1. Common sense about ancient literature
Pre-Qin literature has two sources, realism and romance.
"The Book of Songs" is divided into 300 poems about elegance, reflecting the reality. The technique is based on Fu Bixing, and the famous poems "Shuo Shu" and "Fa Tan" are famous. Romanticism is "Chu Ci", and the author of "Li Sao" is Qu Yuan.
There are two schools of pre-Qin prose, the "philosophers" and the historical books must be recorded in full. Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism belong to various schools, and each has his own works handed down to the world; Confucianism's "The Analects" and "Mencius" can be seen, Mohism's "Mozi" can be seen; Taoism's "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi", Legalism's Han Fei's famous chapter.
There are two types of historical prose, which are divided into "national" and "chronological". The former is "Guoyu" and "Warring States Policy", and the latter is "Spring and Autumn" and "Zuo Zhuan". 2. Literature of the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Poetry in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties has relatively high achievements; "Yuefu Shuangbi" are praised by people, Jian'an literature recommends "Three Cao"; Tao Qian is the originator of pastoral, and the legacy of "picking chrysanthemums" shows integrity.
"Historical Records" is the first chronicle biography, known as "Li Sao without rhyme"; Ban Gu continued Sima's ideas, and "Hanshu" made innovative moves in the epoch; Jia Yi's heroic essay "On the Passage of Qin" soared into the sky with great momentum; "Shi Shi" "The second cousin is named for later generations, "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring" is happy and happy. The popular poems and poems are often empty, and Zhang Heng's "Two Capitals" is like a stormy wave.
Literary criticism is also on the rise, and "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons" is really superb. Parallel prose pursues the beauty of form, while novels are still rough at first.
3. Literature of the Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty was at its peak, and the “Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty” were extraordinary; The romantic poet recommended Li Bai and sang "The Road to Shu is Difficult" all the way.
Realism has Du Fu, and the "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are extraordinary. Lotte advocated the new Yuefu, and "Pipa" and "Everlasting Sorrow" left famous works.
The Pastoral Poetry School includes Wang Meng, Gao and Cen who sang poems about frontier fortresses. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Li He was so beautiful that Jia Dao "examined" it and passed it down to the world.
In the late Tang Dynasty, "Xiao Li Du" emerged; after that, it declined like smoke. Hanliu's ancient prose is innovative, and "Afang Palace Fu" has been popular for thousands of years.
The legends of the Tang Dynasty have matured, and the representative work is "The Biography of Liu Yi". 4. Song Dynasty Literature Song Dynasty literary words are divided into graceful and bold.
Liu Yongqin's view of Li Qingzhao is very sentimental. Su Shi was the first to open up the bold and unrestrained faction, and he was full of spirit when he "went eastward"; the patriotic poet Xin Qiji was like "gold and iron horse".
Sansu, Wang Zeng, and Ouyang Xiu succeeded Han Liu in writing articles; although Fan Gong did not have many works, "The Story of Yueyang Tower" shines. Lu Fangweng, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, still wanted to restore his family and country in "Shi'er"; Who has never died since ancient times? Wen Tianxiang will be remembered fondly by future generations.
The first part of the chronicle of general history, "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" by Sima Guang. "Mengxi Bi Tan" encyclopedia, the author Shen Kuo is famous.
5. Literature of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties There are two types of Sanqu in the Yuan Dynasty, with different numbers of minor orders and sets. Zaju represents the four great masters, with Guan Hanqing being the most successful; Dou E's tragedy has been passed down through the ages and has the most vivid characters; the other three are Zheng Mabai, and "The West Chamber" has a good reputation.
There are many high-quality dramas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. "The Peach Blossom Fan" and "The Peony Pavilion" are both chapter-length works, and the "Four Great Masterpieces" are the peak. "The Scholars" should not be forgotten, "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" is popular, and there are also short stories in the parody style, compiled by Feng Menglong in "Three Words".
Fang Bao founded Yao Nai, and the prose genre was called Tongcheng. In the late Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen, a famous scholar, wrote "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai" to persuade God.
2. Common knowledge of ancient literature
Rhymed poetry originated from new-style poems such as Shen Yue's in the Qi Yongming Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty that emphasized rhythm and parallelism. It was formally finalized in the Shen Quan period and Song Zhiwen period in the early Tang Dynasty. , matured in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Rhymed poetry requires a uniform number of words in the poems. Each poem is composed of five characters, six characters, or seven characters, referred to as five characters, six characters, and seven characters. Among them,
Work Appreciation
There are fewer six characters. See. The usual regulations for rhythmic poetry are 8 lines per song. If there are only 6 sentences, it is called short rhythm; if there are more than 8 sentences, that is, more than 10 sentences, it is called row rhythm or long rhythm. Usually, a rhythmic poem is completed with 8 lines, and every 2 lines form a couplet, totaling four couplets. It is customary to call the first couplet the first couplet (the first couplet), the second couplet the jaw couplet, the third couplet the neck couplet, and the fourth couplet the conclusion. (Tail couplet). The upper and lower sentences of the second and third couplets (i.e. jaw couplets and neck couplets) of each poem must be dual sentences. Except for the first and last couplets, the middle couplets must match the upper and lower sentences. The minor law has wider duality requirements. Rhymed poetry requires that the entire first rhyme rhyme, and only flat rhymes are allowed; the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth lines rhyme, the first line may or may not rhyme, and the words in each line of the rhythmic poetry alternate with straight and oblique tones. In the upper and lower sentences, there are two types of ping and qi relative to each other, namely "组qi" and "pingqi". In addition, the metrical requirements of verse also apply to quatrains.
3. Common knowledge of ancient Chinese literature
B Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian replaced the Northern Zhou Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. In the first year of Kaihuang (581), he restored the Shangshu Province and made it the highest authority in the country worthy of the name. Administrative agencies.
Following the Tang Dynasty and Sui Dynasty, it was renamed Wenchangtai, Dutai and Zhongtai, and soon returned to its old name.
The capital hall of Shangshu Province is in the middle, with divisions on the left and right. To the east of the capital hall there are three departments: the official department, the household department, and the rites department. Each line has four departments, led by the left department; to the west of the capital hall are the military department, There are three lines, the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Works, with four departments in each line, led by the right department.
Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province are collectively known as the three provinces, and Shangshu Province is responsible for all affairs. It is the central organization of national administration, and the chief executive is called Shangshu Ling.
C is wrong. There are four main types of chronology in ancient China: the chronology of the stems and branches, the chronology of the year when the prince ascended the throne, the chronology of the emperor's reign, and the method of using both stems and branches in the year.
Example: The sixteenth year of King Zhao Wen belongs to the chronology of the year when the prince ascended the throne. The second year of Chunhua belongs to the year-name chronology. The year of Jiawu belongs to the Ganzhi calendar
4. Common sense of Chinese classical literature
Literary knowledge Common sense of ancient Chinese literature
Tao Yuanming, named Qian, courtesy name Yuanming, world name Mr. Jingjie, who calls himself Mr. Wuliu, is a poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the first pastoral poet in my country. His prose works include "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring" and "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", and his poems include "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" and "Drinking Drinking".
Qian Bao, named Ling Sheng. A historian and writer of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he wrote my country's first collection of mythological (spiritual and strange) novels, "Sou Shen Ji".
Fan Ye, courtesy name Weizong, was a historian and essayist in the Southern Song Dynasty. "Le Yangzi's Wife" and "Zhang Heng's Biography" are selected from his "Book of the Later Han". "Later Han" means "Eastern Han". "A man with lofty ideals will not drink from a stolen spring, and an honest man will not be fed by someone who complains about it" comes from his "Book of the Later Han Dynasty?" "Biography of Women".
Liu Yiqing, a novelist in the Southern Song Dynasty, is the author of my country's first collection of notebook novels, "Shishuoxinyu". This is a notebook novel that records the anecdotes of people in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Many stories in the book have become allusions and themes in poems, novels and dramas, and some have become commonly used idioms, such as "looking at the plum blossoms to quench thirst", "devotedly passionate", "eloquent words" "wait.
Liu Xie, courtesy name Yanhe, was a literary theorist in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties. He wrote 50 articles on my country's first literary theory monograph, "The Literary Mind and the Diaolong", which dealt with many issues in creation.
Li Daoyuan, with a long character, was a geographer and essayist in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Compiled into 40 volumes of "Shui Jing Zhu", it is a geography full of literary value.
Zhong Rong, courtesy name Zhongwei, was a literary critic in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty. He is the author of my country's first monograph on poetry theory, Shi Pin.
4. Works of writers of the Tang Dynasty
Wang Bo, also known as Zian, was one of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty and a writer of the Tang Dynasty. He wrote the lyric poem "Send Du Shaofu to Shuzhou" (Wu Lu) ); famous article "Preface to Prince Teng's Pavilion". He is the author of "The Collection of Prince An".
Yang Jiong, the first of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, is famous for his famous works such as "On the Military March".
Lu Zhaolin, one of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, is represented by "The Ancient Meaning of Chang'an".
King Luo Bin, one of the four heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, is represented by "Singing Cicadas in Prison", and also has the famous "Quest for War", and his collection of works is "Linhai Collection".
He Zhizhang, also known as Jizhen, also known as Siming Kuangke, was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. His "Returning to Hometown Oops" (Qijue) is a famous piece of poetry.
Wang Zhihuan, courtesy name Ji Ling, was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. His "Liangzhou Ci" and "Climbing the Stork and Magpie Tower" are treasures of quatrains in the Tang Dynasty.
Meng Haoran, a landscape pastoral poet in the Tang Dynasty. "Passing Through My Old Friend's Village" (Five Rhythms) depicts the pastoral scenery of green water and green mountains and the farmhouse atmosphere of "talking about mulberry trees and hemp over wine", reflecting the true feelings between the poet and the villagers. "Spring Dawn" (Wujue) describes the scene of spring dawn and the feelings of early spring, and has become a good poem that has been passed down through the ages.
Wang Changling, also known as Shaobo, was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. He was good at Qijue and wrote mostly about the military life in the frontier fortress at that time. He was vigorous and high-spirited, including seven poems in "March from the Army", "Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower" and "Out of the Fortress". 》Both capitals are very famous.
Wang Wei, whose courtesy name was Mojie, rose to the rank of Shangshu Youcheng and was known as Wang Youcheng in the world. He was a landscape and pastoral poet in the Tang Dynasty. His famous works include "Bird Song Stream" (five unique styles), "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi" (seven unique styles), and "Guan Yu" (five unique styles). "Wei Mojie's poems, there are paintings in the poems, and poems in the paintings" are Su Shi's words of praise for Wang Wei.
Li Bai, also known as Taibai and Qinglian Jushi, was a romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty. Officials worship Hanlin. Because of his arrogant character and not being tolerated by the powerful, he deepened his understanding of the corrupt society and wrote poems that criticized the debauchery and extravagance of the emperors and powerful officials and complained about the darkness of real politics. Wujue's "Quiet Night Thoughts", "Qiupu Song", Qijue's "Looking at Tianmen Mountain", Wulu's "Farewell to a Friend", Qigu's "Sleepwalking Tianmu's Song of Farewell", and "It's Difficult to Travel". Author of "The Complete Works of Li Taibai".
Gao Shi, courtesy name Dafu, was a frontier poet in the Tang Dynasty. His poems reflected the border situation and the suffering of the soldiers at that time. His representative works are "Yan Ge Xing" and "Farewell to Dong Da" (Qijue).
Cui Hao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a Jinshi in Kaiyuan, and was an official to the rank of Si Xun Yuan Wai Lang. His frontier fortress poems are generous and heroic. "Yellow Crane Tower" (Seven Rhymes) is highly praised by Li Bai.
Du Fu, also known as Zimei, once lived in the south of Chang'an City and west of Shaoling. He called himself Shaoling Ye Lao, and was known as Du Shaoling in the world. He was born in Gong County (Henan) and was a realist poet in the Tang Dynasty. He traveled around various places and lived in Chang'an for ten years. He was captured during the "Anshi Rebellion". After escaping, he served as Zuo Shiyi. Later, he abandoned his official position and moved to Chengdu. He built a thatched cottage on the bank of Huanhua River, which is known as Huanhua Cottage in the world. He once served as Jiannan Jiedu, joined the army, and served as minister of the Ministry of Industry. Yuanwailang, known as Du Gongbu in the world. His works show the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and are known as the "history of poetry", including "Collection of Poems by Du Gongbu". His representative works include "Five Hundred Words of Empathy from Beijing to Fengxian County" and the poems "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
Cen Shen, a frontier poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a native of Jiazhou and served as the governor of Jiazhou. He has been in the army for many years and has profound experience of frontier life. He has "Cen Jiazhou Poetry Collection". The representative work "Bai Xuege Sends Judge Wu Back to the Capital" (Qi Gu).
Zhang Zhihe, courtesy name Zitong, was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. He wrote mostly about seclusion and leisurely life. He is the author of "Xuan Zhenzi" and his representative work "Yu Gezi" (ci).
Han Yu, whose courtesy name was Tuizhi, was born in Heyang (Henan). He called himself Junwang (a prominent family in the county) Changli, and was known as Han Changli in the world. His posthumous title was Wen. He was also called Han Wengong, and he was an official. The Minister of the Ministry, also known as the Ministry of Officials of Han Dynasty. An essayist and poet in the Tang Dynasty, he was an advocate of the "Ancient Prose Movement" together with Liu Zongyuan. He was listed as the first of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties" and the author of "Collected Works of Mr. Chang Li".