The replacement of poems by adherents of Ming and Qing Dynasties

Qian Chengzhi (16 12 ~ 1693), formerly known as Bing Kui, talked a lot, but later called an old man from other places and a stubborn Taoist in the west. Han nationality, Anhui Tongcheng (now Zongyang County) people. Patriots and writers in the late Ming Dynasty. Qian Chengzhi studied with his father since childhood. He was able to write articles at the age of eleven, and he was a scholar in Chongzhen. King Gui served as Jishi Shu of imperial academy in the Southern Ming Dynasty. Poetry is particularly important, and there are letters with Xu. A book co-authored with Xu Hongsu once exposed Gu's extreme side. Wang Fuzhi praised his "poetic integrity". He is the author of Field Collection, Field Poetry Collection, Field Collection and Cangshan Pavilion Collection. Qian Chengzhi was more famous for his poems at that time. Han Yan said that he "wrote ancient poems all over the world" (preface to Mr. Tian's eightieth birthday). He had six volumes of Cangshan Pavilion, fourteen volumes of Cangshan Pavilion Poems, thirty volumes of pastoral poems, twenty-eight volumes of pastoral poems, and a large number of pastoral letters and knowledge records, which were famous at that time. At that time, many poems were selected from various poetry selections, such as Qian's My Hot Collection. Chen Wei-song's Collection of Yan Yan was the first person to open this book. The first one was Seven Ancient Poems of Chengcheng. Only Du Jun, Qu Dajun and Qian Chengzhi recorded more than 100 in Zhuoerkan's Poems of the adherents of the Ming Dynasty. Later, in the work of Yong, Gan and others, the poems of past dynasties were first chosen. Only Qian, Wu and Wang Shizhen were recorded in the early Qing Dynasty, and Cheng Zhi was also selected. Because Cheng Zhi's poems recorded many historical facts in the early Qing Dynasty, especially the political events in the Nanming Longwu and Li Yong Dynasties, which exposed and attacked the Qing court, many of them dared not make money when they were compiled. Even so, the published books, such as Pastoral Poetry, were still banned when they were in Qianlong, so their circulation was greatly restricted. Poems are rarely mentioned. During the Daoguang period, there was a sentence in Lu Qiu's Collection of Flowers: "Whoever pities Lingwu Ma Xie, always worships Rhododendron Kongshan." Pan Cigeng gave Tongcheng money to drink. After drinking, there was "Yi Xue and Poetics on the scene", which made the poet familiar with the classics. His book Donghai Gong (Xu) was published, and the version lasted for a long time. "It is because of Pan Lei's poems that he mentioned Chengzhi, and only mentioned the Confucian classics of Chengzhi, which shows that his poems have long been unknown to the world. Until the end of Guangxu, someone tried to print a copy of Cangshan Pavilion and publish it in Xuan Tong. Therefore, many literary history works do not mention Qian Chengzhi at all. In recent years, there have been several articles devoted to Qian Chengzhi's poems, but some regard him as a "minority writer" in the early Qing Dynasty, and some will mistake Cangshan Pavilion Collection for Field Collection. This situation is obviously not commensurate with Qian Chengzhi's due position in the early Qing Dynasty.

Wang Fuzhi, also known as Wang Chuanshan, Han nationality, is from Hengyang, Hunan. China is a master of simple materialism, and he is also known as the three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties with Huang Zongxi and Gu. In his later years, Wang Fuzhi lived in Ishikawa Mountain at the foot of Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue, and wrote books and made statements, so he was called "Mr. Chuanshan" by the world. Wang Fuzhi wrote a lot in his life, among which Zi Zhi Tong Jian and Song Lun are his representative works. Zeng Guofan, an important official in the late Qing Dynasty, highly praised Wang Chuanshan and his works. He published a large number of "Chuanshan suicide note" in Jinling, which made Wang Fuzhi's works widely circulated. As representatives of modern Huxiang culture, Mao Zedong and Tan Sitong were deeply influenced by Chuanshan's thought. Wang Fuzhi advocated the idea of practical application all his life, and resolutely opposed Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, saying, "The Six Classics accused me of opening up a new face and begging for being buried alive from heaven." Huang Zongxi (1665438+September 24th, 00-65438+August12,0695) was the eldest son of Huang Zunsu, a beginner, historian, thinker, geographer, astronomer and educator in the late Ming and Qing Dynasties. Han nationality, Yuyao, Zhejiang. The word "Taichong" means "De Bing" and "Nanlei", and it is also called "Lizhou Old Man", "Lizhou Mountain Man", "Clear Water Fisherman", "Yucheng Cave Master", "Dean of Double Waterfalls" and "Mitchell" in ancient libraries. Scholars call him "Mr. Lizhou". Huang Zongxi is extremely knowledgeable, profound in thought and rich in works. He, Gu and Wang Fuzhi are called the three great thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties (or the three great Confucians in the early Qing Dynasty). Together with his brothers Huang Zongyan and Huang Zonghui, they are called the three Yellow Rivers in eastern Zhejiang; Together with Gu, Fang Yizhi and Wang Fuzhi, he is also known as "the five masters in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties" and is known as "the father of China's enlightenment".

Gu (1613-1682), a famous thinker, historian and linguist, was also called the three great Confucianism in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties with Huang Zongxi and Wang Fuzhi. The real name is Ji Kun, renamed Jiang, and the word is loyal and clear; After Du Nan's defeat, he changed his name to Yanwu, whose name was Lin Ting. He is a Chinese, Han nationality, born in Kunshan (now Jiangsu), Suzhou and Nanzhili. In the Ming Dynasty, all the students were eager to learn the practical experience of their youth and joined the anti-Qing army in Kunshan. After the defeat, he traveled north and south, visited the Ming Tombs ten times, and died in Quwo at the age of five. He is knowledgeable and has studied the national code system, county and city anecdotes, astronomical phenomena, canals, military farmers, centuries-old history and phonological exegesis. In his later years, he emphasized textual research, which opened the atmosphere of park learning in Qing Dynasty. His knowledge is based on erudition and self-shame, and he learns from time to time, and if he learns well, he becomes an official. Poetry is a masterpiece when feelings are hurt.