding Heroes of the Early Ming Dynasty", "A Chronicle of Major Events of the Ming Dynasty", "A Brief History of the Emperors and Empresses of the Ming Dynasty", "A Brief History of the Ming Dynasty Saints" "Politics", "Unofficial History of the Ming Dynasty", "Mingdao Magazine", "Ming Gangmu", "Mingguan Lesson Standards", "Mingguan Lesson Hongci", "Mingguan Lessons", "Mingguangzong Records", "Mingji" "This Book", "The Book of the Ming Dynasty", "The Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty", "The Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty", "The Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty", "The Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty", "The Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty", "The Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty", "The Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty", "The Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty" "Compendium of Ming Chronicles", "Compilation of Ming Chronicles", "A and B Stories of Ming Chronicles", "Jian Lue of Ming Ji", "Jian Lue of Ming Ji", "Jian Ding of Ming Ji", "Complete Records of Ming Dynasty", "Tanci of Ming Ji", "Minutes of the Ming Dynasty", "Compilation of the Annual Meeting of the Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty", "Compilation of Records of the Ming Dynasty A and B", "Southern Strategy of the Ming Dynasty", "Records of Sui Zhi of the Ming Dynasty", "Miscellaneous Texts of the Ming Dynasty", "Remaining Stories of the Ming Dynasty", "Ming Family Instructions", "Ming Jian Hui Compilation", "Ming Jian Yi Zhi Lu", "Ming General's Brief", "Ming General's Brief Notes", "Ming General's Biography", "Ming Economic Famous Officials", "Ming Economic Book" , "Economic Writings of the Ming Dynasty", "Must-read Theory of the Ming Dynasty", "List of Ming Dynasties", "Economic Records of Ming Dynasty Officials", "Memories of Famous Officials of the Ming Dynasty", "Chronicles of the Late Ming Dynasty", "Edicts of the Late Ming Dynasty", " "Ming Dynasty Women's Zhizhi", "Ming Dynasty Houchang Lun Table", "Ming Dynasty Poetry Copy", "Ming Dynasty Characters Examination (Jiao Hong)", "Ming Dynasty Characters Examination (Wang Shizhen)", "Ming Dynasty Shenzong Records", "Ming Dynasty Poems" Collection", "Return of Ming Poems", "Collection of Ming Poems Shan Ming", "Selected Poems of the Ming Dynasty (Chen Zilong)", "Selected Poems of the Ming Dynasty (Ma Shiqi)", "Collection of Ming Poems", "Records of Ming Dynasties", "Records of Ming Dynasties" ", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty", "History of Ming Dynasty" "Compilation", "Ming Shuchao", "Ming Shu", "Ming Taizu Real Records and Differentiation", "Ming Tong Ji Chronology", "Ming Tong Ji Hui", "Ming Tong Ji Ji", "Ming Tong Ji Ji" , "Mingtong Chronicles", "Mingtong Chronicles", "Mingtong Chronicles", "Mingtong Chronicles Excerpts", "Mingtong Chronicles Direct Interpretation", "Mingtong Chronicles Compilation", "Mingtong Chronicles" Years", "Ming Tong Compilation Essentials", "Ming Wan Yan Lu", "Ming Wen Cases", "Ming Wen Bai Jia Cui", "Ming Wen Treasure Talisman", "Ming Wen Beginner's Reader", "Ming Wen Everyone's Second Edition", "Ming Wen" "Big and Small Questions", "Mingwen De", "Mingwen Gets the Pearl", "Mingwen Fa", "Mingwen Classification Needles", "Mingwen Lu", "Mingwen Appreciates Wonders", "Mingwen Selection", "Mingwen Yiyun", "Ming Wen Ying Hua", "Ming Xian Emperor's Precepts", "Ming Xiang Ye's Military Meritorious Examination", "Ming Sequel", "Ming Xuan Zong's Precepts", "Ming Yitong Zhi", "(Emperor) Ming Miscellaneous Records" (Yin Zhi) )", "Miscellaneous Records of the Ming Dynasty (Anonymous)", "Edicts of the Ming Dynasty", "Zhengtong Zong of the Ming Dynasty", "Map of the Official Map of the Ming Dynasty", "Book Making of the (Emperor) Ming Dynasty", "Manuscripts of the Ming Dynasty", "Annotations of the Ming Dynasty" ", "Ming Zhuang Yuan Ce", "Ming Zong Xiaoyi", "Ming Memorial (Shi Yuanzheng)", "Ming Memorial (Lu Chengyuan)", "Ming Memorial (Anonymous)", "Ming Memorial", "Huang Ming" prefix : All books with such prefixes should be destroyed: "Notes on the Four Dynasties of Jiajing, Longqing, Wanli, and Tianqi". This book was approved by the Military Aircraft Department to be included in the total destruction list during the Qianlong period. On November 18, 2011, the memorial was approved to prohibit destruction. All prefixes such as "Jiashen" were prohibited to be destroyed. The "Korea's Conquest of Japan" was prohibited to be destroyed and the Manchu Dynasty censored it.
However, there are several historical materials that "slipped through the net": "A Brief Account of the Jiang Revolution"; it describes the atrocities of killing and rape committed by the Eight Banners in Jiangxi during the Manchu Qing Dynasty, especially the description of the Eight Banners gang rape of women all night long. "Ten Days in Yangzhou": An eyewitness account of the Qing Dynasty's ten days of massacre in Yangzhou.