Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (Russian: владиивлавладимиовр)
Chinese name: Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky.
ми?ови.
Nationality: Soviet Union
Place of Birth: Bagatti, Kutaisi Province, Russian Empire
Date of birth:1July 893 19.
Date of death:1April 93014th.
Occupation: poet, playwright
Graduate school: Moscow Institute of Painting and Sculpture Architecture.
Masterpieces: Clouds in Pants, Lenin, Religious farce.
The life of the character
Mayakovski was born in Bagatti village, Kutaisi province, and his father was a forestry official. 1906 After my father died, my family moved to Moscow. 1908 joined the Russian social democratic labor party and became a propagandist of the party. He actively engaged in underground activities, was arrested three times, read a lot of literary works in prison, including Shakespeare, Byron and Tolstoy, and tried to write poems. 19 1 1 entered the school of painting, sculpture and architecture in and got to know a large number of futuristic poets and painters.
19 12 At the end of the year, he and David Burliuk and others * * * published the Manifesto of Futurism, and published the first poetry collection of Russian Futurism, which was a slap in the face of social interest. Mayakovski's two short poems, Night and Morning, have been included in the poetry anthology, and some poems published one after another, such as Wharf (19 12) and Urban Hell (19 13), are all marked with futurism. The protagonist of the first play Vladimir Mayakovsky (19 13) is himself, and he acted in it when it was staged in Petersburg that year, showing a certain performance ability.
These works abandon traditional realism in art, pursue originality, and emphasize the sound, color and dynamic effect of poetic artistic conception. Their ideological tendency is bourgeois nihilism and anarchism. 19 14 After the outbreak of World War I, under the influence of the revolutionary situation and the Bolshevik Party, Mayakovski wrote many works that exposed and criticized the capitalist system and the imperialist war. In the first "programmatic work"-the long poem Cloud in Pants (19 15), the poet shouted to the bourgeoisie "Down with your love, down with your art, down with your system, down with your religion", which reflected Mayakovski's total denial and uncompromising struggle spirit against capitalism. In the long poem War and the World (19 16), the poet complained about the sufferings and disasters brought by the imperialist war and made a voice of indignation and anti-war.
19 17, Mayakovski stepped onto the barricade from the Art Palace and joined the revolutionary people in their struggle to bury the old world. His famous poem: "You eat pineapple and chew grouse, your end is here, bourgeoisie!" " "Sentenced the reactionary bourgeois regime to death in a contemptuous tone. This short poem became the battle song of revolutionary sailors when they attacked the Winter Palace. After the October Revolution, Mayakovski made it clear that he stood by the Soviet regime and worked for the new regime. He went to the square, went to the factory, made a speech at the mass rally, recited poems and carried out revolutionary propaganda and agitation. Facing the curse of bourgeois mediocrity on proletarian revolution, Mayakovski angrily wrote an impressive revolutionary ode (19 18).
From 19 19 to 1922, Mayakovski participated in the work of the Russian telegraph office (hereinafter referred to as "Rasta") and published a poster with short poems in cooperation with some poets and painters, which reflected the major issues in social life and revolutionary struggle in a timely manner in a form that people liked.
In the years after the October Revolution, Mayakovski wrote a large number of poems with a wide range of themes and various forms, which was the peak of the poet's artistic talent. After the revolution, in 19 18, he wrote "religious farce", which was the first drama with high ideological and artistic level in the Soviet Union. Poetic plays reflect the contents of the October Revolution through the myths and legends of the land being flooded in the Bible. The long poem "One Hundred and Fifty Million" (1920) shows the struggle between the old and new worlds in an exaggerated and abstract way, and praises the great victory of the 150 million Soviet people. The famous short poem Hui Fan (1922) satirizes the bureaucrats in the Soviet government who are immersed in meetings all day. Then there are the long poems Lenin and Good! (1924), satirical comedy Bug (1928), bathhouse (1929), etc. He is an innovator in drama. It advocates that the stage should be dramatic and hypothetical, and opposes naturalistic life description. He also said that "the stage is not an ordinary mirror, but a magnifying glass". His drama theory had a lasting influence on the later Soviet drama.
19 19, Mayakovski parted ways with the futurist right wing, and organized the "* * * Producer-Futurist" association, referred to as "Camfrog". 1923 founded Leo (the left-wing art front) as editor-in-chief. In a series of poems about literature and art created during this period, such as To the Army of Art (19 18), To the Second Order of the Army of Art (192 1) and Wei Erlun and Cezanne (1925). According to Mayakovski's creative practice, although some of Mayakovski's poems in this period are more or less futuristic, their mainstream is revolutionary and popular.
Lenin, a famous long poem published in 1925, marks the maturity of the poet's creation. The long poem describes Lenin's fighting life with strong feelings. Praise Lenin's noble personality, immortal career and brilliant thoughts, and shape the artistic image of proletarian revolutionary leaders. Long poems include preface poems and orthodox poems. The preface clarifies the creative motivation and guiding ideology of long poems. The third chapter describes Lenin from three aspects: "Lenin and the times", "Lenin and the revolution" and "Lenin among the people", and clarifies "What did he do? What kind of person is he? Where did he come from? " The theme is distinct and the structure is rigorous.
1927, in order to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution, Mayakovski wrote a magnificent and famous long poem "Good". In the form of epic, this paper describes the glorious battle course of the Soviet people in the socialist revolution and socialist construction under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party, and looks forward to the bright future of the socialist Soviet motherland. The whole poem is divided into *** 19 chapters. The first chapter can be called preface, explaining the principles of epic creation; Chapters 2 to 8 describe the birth of the Soviet motherland in the bonfire; Chapters 9 to 16 describe the consolidation and development of the country; The last three chapters praise the achievements of socialist construction and look forward to the future of capitalism.
Changing from a futurist poet to a proletarian singer, on the one hand, attracted the attack of futurists, on the other hand, was rejected by "Lapp" (Russian Proletarian Writers Association). This is a great blow to his spirit, coupled with frustration in love, and his heart is very painful. 1April, 93014th, Mayakovski committed suicide in anger at the age of 37.
The mystery of suicide
For a long time, the suicide of Mayakovski, a Soviet poet, has been regarded as a mystery for a hundred years, and there are various speculations and conjectures. Why did he kill himself? What caused him to commit suicide? People can't answer these questions. Only the poet's most enthusiastic girlfriend and the witness of his death, actress Nora Bolanska knows the details best. She recalled her love with the poet and her understanding of the poet. They first met in May 1929. In Moscow, the largest city in the Soviet Union, they met by chance and soon became familiar with each other. Then they met and went for a walk together. They often stay together, enhancing their friendship and getting to know each other better.
As time goes on, feelings gradually deepen. Mayakovski began to invite his girlfriend Bo Lonska to his home. She is very happy with Mayakovski. At his home, Mayakovski showed her his published books and read her poems aloud. His voice is deep and powerful. He was very excited and really moved. This poem is read from his mouth and has a touching charm. He is warm and humorous. He is not only brilliant, but also an excellent talented actor. Polonska was conquered by the man in front of her, her heart began to approach him, and she sang with him. She was deeply attracted by Mayakovski's talent and enthusiasm.
Bolanska began to go to the poet Lu Biya Ka's home every day, and they fell in love. One night, Polonska and Mayakovski went for a walk together. They walked side by side in the streets of Lu Biya. When he walked to the square, suddenly, in front of passers-by, Mayakovski danced Mazzuca. He was so excited that he danced with joy. His tall and clumsy body looks so light, funny and moving at this time. With Mayakovski, Bolanska felt both joy and pain and sadness. Mayakovski is a very restless person. He has never had a quiet moment. Sometimes, when Boronska is at the top of happiness, he doesn't know why he is depressed. He either kept silent for several hours or was absent-minded, as if he was worried about something, which made Boronska's mood plummet. It's common to be a wet blanket like this, but Mayakovski is sometimes full of energy and inexplicably excited. At this time, he repeatedly read a few lines of poetry and recited his own improvisation.
For a time, Mayakovski's mood was at its lowest point, and he often sat there alone, worried and silent. This made Polonska very anxious, so she asked him with concern what had happened. He is always prevaricating. He began to envy Longska's husband Yasin. On several occasions, he had a quarrel with Polonska about it. In the early 1930s, he asked Polonska to divorce Yassin, quit the theater and become his wife. Wave Lonska she didn't promise. During this period, it was also the most unlucky time for the poet, and his creation began to receive a cold reception from the critics, which made him depressed and at a loss.
Silence and loneliness overwhelmed the poet, and his health became worse and worse. In retrospect, I once wrote a sensational and brilliant long poem "Lenin and Good! Because of this, he is recognized as the spokesman of all major events and social processes. However, he is not competent for his work, and his works are gradually ignored. He can't keep up with the pace of the times and can't grasp the pulse of the times. Although he is unwilling, he is helpless. Polonska's rehearsal is getting busier and busier. She is an enterprising person. She is always dissatisfied with her role, thinking about how to play it well. For this reason, her meeting with Mayakovski was obviously reduced, sometimes even for a week or even half a month. This let Mayakovski pinched the 1. He began to worry that Polonska would alienate him. He once again asked Bolanska to give up acting and divorce Yasin, which made Bolanska very embarrassed. She began to be irritated, followed by endless quarrels and complaints between the two. Boronska began to avoid meeting him, and their relationship was on the verge of collapse.
On this day, during the intermission, Polonska received a phone call from Mayakovski. He said on the phone that he was lonely and miserable, and only his beloved Polonska could save him. Polonska was very moved and comforted him, saying: She can't live without Mayakovski, and she really wants to see him; As soon as the play is over, she will go to him. Bolonska heard the announced bell, wanted to hang up and hurried to the stage. She heard Mayakovski talking into the microphone again: "Nora, dear, I propose to the government in my letter that you should be one of my family members. You won't object, will you? " Polonska didn't understand what he was saying, and she never thought that he would commit suicide. She just said euphemistically on the phone, "God, I don't know anything. What do you want to say! " Say that finish, hang up the phone and go to the show. After the performance, Polonska immediately went to Mayakovski. She told him not to worry too much about her, but to take care of himself. She will be his wife sooner or later, which is what she is determined to do. However, she wants to think carefully and comprehensively about how to be more strategic. She was worried that he was mentally ill and asked him to see a doctor. With these words, she stayed with him for a while and then left.
A day later, after Polonska saw Mayakovski again, Mayakovski had shot himself.
representative works
His masterpiece is the long poem Cloud in Pants. After the revolution, he wrote the script "Religious farce", which was the first drama with high ideological and artistic level in the Soviet Union. Then there is the long poem "Lenin" "Good! ",satirical comedies" Bug "and" Bathhouse ".
Personality assessment
Stalin commented on him like this: "Mayakovski was and still is the best and most talented poet in our Soviet era."
He is an innovator in drama. It advocates that the stage should be dramatic and hypothetical, and opposes the subjective description of life by nature. His drama theory had a lasting influence on the later Soviet drama and played an important role in the history of modern drama in the world. In the past Soviet drama critics, Mayakovski's plays were praised and criticized differently, and they were not fairly evaluated for a long time. The famous director Meierkholid pointed out long ago: "Mayakovski is a real playwright. He hasn't been recognized for some time because he is several years ahead. "
Mayakovski is a poet who has the most affection for the people of China and China. In the 1920s, he wrote three poems with China as the theme, namely Don't Interfere with China (1924), China in Moscow (1926) and Read it and Set foot in Paris and China (65436). In his poems, there are dozens of references to China and China, which are rare among all Russian writers. On the other hand, China people's enthusiasm for Mayakovski is rare in the world. Almost all his poems have been translated into Chinese, and their circulation is huge. "I have traveled almost all over the world./Life is wonderful./Life is wonderful." "Hammer/and poetry,/Please sing/This land of youth." His poems were famous in China at that time. His poetic style has influenced more than one generation of China poets. For us, Mayakovski is a modern classic, which constitutes a classic modernity.
Commemorative statue
This statue belongs to the famous Soviet sculptor aleksandar pavlovic Kibalnikov (19 12 ~? ) works, bronze products, the statue is 62 cm high (without connecting seat), the base is Raff basalt, and the seat is 22 cm high. 1956 was transferred to Moscow Trechakov Art Museum by the Union of Soviet Artists.
When Balny Foucault created this image, his skills were more sophisticated, his observation was more detailed, and he was able to achieve the consistency of content and form through appropriate means. The composition of this statue is particularly novel. It highlights Mayakovski's head and shoulders and makes the facial expression of the portrait more concentrated: the impulse of Lengmei's crossing is the theme of this statue. The revolutionary poet's temperament and personality are very distinct, so the statue is more infectious.