Trobado, from12nd century to the beginning of13rd century, was active in languedoc, southwest France, and was mainly a court aristocrat. The earliest known Trobado is William IX, Duke of Aquitaine (1071-126), and his granddaughter Eleanor of Aquitaine is also a famous art patron. Important Trobado also includes Marcaburu, Geoffray Rudder, Bernart de Ventadorn and others. However, the Albee Crusade War of 1209- 1229 brought the prosperous culture in the south to an abrupt end, but the spirit and form of Trobado secular songs spread to northern France, Iberian Peninsula and Italy.
Eleanor of Aquitaine married King Louis VII of France, bringing the wind of "court love" to the French court. Her son Richard Lionheart wrote some songs, and her two daughters, Marie, Countess of Champagne, and Alice, Countess of Brouwer, also played an important role in the spread of secular song art, making Champagne and Alas the important centers of mud shovel activities respectively. Mary's grandson, the Earl of Champagne and later King Tibbott of Navarra, was the most prolific bricklayer known. Most of the early masons were aristocrats, but since the13rd century, some creators from the civic class, universities and priests have become active, and they have also organized some guilds and poetry competitions of poets and singers called "puy".
Trobado and Trowell's secular song collection is called chansonnier (chanson means song). Many collections of Shang pine appeared in the second half of13rd century and the beginning of14th century, but their copying time has been decades or even hundreds of years away from the active period of Trobado and Te Rohwer. These Shang songji not only recorded poems and some melodies, but also recorded the poet's life and genre development. Shang Songji's organizational form is complex and attractive. It is usually sorted according to the status of the creator. For example, Thibaugh, the Earl of Champagne, ranks first among many champagne collections. Shang Song's collection also includes the poet's miniature paintings, prose life (Vader, "line style") and comments (Lazo). It tells stories about songs, poets, the cultural world of poetry and traditions. These are not reliable historical materials, full of illusory legends and romantic stories. The famous Shangsong series includes Kangre Shangsong series (Cangé? Chansonnier), Chansonnier de Arras and Noailles Chansonnier, etc. The Chansonnier du Roi or Manuscrit du Roi introduced in this paper is one of the most widely collected songs and genres.
The origin of the Collection of Shang Song Wang is not completely determined. To be sure, the oldest part of the manuscript was copied into a book after 1253, probably between 1260 and 1270, and the place may be in artois or Arras, just like many other songs of Aoyi (northern French dialect). Through the study of musicology, John Haines thinks that this collection of Shang Ge was a gift to Guillaume de Villehardouin who ruled the Greek Moria Peninsula from 1245 to 1278, and later it was given to Charlie de Anjou in Anjou (1226-655). However, there is not enough evidence to show whether it originated in artois or Alaska. The collection of Ode to Wang is very similar to that of Ode to Noye by artois, but there are also significant differences in calligraphy, decoration and theme. Later, in 1640, this collection of Shang Song was purchased by Cardinal Mazarin, a former French prime minister, and entered the royal library of King Louis XIV in 1668, hence the name "Collection of Shang Song Wang".
This collection of Ode to Shang is now in the French National Library, numbered fr.844, including 265,438+06 pieces of parchment, with a size of 365,438+00× 265,438+05 mm (previously about 360×240 mm). It recorded more than 600 songs of various genres, including Trobado and Rohwer's songs, and even classical songs and some instrumental music, which is very rare. The original 428 French old clay knife songs (academic identifier is M), because some pages have been torn up, there are still 404 songs (including complete and incomplete articles), of which 365 songs have melody and 27 songs are unique; There are 6 1 songs in Trobado (academic identifier is W), of which 5 1 songs have melodies and 3 1 songs only exist in this collection. Three Lyrics, one French, two French-Provence; Among the classic songs (academic identifier R), there are 45 two-part French classic songs and 3 three-part French classic songs; Add 33 spiral songs, singing songs and coming songs; In addition, there are nine pieces of instrumental dance music Estaing Pie (the first surviving piece), two pieces of dance music and one piece of dance music danse royal.
This large manuscript has experienced nearly 800 years of wind and rain, and now its appearance is very poor. Many pages have been wrongly bound, 65,438+08 pages have been lost, many miniature paintings of the remaining pages have been torn off, and most of the initials with the portrait of Lovell have been lost. There are also many poems and melodies. Fortunately, a small collection of poems (academic identification number is Mt) containing the works of Champagne Count Thibaugh, 60 poems are intact, 56 of which have melodies. It seems that this collection of Shang Song has not yet been completed, and there are still many blanks waiting to be copied. The typesetting method adopts two columns per page, each column is 4 1 line. Manuscripts are classified and collected according to the social status of poets, and Thibaugh naturally ranks first. The first work of each author in M begins with an initial pattern painting with a portrait. Most of the melodies were recorded by block notation, and later three melodies with quantitative notation were added.
Lovell, who has the largest collection of works in The Kings of Shang Dynasty, is the fourth generation Champagne Count Thibaugh (1201-kloc-0/253), who later became the king of Navarra. His family lineage has produced many singers or protectors. Thibaugh's works have appeared in at least 32 manuscripts, and the number of his works is the largest in the trowel, which shows his popularity at that time. Influenced by Garth Brewer, Thibaugh made friends with other famous bricklayers, such as Philip de Nanteuil of Nanteuil, Raoul de Soisson of Soisson, Thibaugh de Blethen of Blethen, and perhaps Guillaume le Veneer. Both The Chronicle of France and Dante's On Common sayings classify him as an "outstanding poet", which shows the degree of his respect during his lifetime. As a poet with superb poetic skills, Thibaugh dabbled in various poetic genres, from court songs, refrain songs, pastoral songs, jeupati and tenson, to Lai songs and the songs of the Virgin Mary, all of which can be found in the Song Collection of Shang Jun. He knows how to show his creativity in writing, and he does not hesitate to rewrite the classic poetry pattern with humorous strokes. Unusual free rhyme, elaborate rhetoric and the condescension of the count himself make his poems shine, and he often mentions them brilliantly, so as not to forget his aristocratic status and political status.
In Thibaugh's poems, he often shows different identities: lover, literati, politician, wise man, devout Christian, soldier and so on. Like many of his contemporaries, Lovell sang Elegant Love, and most of his poems were dedicated to his female lover. For example, in canso's I want to make a song (Chan? On ferai, he called lovers the best in the world. The first two melodies of this song need to be repeated, with ten syllables as a line, and each section ends with a different refrain. In the debate song "Dame merci", Thibaugh joked about his plump waistline. Every word in the pastoral "L 'Autrier Parra Matinee" corresponds to a different note (called "syllable"), which describes a poor knight who runs away under the threat of a shepherd or the ridicule of a shepherdess. Dou tres douz non is a song that worships the Virgin Mary. It forms each letter of "Maria" in syllable form, showing a complex word game. The crusader song Au tans plain de felonie describes a monarch defending the holy land in battle.
There are other famous clay knife songs in the Collection of Shang Songs. Richard de forni of forni is neither a noble nor a professional poet, but a surgeon, but he actively creates literature and music. Guillaume Le veneer is the most important trowel in Arras. He likes to argue with other poets about the distribution of game songs and is famous for it. Conon of Samos of Samos in Bettina had a brilliant political career and even became the Regent of the Eastern Roman Empire. He is the highest in Zhong Er, and his Shang Song often shows a tendency of meanness and misogyny. Blondel in Naylor is more legendary. It is said that he heard a song outside the castle that only he and his master Richard Lion Heart knew, and found out the whereabouts of his master.
The Song Collection on the King also rarely includes Trobado's songs. If Frey Rudder's Long Years in May is the most famous song in Oke (the southern French dialect used by Trobado) tradition, it is a beautiful elegy, lamenting the unreachable love by repeating the word "LONHE" a lot. Geoffray Rudder is also a leader in the first generation of Trobado. It is said that he joined the Crusader on 1 147 and never came back. Pere Vidal, the son of a fur dealer, belongs to the third generation of Trobado. He is good at sharp satire. "When we see anger in winter" (Pos? Visam? Hey? Evans? S'irais) only exists in the episode of King of Shang Song, and its theme is about the frustration of love and revenge against traitors. Eight songs by Bernardo de Ventadon were selected into the Song Collection of King of Shang Songs. He fell in love with Eleanor of Aquitaine and eventually fled to a monastery for the rest of his life.
Another feature of The King of Shang Songs is that it contains 12 pieces of instrumental dance music, which should have been added at the beginning of14th century according to handwriting, but there is no collection of pure instrumental music after15th century in history. The most striking thing here is eight complete tents and a royal dance music. The Latin equivalents of the French word estampie are stantipes, the Provencal word istanpitta and the Italian word Istanbul. From the root point of view, it may imply "stomping" or "standing", which may be related to the bass dance music of15th century that stood and bowed gracefully.
Early music theorists classified Estaing Bie as a genre of Trobado and Trowell songs, but no related music survived. Estaing Bier is similar to Legato in music structure, and the repeated paragraphs are called "puncta" (dots). They often share melody material, which is only distinguished by the first few notes. The Estaing Bie here has 4 to 7 points, and the length is different.
There are only melodies in these established Biers, but there are many difficulties in how to reconstruct the music score that can be played. /kloc-music before the 0/6th century almost had no orchestration. According to the music iconography evidence of 13 and 14 centuries, there should be many instrumental musicians in the court, and the types of musical instruments also have a certain range, especially percussion is an important accompaniment instrument for dance. How to add complicated accompaniment is also one of the problems. These unrecorded parts may have been improvised from memory. Early manuscripts did not have accurate pitch, and clef marked the position of semitone in the pitch group, and there was no absolute pitch relationship. Even the melody form is not completely clear, because the falsetto system and other traditions can't clearly determine the position of the semitone. No one knows the tuning system used by instrumental musicians of that era. Some people say it is pure law, while others prefer the interval combination of Arabic music. The problem of rhythm also puzzles musicians, and the natural defects of pre-Franco notation make it impossible for scholars to understand. Without decorative notes, these simple melodies can't meet the needs of dance time. All kinds of problems in these forests have caused the diversity of dance music interpretation in the Middle Ages, and how to choose can only be a matter of opinion.
There are three kinds of recordings of the album "Wang Shang Song Ji", and scattered tracks are scattered in many episodes. Ala Francesca, directed by Brigitte Lesne, specially recorded Thibaugh of Champagne-Collection of the King of Shang Songs (Aeon 122 1 20 12), which included 10 songs by the famous aristocrat Rohwer. The group's voice is transparent and beautiful, and some antique musical instruments are also used to improvise for the songs. The choice of rhythm is also very convincing, and the performance and recording are excellent.
The parsifal Ensemble, conducted by Guy Robert, recorded an album called Trobado and Te Rohwer-The Manuscript of the King (arion 68225, 1993). The 65,438+00 works they selected are all about the language connection between Oke and Oyi song traditions. As an uncertain experiment, they used a certain number of French words while maintaining the elements and characteristics of the original to the greatest extent.
Jordi Savall and "Late Star 2 1" ensemble (Hespèrion XXI) contributed a wonderful instrumental improvisation album "Estaing Bier and Royal Dance" (Ali Vox Av9857, 2008). Although Savall has been criticized for his "authentic" playing style and far-fetched repertoire, this record has given him the freedom of artistic creation, and improvisation is just right, so that we modern people can also immerse ourselves in the vitality and energy of medieval secular dance.
Trobado's poetry marks the beginning of a new era in the history of western literature and music. The historical process from Trowell's songs influenced by Trobado to the modern French champion (the translation of "chansons" commonly used in pop music) has never been interrupted. These medieval songs have been echoing in the ears of modern people, as evidenced by this famous collection of King Champion.
(Originally published in Sanlian Philharmonic Magazine No.2 202 1)