(4) Sports anatomy
1. To master the names, positions, movement characteristics and methods of human trunk, limbs, six joints and main skeletal muscles.
Human trunk and limb bones: 206 adult bones, except 6 auditory ossicles belonging to sensory organs, can be divided into axial bones and limb bones according to bone position. Axial bones include skull and trunk bones, 80 pieces; Bone of limbs includes upper limb bone and lower limb bone, 126 pieces.
Six major joints: shoulder joint, elbow joint, radiocarpal joint, hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint.
Shoulder joint structure: It is composed of glenoid of scapula and humeral head of humerus, also called glenoid humeral joint, which is a typical ball-and-socket joint. Features: It is a multi-axis joint, which is the most flexible joint of the human body and the most unstable joint. Regular physical exercise helps to strengthen the auxiliary structure of the joint and the strength of the surrounding muscles, making the joint flexible and firm.
Elbow joint structure: there are joints composed of the lower end of humerus and the upper end of ulna and radius, including humeral-ulnar joint, humeral-radial joint and proximal radioulnar joint.
Features: The above-mentioned three joints can only move around two axes, namely, the humeral-ulnar joint and the humeral-radial joint which do flexion and extension around the frontal axis, and the peptide-radial joint and the radioulnar joint which participate in internal and external rotation around the vertical axis.
Structure of radiocarpal joint: It is composed of articular fossa composed of radiocarpal articular surface and radial articular disc, and articular head composed of intractable scaphoid, hand bone and triangle bone at the proximal end.
Features: The radiocarpal joint is a typical elliptical joint, which can move around two axes of motion, flex and extend around the frontal axis, adduction and abduction around the sagittal axis, and turn in circles.
Hip joint structure: ball-and-socket joint composed of femoral head and acetabulum.
Features: support weight, adapt to walking, running and jumping; There is a deep articular fossa and a thick and tight articular capsule; The ligaments are strong and the surrounding muscles are well developed.
Knee joint structure: It is the most complicated joint of human body, which is composed of femoral-tibial joint and femoral-hip joint, belonging to elliptical joint.
Features: Knee joint is the largest joint in human body, and meniscus has the function of cushioning vibration and protecting knee joint.
Structure of ankle joint: It is composed of articular surface at the lower end of tibia and fibula and talus pulley.
Features: Uniaxial joint, which can do flexion and extension around the coronary axis, slightly abduction and adduction.
Gluteus maximus: supine leg lifting, backward pedaling, slope running, frog leaping, etc. , positive pressure leg.
Biceps femoris: prone leg flexion, positive pressure leg.
Semitendinous muscle: prone leg bending
Quadriceps femoris: One of the largest and most powerful muscles in human body, including four major muscles-rectus femoris, lateral femoris, medial femoris and medial femoris. Hang straight legs, lift, and squat with weight.
Trapezius: Lift with weight, shrug with barbells, and protect chest with dumbbells.
Serratus anterior: push-ups, double back lifts (stretching).
Pectoralis major: the parallel bars support the swing arm to bend and stretch, lie on your back with dumbbells, raise your arms and vibrate again, and the ribs press your shoulders.
Latissimus dorsi: horizontal bar pull-ups, pullback, climbing pole, arm-lifting and shoulder-pressing.
Deltoid muscle: Lift the straight arm with weight, push the neck with weight forward, and cross your arms in advance.
Biceps brachii: elbow flexion with load, pull-ups, parallel bars support swing.
Coracoid-brachialis muscle: elbow flexion with load, pull-ups and pull-ups.
Triceps brachii: weight lifting, bench pressing and back rubbing with towel (stretching)
Ilipsoas muscle: high-load leg lifting, hanging leg lifting, front leg kicking, supine leg lifting, kneeling and swinging legs, splitting hind legs back and forth.
Triceps surae: lift the heel with load, run after load, jump rope, hook the foot, stretch the leg and press.
Rectus abdominis: Kneel, bend over, bend your knees and sit-ups.
2. Understand the composition and function of digestive system, respiratory system and nervous system.
Composition of digestive system: digestive tube and digestive gland. The digestive tract includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine (cecum, colon and rectum). Clinically, the part from the mouth to the duodenum is often called the upper digestive tract, and the part below the jejunum is called the lower digestive tract. Digestive glands include liver, pancreas and three pairs of salivary glands (parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual gland).
Function: ① Digest food, that is, ingest, digest and absorb nutrients in food;
(2) providing energy for the body, building cells and tissues, and finally discharging food residues;
③ Mouth and pharynx are also related to breathing, pronunciation and language activities.
Composition of respiratory system: including respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus) and lung (alveoli and bronchus at all levels).
Function: conveying gas; The main place for gas and gas exchange; The larynx is still a vocal organ.
Composition of nervous system: central nervous system (including brain in cranial cavity and spinal cord in spinal canal) and peripheral nervous system (nerve components other than brain and spinal cord, body extension and visceral nerve).
Function: ① It is not only the command and regulation mechanism of human movement, but also directly or indirectly commands and regulates the activities of other organs and systems such as respiration, circulation, digestion, endocrine and excretion. Through adjustment, the human body can adapt to various environmental changes, so that the internal system of the body can maintain a relative balance with the external environment, so that human life activities can be carried out normally;
② It is the material basis of psychological activities.
3. Master the composition and function of cardiovascular system and the influence of physical exercise on cardiovascular system.
Composition of cardiovascular system: It consists of heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
Function: ① The heart is the hub connecting arteries and veins, the power pump of cardiovascular system, and has important endocrine function. The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically, continuously injecting blood from arteries and bringing blood into veins to ensure the continuous directional flow of blood in the cardiovascular system;
② Arteries are the conduits for conveying blood centrifugation;
③ Veins are blood vessels that guide blood back to the heart.
(4) Capillaries are conduits connecting the two ends of arteries and veins.
The influence of exercise on the heart;
① The influence on the macrostructure of the heart can increase the weight and volume of the heart.
② Influence of microstructure. The heart is mainly composed of myocardium, and the myocardial tissue is composed of parenchymal components (myocardial cells) and interstitial components (myocardial collagen fibers and capillaries). Physical influence, exercise training can lead to the increase of myocardial cell volume, diameter, contractile protein and myoprotein. Interstitial influence, exercise training can increase the number of capillaries in myocardial tissue, enrich the anastomosis of capillary branches, increase curvature, expand myocardial capillaries, adaptively change the endothelium and endocardium of cardiac cavity, and improve myocardial microcirculation function.
③ Effect on calcium in myocardial cells. The results showed that myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial calcium were studied under different physical loads. The results showed that myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial calcium changed in different degrees under the condition of no exercise load, which showed a significant change in the free calcium base value of myocardial cells and was reversible. Aerobic exercise training can significantly improve the change level of free calcium in myocardial nucleus.
④ Effect on myocardial cell apoptosis. It shows that moderate exercise training can effectively prevent myocardial cell apoptosis; However, long-term overload exercise can cause myocardial cell apoptosis; Exhaustive exercise and overtraining can cause apoptosis.
The influence of physical exercise on blood vessels: the influence on the morphological structure and function of vascular endothelial cells; Effect on the morphology, structure and function of vascular smooth muscle cells; Effect on the morphology and function of microcirculation blood vessels.
?
?
?
?
?
make an effort
We have given the best expectation for the future.
As beautiful as poetry, as ethereal as music;
We are not satisfied with the status quo and strive to soar.
I vowed to shuttle through the sea of exam questions and see the teacher's style.
?
We struggled forward, blood spattered,
The courage to pursue the waves,
Swallow the boulder on the road and smooth the sharpness of the world.
?
We will have a destination, with the sunset,
Return to dullness and enjoy quiet time,
Hide the sharp edges and take off the mask.
?
As real as we are, it is our yearning;
When the clouds are clear and calm, it is another kind of scorching sun.
Later, we really looked down on everything and realized that it was our life.
? Shi fu Lao Shi Zhao Kao proposition research center
?
?
?
You are willing to choose the most beautiful career in the sun, and your 20 19 exam has landed smoothly! !
(4) Sports anatomy
1. To master the names, positions, movement characteristics and methods of human trunk, limbs, six joints and main skeletal muscles.
Human trunk and limb bones: 206 adult bones, except 6 auditory ossicles belonging to sensory organs, can be divided into axial bones and limb bones according to bone position. Axial bones include skull and trunk bones, 80 pieces; Bone of limbs includes upper limb bone and lower limb bone, 126 pieces.
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Six major joints: shoulder joint, elbow joint, radiocarpal joint, hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint.
Shoulder joint structure: It is composed of glenoid of scapula and humeral head of humerus, also called glenoid humeral joint, which is a typical ball-and-socket joint. Features: It is a multi-axis joint, which is the most flexible joint of the human body and the most unstable joint. Regular physical exercise helps to strengthen the auxiliary structure of the joint and the strength of the surrounding muscles, making the joint flexible and firm.
Elbow joint structure: there are joints composed of the lower end of humerus and the upper end of ulna and radius, including humeral-ulnar joint, humeral-radial joint and proximal radioulnar joint.
Features: The above-mentioned three joints can only move around two axes, namely, the humeral-ulnar joint and the humeral-radial joint which do flexion and extension around the frontal axis, and the peptide-radial joint and the radioulnar joint which participate in internal and external rotation around the vertical axis.
Structure of radiocarpal joint: It is composed of articular fossa composed of radiocarpal articular surface and radial articular disc, and articular head composed of intractable scaphoid, hand bone and triangle bone at the proximal end.
Features: The radiocarpal joint is a typical elliptical joint, which can move around two axes of motion, flex and extend around the frontal axis, adduction and abduction around the sagittal axis, and turn in circles.
Hip joint structure: ball-and-socket joint composed of femoral head and acetabulum.
Features: support weight, adapt to walking, running and jumping; There is a deep articular fossa and a thick and tight articular capsule; The ligaments are strong and the surrounding muscles are well developed.
Knee joint structure: It is the most complicated joint of human body, which is composed of femoral-tibial joint and femoral-hip joint, belonging to elliptical joint.
Features: Knee joint is the largest joint in human body, and meniscus has the function of cushioning vibration and protecting knee joint.
Structure of ankle joint: It is composed of articular surface at the lower end of tibia and fibula and talus pulley.
Features: Uniaxial joint, which can do flexion and extension around the coronary axis, slightly abduction and adduction.
Gluteus maximus: supine leg lifting, backward pedaling, slope running, frog leaping, etc. , positive pressure leg.
Biceps femoris: prone leg flexion, positive pressure leg.
Semitendinous muscle: prone leg bending
Quadriceps femoris: One of the largest and most powerful muscles in human body, including four major muscles-rectus femoris, lateral femoris, medial femoris and medial femoris. Hang straight legs, lift, and squat with weight.
Trapezius: Lift with weight, shrug with barbells, and protect chest with dumbbells.
Serratus anterior: push-ups, double back lifts (stretching).
Pectoralis major: the parallel bars support the swing arm to bend and stretch, lie on your back with dumbbells, raise your arms and vibrate again, and the ribs press your shoulders.
Latissimus dorsi: horizontal bar pull-ups, pullback, climbing pole, arm-lifting and shoulder-pressing.
Deltoid muscle: Lift the straight arm with weight, push the neck with weight forward, and cross your arms in advance.
Biceps brachii: elbow flexion with load, pull-ups, parallel bars support swing.
Coracoid-brachialis muscle: elbow flexion with load, pull-ups and pull-ups.
Triceps brachii: weight lifting, bench pressing and back rubbing with towel (stretching)
Ilipsoas muscle: high-load leg lifting, hanging leg lifting, front leg kicking, supine leg lifting, kneeling and swinging legs, splitting hind legs back and forth.
Triceps surae: lift the heel with load, run after load, jump rope, hook the foot, stretch the leg and press.
Rectus abdominis: Kneel, bend over, bend your knees and sit-ups.
2. Understand the composition and function of digestive system, respiratory system and nervous system.
Composition of digestive system: digestive tube and digestive gland. The digestive tract includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine (cecum, colon and rectum). Clinically, the part from the mouth to the duodenum is often called the upper digestive tract, and the part below the jejunum is called the lower digestive tract. Digestive glands include liver, pancreas and three pairs of salivary glands (parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual gland).
Function: ① Digest food, that is, ingest, digest and absorb nutrients in food;
(2) providing energy for the body, building cells and tissues, and finally discharging food residues;
③ Mouth and pharynx are also related to breathing, pronunciation and language activities.
Composition of respiratory system: including respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus) and lung (alveoli and bronchus at all levels).
Function: conveying gas; The main place for gas and gas exchange; The larynx is still a vocal organ.
Composition of nervous system: central nervous system (including brain in cranial cavity and spinal cord in spinal canal) and peripheral nervous system (nerve components other than brain and spinal cord, body extension and visceral nerve).
Function: ① It is not only the command and regulation mechanism of human movement, but also directly or indirectly commands and regulates the activities of other organs and systems such as respiration, circulation, digestion, endocrine and excretion. Through adjustment, the human body can adapt to various environmental changes, so that the internal system of the body can maintain a relative balance with the external environment, so that human life activities can be carried out normally;
② It is the material basis of psychological activities.
3. Master the composition and function of cardiovascular system and the influence of physical exercise on cardiovascular system.
Composition of cardiovascular system: It consists of heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
Function: ① The heart is the hub connecting arteries and veins, the power pump of cardiovascular system, and has important endocrine function. The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically, continuously injecting blood from arteries and bringing blood into veins to ensure the continuous directional flow of blood in the cardiovascular system;
② Arteries are the conduits for conveying blood centrifugation;
③ Veins are blood vessels that guide blood back to the heart.
(4) Capillaries are conduits connecting the two ends of arteries and veins.
The influence of exercise on the heart;
① The influence on the macrostructure of the heart can increase the weight and volume of the heart.
② Influence of microstructure. The heart is mainly composed of myocardium, and the myocardial tissue is composed of parenchymal components (myocardial cells) and interstitial components (myocardial collagen fibers and capillaries). Physical influence, exercise training can lead to the increase of myocardial cell volume, diameter, contractile protein and myoprotein. Interstitial influence, exercise training can increase the number of capillaries in myocardial tissue, enrich the anastomosis of capillary branches, increase curvature, expand myocardial capillaries, adaptively change the endothelium and endocardium of cardiac cavity, and improve myocardial microcirculation function.
③ Effect on calcium in myocardial cells. The results showed that myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial calcium were studied under different physical loads. The results showed that myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial calcium changed in different degrees under the condition of no exercise load, which showed a significant change in the free calcium base value of myocardial cells and was reversible. Aerobic exercise training can significantly improve the change level of free calcium in myocardial nucleus.
④ Effect on myocardial cell apoptosis. It shows that moderate exercise training can effectively prevent myocardial cell apoptosis; However, long-term overload exercise can cause myocardial cell apoptosis; Exhaustive exercise and overtraining can cause apoptosis.
The influence of physical exercise on blood vessels: the influence on the morphological structure and function of vascular endothelial cells; Effect on the morphology, structure and function of vascular smooth muscle cells; Effect on the morphology and function of microcirculation blood vessels.
?
?
?
?
?
make an effort
We have given the best expectation for the future.
As beautiful as poetry, as ethereal as music;
We are not satisfied with the status quo and strive to soar.
I vowed to shuttle through the sea of exam questions and see the teacher's style.
?
We struggled forward, blood spattered,
The courage to pursue the waves,
Swallow the boulder on the road and smooth the sharpness of the world.
?
We will have a destination, with the sunset,
Return to dullness and enjoy quiet time,
Hide the sharp edges and take off the mask.
?
As real as we are, it is our yearning;
When the clouds are clear and calm, it is another kind of scorching sun.
Later, we really looked down on everything and realized that it was our life.
? Shi fu Lao Shi Zhao Kao proposition research center
?
?
?
You are willing to choose the most beautiful career in the sun, and your 20 19 exam has landed smoothly! !