First of all, it is understood that it refers to the ancient poems edited and annotated by Mao Heng of Lu and Achyranthes of Zhao in the Western Han Dynasty, which is now the Book of Songs.
The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in the history of China literature. It consists of 305 poems, each of which has a preface to introduce its content and significance. The first book Guanju has a general preface besides a small preface, which is the first poetic monograph in ancient China.
Zheng Xuan, a Confucian scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote an annotation for Mao Zhuan, and Confucius wrote an annotation for Mao Shi Zheng Yi in the Tang Dynasty.
There are four schools of Chinese poetry and Mao's poetry, which are called the four schools of poetry. The last three schools are Lu (biography of Shen Peigong), Qi (biography of Yuan Gusheng) and Han Shi (biography of Han Ying). These three schools, also known as the three schools of poetry, all adopted Jinwen, and the study of Jinwen Confucian Classics was established in the Western Han Dynasty. The study of this school is called Jinwen Confucian Classics. However, after Mao's poems came into being, they gradually replaced the status of the three schools, and the three schools were gradually lost. Because Shi Mao used classical Chinese, the study of this subject is called the study of classical Chinese classics. In the Tang Dynasty, Mao Zhuan and Jian Zheng became the officially recognized annotation basis of The Book of Songs, which was highly praised by later generations.
This version of The Book of Songs was handed down from Mao's poems. As the first collection of poems in the history of China literature, The Book of Songs consists of 305 poems, which were edited by Confucius and taught by his disciples, and became popular all over the world. Undeniably, The Book of Songs has a great influence on the ideology and culture of the Chinese nation, and Mao Heng and Achyranthes bidentata have played a vital role in its spread to this day.
According to the Records of Hanshu, The Book of Songs by Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Notes on Mao Poems by Confucius in the Tang Dynasty and Justice in the Five Classics, by the early Warring States Period, Yuan Gu of Qi, Shen Pei of Lu, Han Ying of Yan, Mao Heng of Hejian, etc. had all studied and lectured. "Mao Heng wrote Shi Mao Justice in his own home, and Hejian dedicated it to the king." Mao Heng taught Shi Mao Zhengyi to Scapharca subcrenata (according to the research of relevant scholars today, Mao Heng and Scapharca subcrenata are uncles and nephews).
During the Three Kingdoms period, it was recorded in the book Mao Shi, Grass, Birds, Animals, Insects, Fish and Sparse written by Wu Ren Lu Ji: "Confucius deleted the book and awarded it to Lu Zengshen, Li Ke, Zhong Zi, Meng Zhongzi, Gen Mouzi, Qing, Qing Maoheng and Heng Wei, and gave it to Zhao. There are different records in Lu Deming's Preface to Classic Interpretation in Tang Dynasty: "Xu Zhengyun: Xia sealed Gao Hangzi, Xue Cangzi sealed Gao Hangzi, Miao Zi sealed Xue Cangzi, and Miao Zi sealed Hejian Damao Gong, who was handed down at home as a teacher to seal Zhaoren Gong. "
Through textual research on historical books, local chronicles, cultural relics, ancient books and legends, it can be affirmed that among Hejian Confucian scholars, the most famous one is Scapharca subcrenata, who was awarded a doctorate in Confucian classics by Liu De. The Book of Songs told by Li Mao is called "Shi Mao" in the world. Since Zheng Xuan annotated Mao's poems in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the number of Mao's poems has gradually increased, and the other three have been lost. The Book of Songs read today was handed down from generation to generation by Mao Heng and Scapharca subcrenata. "Epitaph of Shangshu Festival in the Ministry of Military Affairs of the Ming Dynasty": "Gong () received the book of rites from the Tang Dynasty at the age of seven, changed to Shangshu at the age of eleven, and supplemented his doctoral brother at the age of nineteen as a reward.
Shi Mao was founded by Mao Heng of Lu and Fang Zhouzi of Zhao. Among them, three writers, Lu, Qi and Han, are today's writers, and they were established as official schools in the Han Dynasty. Mao's poems came out late, which belong to the study of ancient classics in China. The annotations of Mao's poems are concise, and there are few theological superstitions. It has not been established as an official school, and it can only be taught among the people in China. It was valued in the Eastern Han Dynasty and allowed to be taught openly in the imperial court. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucian classics, collected an ancient classic of Confucian classics, Biography of Shi Mao, which was mainly annotated by Shi Mao. Since then, the three poems have gradually declined. "Records of Gyeonggi" said: "Qi poetry died in Wei, Lu poetry died in Western Jin and Han poetry died in Song".
As the first collection of poems (or music songs) in China, The Book of Songs has always had a lofty position and far-reaching influence since it was compiled in the 6th century BC. It is the glorious starting point of China's poetry, which has been imprisoned for thousands of years. Compared with Lu, Han and Qi, Mao's poems came from behind and flourished in the world, but the three have died out one after another. This edition of the Book of Songs is Mao Shi.
Preface to Mao Shi is China's ancient poetic theory. The author says that Xia Zi, a disciple of Kong Qiu, wrote the preface for The Book of Songs, and Wei Hong, a Han Chinese, wrote the preface for The Book of Songs, which can be divided into big preface and small preface. The grand preface refers to the general preface of all the Books of Songs written by the author after explaining Guanju, and the minor preface refers to the preface of each of the 305 Books of Songs. Generally speaking, Preface to Mao Poetry refers to a grand preface. The author is controversial.
As the first collection of poems in the history of China literature, The Book of Songs, which was produced in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, contains the earliest pure literary works of China. Therefore, in a long historical period, poetry is actually synonymous with literature, and the theoretical criticism of poetry has universal guiding significance for literary criticism. Pre-Qin poetry theory originated from Confucianism, patriarchal Confucianism, and emphasized the expression of ambition in theory, and put forward a pioneering program of "expressing ambition through poetry" very early (Zhu Ziqing's Poem Expressing ambition). Yu Shu Yaodian of Shangshu once said: Poems express aspiration, songs often say, sound is eternal, and law is harmonious. Even though Shun Dian is by no means a work of three generations, it may come from the Warring States or even later, but the view of "expressing ambition through poetry" must have a long history. "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Twenty-seven Years" contains Wen Zi telling his uncle: poetry expresses ambition; In the Warring States period, Zhuangzi Tianxia and Xunzi Confucianism also said that "poetry is based on Tao, and poetry is also its ambition". The "ambition" mentioned here refers to the ambition and embrace closely related to self-cultivation and governing the country, that is, politics and education, which belong to the rational category. It can be seen that the pre-Qin poetry theory did not explicitly involve the emotional characteristics of poetry, nor did it consciously understand the "poetic sentiment" that expressed inner feelings, so it was one-sided and incomplete. The Preface to Mao Shi, written in the Han Dynasty, first came into contact with the emotional characteristics of poetry, and systematically discussed it in connection with Ci and Zhi.
On the other hand, the content expressed by "ambition" is not limited to the rational category, that is, it is not limited to self-cultivation and governing the country, that is, the ambition and embrace closely related to politics and education.
Example: Zhi, Shuowen is based on the voice of the heart. Where there is will, there is also a place of mind.
There are so-called big preface and small preface in Preface to Shi Mao. The small preface refers to the solution of 305 articles in Shi Mao handed down from the early Han Dynasty, and the big preface is the preface of The Book of Songs after the solution of the first article "Nan Zhou Guanju". The preface to Mao Shi mentioned here refers to a grand preface. As for when and by whom the Preface to Shi Mao was written, it has been a controversial case since the Han Dynasty, and it has not been satisfactorily resolved so far. According to Hanshu Yiwenzhi, there are 29 volumes of Shi Mao and 30 volumes of Biography of Shi Mao, while Ban Gu only said that Han Xing and Lu were exegesis of the poem, and Qi Yuangu and Yan Hansheng were biographies. ..... and Mao Gong's theory, which is called Xia Chuan, and the river offers a good king ... In The Scholars, it still only says: Mao Gong, Zhao Ren. Doctor Mao's name is not recorded in The Book of Songs, and Wang Dafu is not recorded in Hejian. Later, Wu went from Zheng Xuan to the Three Kingdoms, and it was reported in succession that Mao Heng of Lu was Mao Gong and Mao Ji of Zhao was Xiao Mao Gong, both of whom were in charge of poetry in the early Han Dynasty. As for Preface to Poetry, there is a passage by Xia Zi, a disciple of Confucius. It was not until the Qing dynasty that everyone held their own words and argued endlessly. The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu synthesizes all the expositions, and holds that the first two words of the Preface, namely, the small preface of Guanluojie, were handed down by the former teacher of maoji. The big preface after the small preface was attached by the disciples below the clam. This view is generally close. That is to say, The Preface to Mao's Poems summarizes the theoretical opinions of Confucianism on the Book of Songs since the pre-Qin period, which was further developed by Mao's collection of Zhao people during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, forming an article, and then revised and improved by his disciples.
In fact, Preface to Mao Poetry is a contradictory mixture of profound literary criticism and fallacious conservative views. Both excellent emotional interpretation and backward and erroneous interpretation have had a far-reaching impact on later poetic theory. The reason why a monograph has such contradictions is probably because it is not the work of one person. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty written in the Song Dynasty said in The Scholars that Xie Chu lived in Jiujiang and was good at training. (Wei) Hong Yiman was educated and elegant because of his Preface, which was spread all over the world. It is also pointed out that Wei Hong wrote Preface to Mao Poetry in the heyday of the restoration of Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is inconsistent with the Three Kingdoms in the Eastern Han Dynasty. If Wei Hong really participated in the word processing of "Preface to Shi Mao", and Confucianism at that time even reached the level of myth serving the kingship, then it is possible to tamper with the argument of Scapharca subcrenata in the early Western Han Dynasty.
"Guanju", the virtue of empresses, the beginning of the wind, so the wind is the world and the couple are also. Therefore, it is necessary to use the country. Wind, wind, teaching, turbulence, teaching change.
Poets, with aspirations, have ambitions in their hearts, take poems as words to express their feelings, and lack words, so they sigh, sigh and sing, but they don't know how to dance.
Emotion comes from sound, and sound is written as sound, which governs the vocal music of the world and its politics; The voice of troubled times is angry, and its politics is good; The voice of national subjugation grieves, and its people are trapped. Therefore, gain and loss, movement and the world, feeling and ghosts and gods are close to poetry. The former king learned from the husband and wife, became filial, virtuous, beautiful and civilized, and changed customs.
Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance, the sixth is fu, the upper is weathering, the lower is wind thorn, the main text is remonstrated, the speaker is innocent, and the listener is warned, so it is called wind. As for the decline of the monarch, the abolition of etiquette and righteousness, the loss of politics and religion, the foreign affairs of the country, the strange customs of the family, and the elegance of the wind. The history of the country clearly shows the traces of gains and losses, hurts people, laments the harshness of criminal politics, recites family ties, rides the wind, achieves things and cherishes old customs. Therefore, the wind becomes sentimental and stops at comity. It is human nature to express feelings; Stop at courtesy and righteousness, and the first king's ze is also. It is based on the matter of a country and the foundation of one person, which is called the wind; It is an elegance to talk about everything and form a wind in all directions. Ya, yes, Wang said that it is also a waste. Politics is big and small, so there are few elegance. Praise, the description of beauty and virtue, is also told to the gods through its success. It means four beginnings, and poetry is the most important.
However, the change of Guanju and Linzhi was the wind of kings, so it was the Duke of Zhou. South, the word turns from north to south. The virtue of "Quechao" and "Li Yu" is also the wind of princes. The late king taught it because it was Zhao Gong. "Nan Zhou" and "Zhao Nan" are the starting point and the foundation of Wang Hua. Therefore, "Guan Yu" is Mrs. Le, who should be a gentleman, worry about the virtuous, and not commit adultery; Sad and graceful ......
The princess smiled at her friend to solve her doubts.