Image is an important category in ancient poetry. From an artistic point of view, classical poetry is composed of images in a regular and purposeful way. The so-called image, that is, the image of expression, is an "alloy" that combines image and emotional meaning. In Pound's words, "an' image' is something that presents a composite of reason and emotion in an instant." Liu Xie once said: "A craftsman who takes photos alone can see the image far away: this is the first skill to cover and control the text, and it is the end of the article." It can be seen that image plays an important role in literary creation. For ancient China literati, image is the soul of their art. Throughout the development history of ancient Chinese literature, there are many images that can express "autumn sorrow", such as autumn wind, autumn rain, autumn frost, autumn moon, withered grass, dead wood, withered lotus, fallen leaves, swan goose, etc. The traditional image of "phoenix tree" is even more numerous and has rich aesthetic and cultural implications. Below, the author only interprets the sadness contained in the image of Chinese parasol in ancient poetry.
First, the pain of bereavement
Indus, an ordinary tree species, is green and leafy, and its branches are sparse. According to legend, the phoenix tree is dioecious, the phoenix tree is male, the phoenix tree is female, and they live and die together. Therefore, the Chinese people usually use the phoenix tree to symbolize the eternal loyal love between men and women. "Peacock Flying Southeast" by Gu Yuefu used this symbolic meaning: "The two families seek to be buried together, next to Huashan Mountain. Plant conifers and cypresses in the east and west, and phoenix trees in the left and right. Branches cover each other and leaves communicate with each other. There are two birds in it, and they call themselves Yuanyang. " However, the phoenix tree leaves early, "the phoenix tree leaves, and the world knows autumn." The ancients believed that "Heaven and man are one, things and I are interlinked", and when things and people see the leaves falling, they will naturally think of the end of life. Therefore, the ancients often used the phoenix tree to die or the leaves fell to symbolize the falling of love. The symbol of widowhood with phoenix tree can be traced back to Mei Cheng's "Seven Hair" as early as: "The phoenix tree in Longmen is 1 feet high without branches, and the rotifer in the middle is stagnant, and the roots are scattered to separate. There are thousands of peaks on the top and a hundred-foot stream on the bottom, and the turbulent waves are traced back and faded, and its roots are half dead." Later generations extended the association from this and produced many famous sentences. He Zhu wrote in his mourning for his beloved wife: "It's all wrong to go back to Changmen. Why do you want to return to the same place?" After the phoenix tree was half dead and the frost was cleared, the white mandarin duck lost its companion. " (Half-dead paulownia) is a symbol of the pain of bereavement with the half-dead paulownia after frost removal. The author and his wife used to live in Suzhou, and later his wife died there. When He Zhu was leaving Suzhou, he felt a lot of pain and had nowhere to talk. He could only lament: "You and I came here together, why can't we leave together?" The phoenix tree in front of the window has become a half-dead phoenix tree with withered branches and leaves, and the white-headed mandarin duck in fly with me is now alone, and it has also experienced the pain of losing its companion! How lonely and desolate the remaining half should be! Because "lakka-trees ripen two by two, and mandarin-ducks die side by side". (Meng Jiao's "Brave Woman Fuck") Li Qingzhao said with emotion after the death of her family: "The fragrance is broken and the wine is left. The west wind blows against the phoenix tree, and the phoenix tree falls. It is also autumn and lonely." ("Recalling Qin E") The autumn wind mercilessly blew off the yellow and huge leaves of the phoenix tree, and the sound of wind and fallen leaves made the poet's mood heavier and sadder. The refrain "Wutongluo" further emphasizes the spiritual and emotional impact of fallen leaves on poets. At this time, the fallen leaves are like hammers forged with sorrow, which hit her heart hard; The gust of wind, more like a sharp steel needle, plunged into her weak heart after being injured. There are both the pain of the country's destruction and the sadness of leaving home, and the countless bitterness suddenly welled up in my heart.
Second, the pain of parting from sorrow
Parting from sorrow is an eternal theme in literary works. The ancients often used different images to express the desolation and sadness of parting. Platanus acerifolia is one of the most frequently used carriers.
1. Thinking of leaving people
Traveling far for official positions is a life that most ancient literati have to experience, so they have to live far apart from their loved ones, which has resulted in many works expressing their thoughts of leaving people.
"Hush, you can't ride a silver candle in the dark, and it's a waste of teaching people to stand up to the shadow of the phoenix tree. Who will accompany me, look at the mirror. " (Li Yu's "He Xinlang's Seal Pin Jinding") It's bitter to miss someone, but it's even more bitter to stand under the sparse trees in the dusk. In the dead of night, listening to the rain falling outside the window and dripping on the buttonwood leaves, the missing person is entangled in my heart, but I can't see it, and it's miserable. Wen Tingyun's "More Leaky Jade Furnace Incense" depicts this extreme bitterness: "Jade furnace incense, red candle tears, partial to the painting hall Qiu Si. The eyebrows are thin and thin, the clouds are residual, and the night is long and the pillow is cold. Sycamore tree, it's raining in the middle of the night, and it's bitter not to leave love. A leaf, a sound, empty steps drop to the light. " In the gorgeous painting hall, the jade stove smells fragrant, and the red candle falls into tears. It seems that it is deliberately difficult for people who are worried and sleepless, and the candlelight is cast on her, making it even more embarrassing. The black color painted on the eyebrows is thin, and the hair like dark clouds is messy. On that long autumn night, I can't sleep, just toss and turn, feeling cold and cold! It's the middle of the night, and the drizzle is hitting the plane tree. At this time, this scene should be the most anxious and unbearable time. Drops of drizzle fell slowly on the plane leaves, and the sound was bleak and tearful. Rain, this wet soul, seems to deliberately make Sifu suffer and try to torture her, even "empty steps drop to Ming", and people also worry about Ming and cry to Ming. It's rain and tears. The sound of rain is also the cry of the heart. The rain hit the plane tree leaves, but also hit the heart of Sifu drop by drop, soaking the heart of Sifu. "No way" means ignoring, ignoring, not considering or paying attention to it. It means that the autumn rain hits the buttonwood and makes a sad sound, completely ignoring the inner pain of the wife. Since ancient times, the rain hitting the phoenix tree is a way to express melancholy. Like Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow: "peach-trees and plum-trees blossomed, in the winds of spring, lakka-foliage fell to the ground, after autumn rains." Feng Yansi's "Picking Mulberry Seeds": "After the rain, the flowers are red on the ground ... I am leaning on the phoenix tree and thinking about it until the dawn." Feng Yansi's "Fangcaodu": "When the phoenix tree falls, it will bloom in autumn. The smoke is cold at the beginning, and the rain is collected. "Wei Zhuang's Ding Xifan": "Stuffing the rain of the phoenix tree, dripping acacia." Yan Jidao's "Qingpingle" "Sleeping and listening to the rain-dispelling phoenix tree, the rain is dull and hazy. I dreamed of the soul for a night, and then I went back to Yangye Building. " Yan Shu's "Shake the Tingqiu" "Wutong rains at night, and there is no sleep for a few times!" Yan Shu's "Walking on the Sha": "The tall buildings are eager for dusk, and there is a rustling rain on the plane leaves." Zhou Zizhi's "Partridge Sky": "It's raining three nights on the plane leaves, and the sound of the leaves is parting." Zhang Ji's "Sparse the Curtain and Pale the Moon": "The rain on the phoenix tree is fine, and it gradually drops into the autumn sound, which is shattered by the wind." Xu Zaisi's "Water Fairy": "The moonlight of pear blossoms in Zhaoyang Hall and the rain of phoenix trees in Jianzhang Palace." Gao Qi's "The Night Tour of the Ming Emperor by Candle": "The lonely lamp does not shine on the soul, and the phoenix tree rains at night and is bleak in autumn."
Autumn is a sad season, but it can be deeply rooted in people's hearts, and it should be Li Qingzhao, a master, who writes about the sadness and sadness of the phoenix tree in autumn. "Looking for it, it's cold and lonely ... guarding the window, how can it be dark alone?" Indus is even drizzling, and it is dripping at dusk. This time, what a sad word. " ("Slow Voice") The drizzle of the phoenix tree in Li Qingzhao's works is not listening, not watching, but counting bit by bit, telling one word and one tear, which makes readers tremble. Li Qingzhao wrote the phoenix tree in autumn rain.
Wang Guowei divided the realm of poetry into "the realm with me" and "the realm without me", and said that "everything is my color when I look at things; Seeing things by things, I don't know what is for me and what is for things. " In fact, when selecting images, excellent poets have already integrated themselves into images. Think of yourself as a thing, or think of things as yourself. The word "phoenix tree" is not exactly "I am the same"? That is to say, when poets use the phoenix tree as an image, they actually want to express the hidden meaning of "I am the same". "Golden well phoenix tree leaves are yellow, and the bead curtain does not roll the frost at night. The smoked jade pillow has no color, and it is long to lie down and listen to the Nangong. " Wang Changling's poem "Long Letter and Autumn Poems" describes a maid-in-waiting who is deprived of youth, freedom and happiness, and lies alone in a desolate and lonely palace, listening to uterine leakage. Doesn't the phrase "golden well phoenix tree with yellow autumn leaves" mean that her beauty, like the phoenix tree leaves in autumn, is becoming yellow and withered day by day?
2. Worry about leaving home
"Where do you combine worries? Autumn leaves people's hearts" (Wu Wenying's Tang Duoling). "The golden wind is thin, and the leaves are falling." (Yan Shu's "Qing Ping Le") The depression and sadness in autumn can easily make people feel sad and sad. Wandering around the world, the most unbearable thing is homesickness! When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world. Homesickness can make people heartbroken! "The lack of a month to hang sparse tung, leak off people at the beginning of static, who see you alone, ethereal solitary Hong Ying. In the night, it suddenly gets scared, suddenly fly, and frequently back, but always no one understands its infinite inner feelings. It's cold in lonely sandbar. " In the dead of night, the waning moon hangs on the sparse phoenix tree, and the moonlit night is hazy, and the lonely geese fly alone. How can a wanderer who has suffered a lot from leaving his hometown not cause homesickness when he sees this scene? "Time only reminds people of their old age, and they don't believe in amorous feelings. They hate leaving the pavilion for a long time, and it is easy to wake up with tears and wine. The phoenix tree had a strong westerly wind last night. The moonlight is dim, the dreams are frequent, and where is the high-rise geese? " (Yan Shu's Mulberry Picking) What a bleak and sad autumn night picture. "Dredge the rain and wash the sky clear, and the pillow is cool. Jingtong leaves to make autumn sounds. Who thinks that the guest is as light as a leaf, and it is a thousand miles away. " (Deng's "Langtaosha") Thousands of miles away from home, a wanderer who lives in a foreign land feels like a swaying leaf in the bitter wind and rain.
in the bitterness of homesickness, the worry about going to the country is probably the deepest, most dignified and saddest. Those who go to the country will return far away or even indefinitely! Every time I think about this, I don't feel deeply grieved. Li Yu, a prisoner from the emperor, is the one who deeply understands the sorrow of going to the country and the taste of autumn, and that strong taste of autumn is expressed by the image of phoenix tree: "I go to the west building alone without words, the moon is like a hook, and the lonely phoenix tree locks the autumn in the deep courtyard." Cut constantly, the reason is still chaotic, it is parting, and there is no general taste in my heart. " The autumn wind is bleak, the autumn leaves fall, the autumn moon is sad, and the lonely shadow is silent! The sentence "Go to the West Building alone without words" captures the sorrowful god and sets a bleak tone for the whole poem. Those who are "speechless" are not speechless, but have no words. From the author's "silent" and "exclusive" sluggish steps and dignified expression, it can be seen that he is very lonely and sad. Originally, the author knew the principle of "don't lean on the fence alone" because the scenery outside the fence would touch his sadness, but now he is willing to take risks, which shows that he misses his old country very much and is very attached to it. The author looked up and saw a crescent moon reflecting the "three thousand miles of mountains and rivers" ("Broken Array") that he could not see. How many reverie and memories did this cause him? Looking down at the downstairs, I can see that the deep courtyard is shrouded in rustling autumn colors. "Lonely phoenix tree deep courtyard locks the clear autumn". Here, is the "lonely" phoenix tree or the author? Is it the autumn in the courtyard or the author's secluded body that "locks" the house? Is it autumn scenery or the author's heart that feels sad and "clear"? It is impossible and unnecessary to distinguish, because the situation and the scene are infinitely beautiful.
Third, the sadness of loneliness
The phoenix tree is tall and straight, with deep roots and luxuriant leaves. It is the leader of the tree and has been valued since ancient times. The ancients often associated phoenix with phoenix. Phoenix is the king of birds, and it is most fond of perching on the phoenix tree. The Book of Songs, Elegance, Volume A records: "Feng Huangming is gone, and he is in Gorkon. The phoenix tree is born, and it is in the morning. " Indus can attract auspicious birds and phoenixes, which shows that it is a symbol of nobleness. In ancient China, there was a saying that the phoenix was not a phoenix tree. In Autumn Water, Zhuangzi said, "There are birds in the south, whose name is the hen. What do you know about them? The husband and the young are born in the South China Sea and fly in the North Sea, and the phoenix tree is not limited. " According to ancient books, the young is a kind of phoenix. Zheng Xuanyun's "phoenix's nature, non-phoenix tree does not live". In the 37th chapter of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there is such a description: "The phoenix soars in a thousand miles, and it is not a river that does not live." Good birds choose wood to live in, and people with lofty interests naturally choose to be wise and do things. Some people would rather keep their purity than go along with it, so they compare themselves with the phoenix tree. Yu Shinan sang, "Chuisui drinks clear dew, and the flowing sound makes sparse tung. It's not the autumn wind that keeps you from talking loudly. " ("Cicada") Cicada lives on the phoenix tree, and the sound of cicada spreads far and wide because of the tall and straight phoenix tree, implying the noble interest of the poet. When Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou, there was a saying, "When the moon is missing, the trees are sparse, and people are quiet at first ... They refuse to live after picking up all the cold branches, and lonely sandbar is cold." (Su Shi's "Bu Operator") There is a word "sparse" in front of the phoenix tree, which shows that the phoenix tree is lonely and independent, which shows Mr. Dongpo's outstanding character. "The phoenix tree is withered and the sound is like a mourning bomb." (Meng Jiao's Autumn Huai) The magnificent beautiful piano made of paulownia wood was abandoned, which entrusted the poet with the sorrow of poverty and frustration all his life. In He Xinlang, Liu Guo lamented: "A new pillow cools the guest house, listening to the phoenix tree to disperse the rain and the autumn wind trembles." The sadness of the poor people's dereliction of duty is really sad in the autumn wind and autumn rain. However, among the many trees, the poets only love the phoenix tree because it is a symbol of noble character.