Mainly includes: narration, discussion, explanation, description and lyricism.
Performance refers to various concrete methods of vividly expressing the results of thinking by certain means, also known as artistic techniques. Expression: such as narrative, description, satire, exaggeration, symbol, metaphor, comparison, metonymy, personification, parallelism, duality, hierarchy and so on in literary creation. It should be said that expression sometimes includes expression.
Rhetoric is a way to use language to improve the effect of language expression and make it accurate, vivid and vivid according to the needs of expression. Commonly used rhetorical devices include metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions. In addition, the article also involves metaphor, metonymy, quotation, pun, irony, thimble, address and so on. Learn rhetoric, don't blindly pick noun terms, combine specific context, experience the expressive effect of rhetoric, and learn to use rhetoric to make sentences.
Writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), which are commonly used: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, association, imagination, combination inhibition, point-to-face combination, dynamic and static combination, narrative and discussion combination, scene blending, contrast and contrast, and lyricism by borrowing scenes.
The difference between expression and expression.
About expressions:
(1) expressions are classified into narrative, descriptive, explanatory, lyrical and argumentative expressions;
(2) An article can be based on one expression and use other expressions;
(3) There are also related expressions in the composition requirements of hot topics-you can choose one expression and use other expressions comprehensively.
Taken together, "expression" should be the method and form used to express thoughts and feelings with language, art, music and action.
About the technique of expression:
Describing scenery with objects, lyrical narration, lyrical expression, straightforward narration, flashback and narrative contrast, setting off the symbol of Zhang Xianzhi, setting off imagination, taking care of the feelings of objects in the scenery, setting off the beauty of objects, setting off sadness, rendering truth and reality, and combining positive description with direct and indirect lyricism. , the number is unlimited.
On rhetorical devices;
Metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, repetition, etc.
The specific language methods and means used to express specific content are expressions. This is the official content of the article. Expression is gradually formed with the emergence and development of language expression. Modern writing put forward the concept of expression, which has been used ever since.
First, the expression skills of poetry
1. Rhetoric methods: metaphor, personification, rhetorical question, metonymy, duality, exaggeration, comparison, allusion, adaptation, intertextuality, repetition, etc.
2. Performance: narration, discussion, description and lyricism.
Lyricism: It can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism (lyricism by borrowing scenery, lyricism by holding things; Scene fusion).
Description: It can be divided into static and dynamic combination, virtual and real combination, point-surface combination, light-dark combination, frontal combination, rough outline brush and meticulous painting. Le Jing wrote about mourning, mourning for Syaraku and so on.
3. Expression techniques: Fu, Bi and Xing; Suppress change, describe carefully, symbolize association, set off, contrast, imagine, associate, care and express ambition.
4. Chapter structure: cut to the chase, get into the theme, express your ambitions, bond feelings with scenery, get a proper total score, see the big from the small, go deep into layers, take care of the transition and pave the way.
5. Thoughts and feelings include: infatuation, sadness, melancholy, loneliness, sadness, loneliness, boredom, indifference, leisure, joy, admiration, anger, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and the people.
6. Function: deepening artistic conception and theme, with profound artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, profound meaning, thought-provoking and far-reaching influence.
Second, the expression of poetry appreciation program
This poem adopts the technique of (expression, rhetoric, expression), writes the characteristics of (image), shows (highlights) (certain) thoughts and feelings, and plays a (certain) role.
Three. Interpretation of key concepts
1, contrast
Contrast is a technique of Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render and set off the outline of objects, making them stand out obviously. Used in artistic creation, refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, so that the things to be expressed stand out. It can be a foil, such as Qin Luofu, which sets off the beauty of Qin Luofu by the reactions of Walker and Teenager. It can also be used as a foil, such as "cicadas make Lin Jing more secluded", "monks knock on the door of the moon" and "birds are surprised when the moon comes out" to make noise. More things are used to compare people. For example, the moon in the river was written three times in Pipa, which set off the wonderful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters respectively. Another example is the image of "thousands of feet Deep Peach Blossom Pond", which clearly sets off Wang Lun's strong feelings for the poet.
Step 2 use allusions
To use allusions is to quote historical facts and use allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only make the language of poetry concise, but also increase the richness of content, vividness and implication of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works. For example, Xin Qiji is in Never Meeting Joy? 6? There are five successful allusions in Jingkou 1 Gubeiting Nostalgia: Sun Quan, Liu Yu, Liu Yilong, Beaver and Lian Po. These allusions are historical anecdotes of Jingkou, and the poet expresses his thoughts and feelings implicitly and naturally with the help of these historical facts.
In addition, borrowing poems and songs from predecessors is also an allusion. For example, almost every sentence in Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting uses allusions, which enhances the cultural connotation of the article; In Yangzhou Slow, Jiang Kui used Du Mu's poems either explicitly or implicitly, forming a contrast between reality and reality, and expressing the desolation that things are different and different.
3. Virtual reality
This is a common concept used by the ancients when discussing articles. Virtual and real are relative, some are real, and none is virtual. Objective is true, subjective is virtual; Concrete is real, abstract is virtual; The present is real and the imagination is empty ... Poetry often uses this technique to expand the artistic conception of poetry. For example, in Liu Yong's Yulin Order, it is true to say goodbye in front of you, but it is illusory to imagine again, resulting in endless aftertaste. Another example is Li Yu's "Young Beauty". The first six sentences are one solid and one virtual, that is, "When is the spring flower and the autumn moon (real), how much is known about the past (virtual). The east wind (reality) of Xiaolou last night, so my country could not bear to look back at the moon (empty). Carved jade fence should still be (real), but Zhu Yan has changed (virtual) ",and the combination of reality and reality has entrusted the grief of my hometown. Another example is Jiang Kui's Slow Yangzhou. The scene of decline in front of him is real, and the hypothetical imagination is empty. The combination of reality and fiction can make the work more compact and vivid, and greatly increase the capacity of the work.
4. Language features
1 fresh. Its characteristics are novel language and unconventional. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " Four kinds of scenery, dynamic scenery, static scenery, gorgeous colors and fresh and vivid language are written in four sentences. Another example is Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Moon"? 6? 1 Walking on the yellow sand road at night and poor happiness? 6? 1 village residence, the language used is fresh and lively.
2 dull. Or plain, characterized by choosing exact words to describe directly, all using stick figures, without modification, true and profound, approachable. But plain doesn't mean simple and shabby, it is a return to simplicity in terms, which embodies the writer's real kung fu. For example, Tao Yuanming's group poem "Returning to the Garden", in popular language, is a family matter, not a carving. Li Yu's later poem "Yu Meiren" is plain but touching.
3 gorgeous. It is characterized by rich rhetoric, gorgeous literary talent and fantastic feelings. For example, Li Shangyin's Untitled poem, Li He's Li Ping's Quotations and Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel describe music.
4 bright. Its characteristics are direct, clear, frank and provocative. It is often decisive and broken. For example, Li Qingzhao's early words "point your lips?" 6? 1 On the swing, Bai Juyi's poem Grass, etc.
⑤ Implicit. Sometimes it is also called suggestion, which is characterized by suggestion, often not direct narration, but tortuous talk. What you say here is intentional, or you don't send it, or you want to say it for readers to appreciate. Such as Du Mu's epic and Li Qingzhao's later poems.
⑥ Concise. It is characterized by neatness and conciseness. For example, Jia Dao's poems and Su Shi's poems.
This poem selects the scenery of …, depicts the artistic conception of …, creates the atmosphere of …, uses the rhetoric (or technique) of …, and expresses the emotion of ….
There are generally two ways to write poetry appreciation articles:
(1) comprehensive analysis-express your own views through the overall analysis of the whole poem.
In this position, the more complete writing is:
A. brief introduction of the author.
B. brief introduction to the writing background of the work.
C image analysis of works (interpretation or translation of poems, emotions and thoughts expressed in poems, artistic conception expressed in poems).
D. analysis of artistic techniques of works (usually combined with image analysis of works).
E. comprehensive evaluation of the artistic features of the work (often with the meaning of summary).
If completeness is not required, the author's introduction and writing background can be omitted.
⑵ Theme analysis-analyze the most prominent aspects of poetry and express your own views.
When using this writing method, we often only grasp one aspect, such as artistic conception, language expression, the beauty of expressing thoughts and feelings in some way and so on. Other aspects are ignored, so its length is generally short and small.
It must be pointed out that no matter which writing method is adopted, the appreciator should have his own understanding and analysis of the poem, and try to avoid imitating others or even copying it.
How to appreciate ancient poetry
Appreciating ancient poetry is one of the important purposes of our study of ancient literature, and it is also the basis for our further study. So how should we analyze classical poetry?
First of all, we must understand poetry, which requires us to have a correct understanding of every word and sentence of a poem. If we don't even understand the original meaning of a poem, how can we analyze and appreciate it? When talking about poetry appreciation, Mr. Wu Xiaoru once put forward "general interpretation" and "clear allusions", which are the basis of understanding a poem. For us, there are more or less language barriers in classical poetry. For some poems, we have to rely on the comments of our predecessors to understand them. Moreover, allusions are often used in classical poetry, and it is also very important to understand the meaning of allusions correctly. The ancients said that "a poem has nothing to say", and the understanding of a poem can naturally be different, but after all, there is still a relatively objective standard, that is, rationality. At least I think this understanding is reasonable, and the analysis of ideological content and artistic techniques on this basis can be convincing.
On the basis of understanding poetry, we can analyze poetry from the following aspects: First, to understand the creative background and writing situation of poetry, and to deeply analyze poetry works, we must first understand the author. Mencius once put forward the literary criticism method of "knowing people and discussing the world". The so-called "understanding people and discussing the world" is to deeply understand the poet's life, thought, morality, experience and the times in which he lived, which is very helpful for us to correctly understand his works. For example, after we understand the political situation in the middle Tang Dynasty and Liu Zongyuan's experience, we can better understand the attitude of avoiding the world and taking care of mountains and rivers in Fisherman. The second is to analyze the ideological content and artistic characteristics of the work itself. For shorter works, such as metrical poems and quatrains, we can analyze them sentence by sentence, and for longer works, we can analyze problems or paragraphs. This is the main body of job analysis. The works we analyze must have appreciation value. When we read a poem, we will have some feelings. We write an analysis article to show the value of the work and express our feelings. The analysis of works is also a process of re-creation, so we should pay attention to the choice of words and try our best to make the language beautiful and concise. Third, we can compare and analyze other works that are comparable to the works, and better grasp the ideological and artistic nature of poetry in comparison. For example, Du Fu's "Climbing Yueyang Tower" and Meng Haoran's "To Dongting Lake" are both excellent works describing Dongting Lake, but we will find that "Climbing Yueyang Tower" shows Du Fu's concern for the fate of the country and the sufferings of people's livelihood, while "To Dongting Lake" is only limited to self-pity for personal sufferings. In contrast, the hearts and personalities of these two poets. Fourthly, we should know the status and influence of the works, which is also a way for us to better grasp the works. For example, if we know that Ode to an Orange is the first complete object-chanting poem in the history of China's poetry, we can better understand that the technique of "expressing one's will by supporting things" is the original creation of Ode to an Orange, which has had an immeasurable influence on later object-chanting poems.