1. Ancient Prose
In ancient China, in order to distinguish it from rhyming and parallel prose, all prose articles, including classics, biographies and history books, which did not rhyme or rearrange even order, were called prose.
The development of China's ancient prose;
(1) Pre-Qin Prose
Including various schools of thought prose and historical prose. Hundred schools of thought's essays are mainly expositions, such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Zhuangzi. Historical prose mainly focuses on historical themes, and all articles and books describing historical events and historical figures are historical prose, such as Zuo Zhuan.
(2) Prose of Han Dynasty
Sima Qian's Historical Records in the Western Han Dynasty pushed biographical prose to an unprecedented peak. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, individual prose forms such as books, notes, inscriptions, essays and prefaces began to appear. Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng, the four masters of Han Fu, were praised by later generations as the four masters of Han Fu. In addition, Sima Xiangru, Meicheng, Chiayi and Huainan Mountain.
(3) Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties
Under the impetus of the ancient prose movement, prose writing became more and more complicated, and literary prose appeared, resulting in many excellent works such as landscape travel notes, fables, biographies and essays, and the famous "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" also emerged at this time.
(4) Prose in Ming Dynasty
At first, the "Seven Sons" mainly imitated ancient times. Later, in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was advocated that works "all flowed out from the chest", and Gui Youguang was famous.
(5) Prose in Qing Dynasty
The prose of Qing Dynasty, represented by Tongcheng School, pays attention to the embodiment of "righteousness". Yao Nai, a representative writer of Tongcheng School, summed up the style of ancient Chinese prose and classified it into 13 categories, including argumentative essays, prefaces and postscripts, recitation, calligraphy, preface, imperial edict, biography, epitaph, miscellaneous words, ode, ci fu and mourning.
2. Modern prose
The definition of modern prose refers to a literary genre that is juxtaposed with novels, poems and plays, and has broad and narrow understandings.
Prose in a broad sense refers to all literary prose except poetry, novels and dramas. In addition to discussing lyric prose, it also includes communication, reportage, essays, memoirs, biographies and other styles. With the development of writing discipline, many styles stand on their own feet, and the scope of prose is shrinking day by day.
Prose in a narrow sense refers to literary prose, which is a kind of literary style mainly based on narration or lyric, with extensive materials, flexible brushwork, short length and rich love for literature.
Modern prose is characterized by expressing the author's views and feelings through the description of some fragments or life events in real life, revealing its social significance, and can be processed and created on the basis of real people and things; It doesn't necessarily have a complete story and characters, but focuses on expressing the author's feelings about life, with flexible selection of materials and strong lyricism.
The "I" in prose is usually the author himself; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its forms of expression are diverse. It can be combined with narration, discussion, lyricism and description, or it can be emphasized. According to the needs of content and theme, we can create a certain artistic conception by vividly depicting typical details such as life fragments, psychology, environment and atmosphere. Such as in novels, and use artistic techniques, such as symbols in poetry. Prose has many forms, such as essays, short comments, sketches, close-ups, travel notes, newsletters, letters, diaries, memoirs and so on. In a word, prose is short in length, free in form, widely used, flexible in writing and beautiful in language, which can quickly reflect life and is deeply loved by people.
According to the content and nature of prose, it can be divided into the following categories:
(1) Narrative Prose: Prose focusing on writing characters' notes.
(2) Lyrical Prose: Prose mainly expressing the author's thoughts and feelings.
(3) Scenery Prose: Prose mainly describing scenery. Most of these articles are lyrical while writing the scenery, or lyrical by borrowing the scenery, or emotional in the scenery, grasping the characteristics of the scenery, using the method of walking, changing the scenery in the order of spatial transformation, and taking the observed changes as the context of the full text.
(4) Philosophical Prose: Philosophy is insight, spark of thought, condensation of thought and crystallization of wisdom. Teachers determine the teaching content from the following aspects:
First, the author's personalized speech expression and sentence composition. The language of prose is free and diverse. There are not only the most authentic and eloquent languages, but also the most beautiful languages that have been carefully tempered and pay attention to language. Therefore, prose language is very worthwhile and most suitable for students to ponder and learn. This is the thinking of Chinese and prose.
Secondly, what the author saw and heard and who he spoke to personally.
Prose expresses the author's feelings, not the objects involved in the text. Prose does have realistic reference objects and external speaking objects; However, prose is a literary work, a product of the author's personalized speech and a unique feeling in the author's eyes under special circumstances. The objective external object is not in the vision of prose reading. Everyone has his own "spring" in his heart. However, when reading the article "Spring", we need to feel the "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River" in Zhu Ziqing's mind. The "spring" in the eyes of this typical scholar has its unique and unique childlike innocence and childlike interest.
Third, the author's thoughts, his unique emotional cognition.
Judging from the research results of prose theory, most scholars at present emphasize the artistic rationality of prose and the "emotion" and "rational interest" in prose. Prose emphasizes thoughts, but the thoughts and feelings in prose are full of perceptual thoughts, not pure rational thinking and argumentation. Prose teaching must attach importance to this distinctive feature of prose. In this regard, we invited Mr. Sheng from the Middle School Attached to Beijing Normal University to make a detailed analysis of these two texts.
In short, no matter from the text or from the students, related contents like the above are indispensable in teaching.
Famous Essays (2): Let my dreams take me flying. Ideal is the source of strength, the cradle of wisdom, the banner of charge, and the sword of cutting thorns-inscription.
Where there is a dream, the sun always rises, and where there is a dream, the moon is always hazy. Dreams are eternal smiles that keep your mind clear and transparent forever.
I have a yearning for the sky since I was a child. This yearning is not simply flying to watch clouds pass by. I hope I can also hear the most sacred and charming melody in the operation of celestial bodies from this clear and distant sound.
Childhood is a piece of melted candy, a colorful candy paper, and a memory fluttering in the evening breeze.
I like painting in primary school, although these paintings are ugly in human eyes. Draw what? Draw colorful butterflies, because at that time I admired the beautiful wings of colorful butterflies. So, I often look at the sky in a daze-the sky is always blue, blue is very clear, blue is very transparent, and blue is not a trace of impurities. I feel like I'm getting into nature.
Spring breeze stimulates plants, competing to bloom their own flowers, embellishing every landscape and welcoming a new round of growth. The weather is getting warmer every day, and our Papilio family is getting more and more active every day. Finally, I broke free from the shackles of the pupa shell and feathered into a butterfly. I climbed to the top of the branch and spread my wings. Now, I don't need the protection of the perfect fortress of pupa shells. I have better weapons, wings, and wider space. I flapped my beautiful wings and set off with gorgeous clothes. I'm going to look for the figure of Miss Chun, the nectar and my position in the Jianghu.
There is a period of youth that can be released, a carefree mood, a vitality without depression and a dream of being happy every day.
Now I still like painting, but I no longer paint butterflies, and I no longer envy the wings of colorful butterflies. I always think that white is the most beautiful and pure, so I especially like the flawless wings of angels.
At night, the moon is striding lightly through the thin cloud as thin as gauze, revealing an intoxicating smile. Little stars jump out one after another and play games happily. What's it like outside the sky? I started daydreaming.
On a night when the moon couldn't be more beautiful, I couldn't hold back my inner desire any longer, flapping my huge white wings and running to the place I longed for. Looking back at the earth, it is as petite and lovely as a baby, but also as fragile as glass. The sun keeps it away from people for thousands of miles with its heat. I dare not go near, and I don't want to go near. I hate his domineering attitude. Pluto is the farthest from the sun, and it is suffocating cold on it. I don't want to talk to such a heartless guy, but she actually has a "friend" around her. I shuttled between the stars, came back and landed on the moon. Look at this riddled planet, the history of your birth is even older than the earth. What are you? Where did it come from? What are you doing here? I was thinking.
Will dreams change with time? Maybe it should be said that the more you grow up, the more perfect you are? I want to have a pair of wings, like an angel, flying alone in the free sky, chasing white clouds, building a golden bridge with my knowledge brain and pursuing my life ideal with my body!
Young people, we are accepting the five flavors of life and enjoying the unique flavor. We light the fire of youth. In our faith, nothing counts. We are flying in our own world with our dreams. We believe that the dream of youth is in our own hands, waiting for us to create it!
youth
Youth is beautiful; Youth, the flower of life, the spring of life; Youth is the only thing worth having; Youth is an incredible great force, which urges young people's bodies and inspires their wisdom. Great men leave their youthful souls to us. Famous prose 1000 words
I love youth, because youth leaves traces around me every day, and the lively appearance on the playground is the notes of youth; I fell down and got up again, still laughing; The beating heart turns the face red; Youth is like a journey to the center of the earth, and he will be the one who rushes ahead.
I remember someone asked me a particularly interesting sentence. He said, why doesn't everyone want to be the best? I said hungrily, "Then why don't you walk backwards?" We all laughed as a result.
I like to take a break from my busy study, walk with my friends in the sunset, listen to each other's stories, enjoy the beautiful scenery of the campus, discuss life together, talk about heaven and earth together and laugh together.
Youth is a brisk song. Listening to it, we can learn infinite wisdom.
I love my youth, because I am young, and we shout all kinds of songs together in the dormitory. Finally, we all agreed that "singing loudly is better than anything".
Some people say that young people nowadays are too crazy, and some people say that we never consider the consequences. I want to say that this statement is ridiculous. We are not competent enough and have no experience. This is, we will put our hands on it, will we be timid? No, never; We are thoughtful, we are young people, and we are trying to grow up. It is a test to do things that we have never done before. Who hasn't done it for the first time? We made a lot of mistakes, so what? If we are wrong today, we will be better tomorrow. We are not afraid, because we know that tomorrow's responsibility is great, so we dare to do it.
Even if youth is a mistake, it is also a mistake that can be corrected, and it is our wonderful bloom again and again. I love my youth because it gives people strength. Youth is beautiful. If the flower of youth can bloom where it is most needed, it must be the most wonderful thing in the world.
On the way, a smile from you will bloom in her heart, and a help from you will definitely warm a heart; A compliment from you can not only bring you happiness, but also give people encouragement.
I love youth, because youth is full of sunshine, teachers and classmates become bosom friends in class, teachers have fun and students have a good meal. It is really "a knowledgeable person is not as knowledgeable as a knowledgeable person"; A pair of bright eyes, a bright smiling face, occasional humor, fluent and convincing answers in the debate.
Youth is to practice young dreams with a young heart. Youth is in every corner and belongs to those young hearts. Young man, let's get to work.
Value of time
Time is a person's biggest cost, but also everyone's capital and wealth. Time is fair to everyone. Everyone's day is 24 hours 1440 minutes. It has been with you since the day you came into this world.
Live every day well, no matter whether you are poor, rich, expensive or cheap, time never leaves you. We should cherish time, it is the most difficult thing to keep in our life. If we do the same thing, you need an hour, while others only need half an hour. The difference in work efficiency is too great, which will have a great impact on our lives and even cause the failure of our future career. In fact, this working state can be managed, which also proves that time can be managed. It also needs planning, depending on how you use it, how you arrange and plan it. Therefore, everything must be prioritized, prioritized, clear goals, and don't act blindly.
Before doing something, we should sort out the order, make reasonable arrangements and grasp the key points, so as to get twice the result with half the effort and greatly improve efficiency.
Time is limited and infinite. There are only 365 days a year and 24 hours a day, which is limited, but it is cyclical. Life is only a few decades. Until the day of old age, time remains the same, and every minute seems to have gone infinitely, but it has given each of us a limited life.
So how do we create the highest value of life in a limited life? How to live more meaningfully? Then you must do your best in a limited time. Arrange your own time reasonably and plan your own time well: some people are busy all day, doing things without goals, some people can't grasp the key points, have a beginning and an end, some people eat, drink, gamble and gamble all their lives, some people do nothing all day, and waste their lives without goals, so this life is meaningless.
To be a man, you must have a goal and do a vigorous career. Even if you don't succeed, go back and think it over. At least you tried, and you didn't waste time, let alone time. As the saying goes, "an inch of time and an inch of gold are hard to buy." Money is earned point by point, and how much time is wasted is equivalent to how much money is wasted. So every day, every hour and every minute is precious.
The famous writer Lu Xun once said: Time is the material of life, and wasting other people's time is tantamount to killing people for money. Therefore, do everything seriously, don't waste your own time, let alone others' time.
Time can't be kept, it can't be taken back, and money can't buy it back. For those who are successful and self-motivated, time flies and every minute counts. For people who are lazy and don't make progress, time passes slowly and is boring. We actually waste a lot of time every day (such as brushing our teeth, washing our faces, eating, making phone calls, watching TV, etc.). ), and there is very little time to really create value. So how do we seize the little time left?
So friend! Let's take advantage of our youth, race against time, do every detail, every movement, every link and everything carefully, lay a good foundation for success and make time more fulfilling.
Life is made up of minutes, and life is also spent in minutes. The development of society is gradually prosperous with the passage of time. These, time has witnessed all this meaningfully. Yesterday has become the past. Today, we should redouble our efforts and tomorrow will be full of hope.