A kind of metrical poem. Metric poems refer to ancient poems after the Tang Dynasty, which are divided into quatrains and metrical poems. Style and sentence patterns have certain norms, phonology has certain laws, and the changes in use also need to abide by certain laws. It is an ancient and traditional poetic style with strict structure, which has certain restrictions on the number of words and lines, even tone or stress and rhyme. "Flat, flat, flat" Different countries have different metrical poems. Such as China's modern poems (quatrains and metrical poems), western sonnets, limerick, quatrains, Spanish quatrains, Italian quatrains and Japanese haiku.
Metric poetry is a kind of poetry that pays great attention to words, rhyme, tone and antithesis. It is stipulated that poetry should have definite sentences, definite characters in sentences, strict rhymes in flat tones, and the two couplets of metrical poems should be correct. Based on the characteristics of Chinese characters, sounds and tones, and the special requirements of poetry for the beauty of music, form and elegance, it has strong vitality and is endless.
Metric poetry is very strict about temperament. Rhythm includes rhyme and level tone, in which level tone is the most important. As chairman Mao said, "because metrical poems should be flat and flat, they should not be flat and flat, that is, irregular poems." ("A Letter to Comrade Chen Yi")
Metric poems are divided into quatrains and metrical poems, both of which are divided into five words and seven words, and metrical poems are also arranged. The view that quatrains are a branch of metrical poems should be said to be incorrect. Four quatrains are quatrains, eight quatrains are metrical poems, and more than ten poems are metrical poems. The first line of rhyme is couplet, followed by couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet.
It is necessary for everyone to understand the definite words and sentences of metrical poems as a whole. It is worth mentioning that the couplet and neckline in the middle of metrical poems must be opposite. In terms of rhyme, metrical poems are mainly flat rhyme, and the first sentence may or may not rhyme. Other single sentence endings pay attention to the level tone, which is definitely the antonym of the level tone. Then the most difficult thing should be the layering of words in a sentence.
Here, let's briefly talk about the creative rules of metrical poems. On the creation of metrical poems, Mr. Wang Yongyi composed a ballad for reference:
The meter is not difficult to remember, 246 is clear. The first sentence is flat or flat.
The upper and lower sentences should be right, and adjacent sentences should be glued together. Four words to prevent loneliness, the last three words.
Repeat seven verses, and the seven laws will become. The two ends are flat and even, and the single end is more squeaky.
It takes seven words to get rid of two words, and five words cost nothing. How do you know the type of beginning and end? The first sentence is final.
It is not difficult to remember the meter of modern poetry, and the level of each sentence must be consistent. The word 246 in the first sentence should be flat and occasional, or flat and occasional. The level of the word 246 in the previous sentence should be opposite to that of the word 246 in the next sentence. The adjacent sentence is the last sentence of the first couplet and the first sentence of the second couplet, and the level of the word 246 should be the same. The fourth word of the "seven words" must be prevented from being flat. When it is flat and its neighbors are chaotic, it is called flat. The last three words of each sentence should be prevented from being leveled or confused. Determine the pace of metrical quatrains, and repetition becomes metrical poems. At the end of two sentences, every word in the metrical poem is flat and rhymes, while at the end of a single sentence, most words are ambiguous. The meter of the seven-character poem removes the first two words. Note that the fourth word should be the second word at this time, becoming the meter of the five-character poem. Whether a metrical poem is flat or even, flat or even depends on the second word in the first sentence and the word at the end of the sentence. In addition, some people may not know what a flat tone is, but it is actually pinyin 1, 2, 3, 4, where 2 is flat 3 and 4 is flat.
Free verse
A poetic style. 19 originated in Europe at the end of the 20th century. Its body structure is free, and the number of paragraphs, lines and words are not standardized; Language has a natural rhythm, not a rhyme. Whitman, an American poet, is the founder of the West. This style is also very popular in China's new poems since the May 4th Movement.
Free verse, also called new verse, is relative to old verse. Free and flexible in chapter, step and rhyme, without strict and fixed restrictions and constraints like metrical poems.
It is generally believed that Whitman, an American poet in the19th century, is the founder of free verse, and his masterpiece Leaves of Grass.
Before and after the May 4th Movement, free verse became popular in China, such as Goddess (Crescent School) written by Guo Moruo, Hu Shi, Liu Bannong and Xu Zhimo.
Free verse is a pioneer in the field of vernacular literature, and its appearance can be regarded as a sign of the beginning of the May 4th New Literature and the May 4th Literary Revolution. Before the May 4th Movement, the decay of old-style poems was the most obvious, which was reflected in the ideological content. Formally, they stick to the old and unchanging rules. To this end, Hu Shi clearly pointed out: the bondage of form prevents the spirit from developing freely and the good content from being fully displayed ..... The rhyme of five or seven words and eight sentences must not contain rich materials, the quatrains of twenty-eight words must not be written by precise observation, and the profound ideals and complex feelings must not be euphemistically expressed by a certain length of seven words and five sentences. ...... The recent occurrence of new poetry not only broke the poetic style of seven words and five words, but also overthrew the shackles of tunes and music. You can do whatever you want, regardless of form, level, level and length (Hu Shi's Talking about New Poetry). This proposition became the classic theory of vernacular poetry creation later.
Free verse is born out of the shackles of old-style poetry, striving for liberation in style, syllable and language, showing new characteristics:
The first is to get rid of the stereotyped classical Chinese and add poems to the vernacular. In particular, it advocates using simple and friendly common words and common sayings close to common spoken language instead of difficult rhetoric in classical Chinese, writing about social situation and expressing sincere feelings and brand-new ideas.
Secondly, in syllable rhythm, we should get rid of the rigid bondage of old-style poems, such as rhyme, meter and even allusion. , and pay attention to the nature of music and not stick to rhyme (My Opinion on New Poetry by Kang). The syllables of poetry should be prioritized and cadenced according to the natural ups and downs of the poet's own emotions and the natural rhythm of the tone.
In addition, in style, I intend to pursue a kind of unrestrained free expression. Poems are not bound by meter and rhyme, and they pour out their thoughts without scruple. They are neither branched nor rhymed, even if the branches are randomly arranged according to the content of the works, thus forming the main characteristics of the artistic form of free verse. The most striking feature of new poetry in ideological content is that it shows deep sympathy and concern for the tragic fate of the oppressed and enslaved lower class workers and peasants. With an unprecedented amount of space, it shows their real life sufferings, thus revealing the sharp opposition between the rich and the poor in the old society and the essential characteristics of feudal autocracy.
Another notable feature is that the theme of spiritual imprisonment and bondage of various old traditional ideas against feudal autocracy contains more meaning of longing for freedom and personality independence. This feature is embodied in the creation of free poems on love and marriage represented by Wang Jingzhi and Feng Zhi. They expressed the desires and demands of young men and women in love naked, sang their youthful love freely and wantonly, poured out and revealed the deep yearning for freedom and the demand for personality liberation of the May 4th youth who were not bound by traditional moral concepts, showed their contempt for the old ethics and their rebellious attitude towards the eager yearning for freedom of marriage, and truly showed the theme of the May 4th era demanding self-liberation of personality.
There are also some works that praise the significance of labor, praise the fine quality of working people and express their yearning for an ideal society and a bright future. These works are especially valuable because they often reveal the anti-feudal theme and optimistic, clear and enterprising tendency in their praises, reflecting the new spirit of the times.
There are quite a few short lyric poems, such as those of Bing Xin and Zong Baihua, which are poetic and beautiful. Although they are not as touching as those poems that reveal the tragic fate of the working people, praise the pursuit of love freedom and resist the old feudal ethics, their exploration and exploration of the meaning of life, and the resulting distress, confusion, sadness and resentment, also reflect the projection of the times, which is particularly sincere, delicate and novel in the expression of thoughts and feelings and has special significance.
The shortcomings of free verse are also very obvious: on the one hand, the language and form of poetry are free and open, lacking due constraints, free and smooth, and always appear straightforward and unobstructed. This shortcoming, which is too straightforward and lively, not only makes the poem itself lack artistic conception and rich and profound feelings, but also loses the aesthetic feeling of the poem from the overall composition, which damages the reputation and status of the vernacular new poetry that has emerged and developed on the basis of breaking the shackles of old-fashioned poetry. On the other hand, too much reasoning in poetry leads to more thoughts than emotions, which also reflects the poet's superficial experience of life and his naive grasp of the lyric characteristics of poetry. In connection with this, the realistic techniques of those poems describing the tragic life of social life are also superficial, and most of them are piled up with a bystander's attitude and some life appearances, lacking detailed observation and deeper analysis of the real society. These are the common problems of free verse. lyrics
A kind of poetry, which is characterized by focusing on expressing the thoughts and feelings inspired by the poet in life. Mainly to express the poet's thoughts and feelings to reflect his life, so he doesn't describe the process of life events in detail, generally there is no complete story, and he doesn't specifically describe people and scenery. For example, Guo Moruo's Coal in the Furnace and Ke Yan's Premier Zhou, where are you? ",is a lyric poem. The characteristic of lyric poetry is to express one's feelings directly through scenery, and excellent lyric poetry can often stir the melody of the times. Lyrics are divided into carols, love songs, elegies, elegies and pastoral songs due to different contents.
Different from the beauty of architecture and music advocated by Crescent Poetry Society, lyric poetry is more free, so it is widely used by most poets and poetry lovers as one of the most common poetry genres.
Poetry:
Snuggle up by the window
Make a white wish
Point to the soul of a sharp snowflake
Outline the frost flowers on the window
Hold a glass of sunshine.
There is a faint fragrance in it.
Most of Xu Zhimo's poems are lyric poems.