Wannan Minxiang
It is famous for preserving a large number of ancient buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin'an is a cultural town with many officials and merchants in history. In She County alone, there are hundreds of non-commissioned officers above the rank of civil servant. Huizhou merchants spread throughout southern Anhui. "Among the wealthy families, Xin'an is the first in Jiangnan." Their huge wealth has created this exquisite ancient residential museum in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties that exist in Huizhou today are mainly concentrated in Yi County, She County, Jixi and Xiuning. There are more than ten ancient villages in Yixian County, including Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan, Pingshan, etc. There are more ancient buildings in Yicheng. Hundreds of valuable ancient buildings are preserved throughout the county. There are 122 buildings in Xidi alone. There are 365 ancient buildings in Shexian County, more than 100 valuable ones, and 27 ancient ancestral halls, concentrated in Xiongcun, Chengkan, Qiankou, Tangyue, Shendu and other villages. There are more than 100 ancient buildings in Jixi today, concentrated in Homtou, Hangkou, Fengcun, Shangzhuang and other places. Ancient villages are generally composed of archways, houses, ancestral halls, water mouths, road pavilions, workshops, etc. Some villages are very large, such as Chengkan, which has 99 streets and lanes. Strangers often get lost after entering. Many villages have a well-organized layout, and the water system in Hongcun is an example. Hongcun built a dam against the mountain at the head of the village. The water canals in the village enter each household from both sides of the street and merge into the Yuetang in the middle of the village. Then it is diverted to households and flows into Nanhu Lake. Each household has large and small water channels for washing and drinking water. The layout of residential houses is generally a three-heyuan or four-heyyuan with a patio as the center and two floors. Medium and large-sized houses are composed of multiple courtyards, and the buildings are all painted with white walls and black tiles. Many of the buildings of wealthy families in the old days were large in scale and decorated with three Huizhou carvings, with exquisite and well-proportioned layouts. Pieces of ancient buildings in southern Anhui are embedded in the vast famous mountains and beautiful waters of Huangshan Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain and Xin'an River. They are a perfect match between heaven and earth, just like a world-class park that needs no decoration.
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Wannan residential buildings are buildings with more than two floors, with a small patio enclosed in the middle, and the hall is located on the north side of the patio. There are no walls, doors or windows between the hall and the patio, so it is an open space. On the north side of the hall, that is, at the rear, there is a wooden Taishi wall. On both sides of the Taishi wall are doors without door leaves. Furniture such as the long table and the Eight Immortals table are placed in front of the Taishi wall. On the east and west sides of the hall, there are several groups of back chairs and coffee tables respectively. People often place some utensils on them as decoration.
Featured gate tower
Hui style architectural style. Huizhou building doors are all equipped with gate towers (smaller ones are called door covers), whose main function is to prevent rainwater from splashing down the wall and onto the door. Generally, the door cover of a farmhouse is relatively simple. A little away from the upper part of the door frame, the eaves and feet are built with water-polished bricks, covered with tiles on the top, and some simple decorations are carved. The gatehouses of wealthy families are very particular, and many are decorated with brick or stone carvings. The three-room, four-column and five-story gatehouse of Jinshi in Yansi Town, Huizhou District was built in imitation of an archway in the Ming Dynasty. It was built with a mixture of bluestone and water-polished bricks. The gatehouse is decorated with two lions playing with balls on the horizontal side, which is vivid and delicate in knife work. There are huge statues on both sides of the columns. The drum stone is elegant and luxurious. In the gatehouse of a residential house in Yuliang Town, Shexian County, there is a brick carving "Hundred Sons" between two horizontal beams. The hundreds of figures carved on the picture level have different shapes, and the charm is complete and lifelike. The gatehouse is the face of the house and a symbol of the owner's status.
Through-hall style
Hui style architectural structure. Also known as the back hall. The entrance hall is located behind the hall and is closely connected to the hall. It is a transitional building from the hall to the inner room. Most of the rooms have wooden floors. The third bedroom is opposite to the hall. The entrance is through the doors on both sides of the front partition of the hall. One hall, two rooms. The hall is smaller than the formal three rooms and has a patio for lighting.
Hall style
Hui style architectural structure. The hall is a bright hall with three open rooms and closed with movable partitions for easy use in winter. Generally, the hall has two corridors, facing the patio. There is also a screen door set up at the middle entrance. Daily access is from both sides of the screen door. When there are ceremonial activities, one enters and exits through the middle door of the screen door. Variations of the hall sometimes include a side entrance and a guest room under the patio to accommodate guests, or there are two-room rooms at the main entrance. The hall is mainly used for ceremonial activities in Huizhou residences, such as welcoming distinguished guests, handling weddings and funerals, etc. It is also used as a place for daily activities and is the main part of the entire residence.
Big roof kiss
Hui style architectural style. Refers to the large-scale roof ridge and kiss decorative pieces of the Hui style. Large-scale buildings such as halls, temples, and mansions in Huizhou ancient architecture follow the official style of the "Song Construction Method" and adopt large roof ridges, including upright ridges, crouching ridges, vertical ridges, horned beasts, and nesting beasts, etc. . The shape is different from the official style and belongs to the Huizhou style. And there are many interesting legends attached to its origin. For example, Zhengqi: refers to the mouth holding the roof ridge at both ends of the Zhengqi. Aoyu (dragon fish) has a relatively primitive origin. It is said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty built the "Boliang Palace" and suffered a fire. The alchemist said: "There are fishes in the South China Sea, the essence of water, which can cause waves and rain, and make palace kisses to calm down the fire." "That's how Zheng Kiss came into being. Another example is the vertical ridge kiss: the figure ornament located on the ridge that is vertical to the main ridge is called "immortal". There are different opinions on which immortal it is. Folks often say that Jiang Dagong "suppresses demons and catches evil spirits" here. It is also said that "Dayu" was afraid that there would be too many turtles gathering on the roof, and he was afraid that the turtles would turn over and cause floods, so he had to restrict it, so he asked "King Yu" to guard it. It is also said that it is the strong man "Erlang Shen" who split the mountain to save his mother. The beast on the ridge is called "Howling Sky Dog", which means that Erlang Shen is here to suppress evil and catch monsters. All kinds of sayings are to protect peace and convey good luck in life.
Feilai Chair
Hui style architectural style. An elegant name for the chairs set up around the upstairs patios of Huizhou houses.
High walls and deep houses
Hui style architectural structure. There are many ancient houses in Huizhou, which are surrounded by high walls, called "firewalls." They look like ancient castles from a distance. In addition to the main door, the houses only have a few small windows, and the lighting mainly relies on patios. This kind of house is often very deep, with a vestibule at the entrance, a patio in the middle, and a hall at the back, where people usually live. The back of the hall is separated by a middle door, with one hall and two bedrooms. Behind the hall is another fire-sealing wall, with a patio built against the wall and wing rooms on both sides. This is the first entry. The structure of the second entrance is divided into two halls on a ridge, with two courtyards at the front and back, with partitions in the middle, four bedrooms and two halls. The structure of the third advance, the fourth advance or more subsequent advances is roughly the same. This kind of deep house is inhabited by the same family. As the descendants multiplied, the houses were built one after another. Therefore, the big houses were said to have "thirty-six patios and seventy-two sill windows." Generally, one branch lives and one enters. When the door is closed, each family lives independently; when the door is opened, one door goes in and out, and one ancestor sign is used to worship. It vividly reflects the folk custom of ancient Huizhou where ethnic groups lived together. This kind of building with high walls and deep houses is a common custom among thousands of people living in scattered places. It is rare at home and abroad.
Lattice window
Hui style architectural format. Huizhou folk houses use wooden lattice windows to separate spaces along the corridor around the patio. Their functions include lighting, ventilation, dust prevention, heat preservation, and dividing indoor and outdoor spaces. The lattice window is composed of outer frame material, strip ring plate, skirt plate and lattice core strip. The main forms are square (square grid, square square, oblique square, mat pattern, etc.), round (round mirror, crescent moon, ancient coin, fan surface, etc.) etc.), glyphs (cross, Asia, field, I, etc.), assorted items (flowers, animals, utensils, totems, etc.). The lattice patterns mostly use metaphors and harmonies to express auspicious meanings. For example, "peace and good luck" are expressed by the homophony of a vase and a wishful pattern; "good fortune and longevity" are expressed by the longevity peach and bergamot patterns; "peace of the four seasons" is represented by rose flowers on the vase. "Food harvest" is represented by ears of grain, bees, and lanterns; "Fu Lu Shou" is represented by bats, deer, peaches, etc. The lattice windows also use methods such as veiling silk, pasting colored paper, and braiding bamboo curtains to increase indoor light transmission.
Edit the cultural characteristics of this paragraph
The site selection, layout and architectural form of ancient residential villages in southern Anhui are all guided by Zhouyi Feng Shui theory, which embodies the traditional Chinese philosophical thought of the unity of nature and man. and yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant residential buildings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are closely integrated with nature, creating a living environment that is both scientific and interesting, which is the essence of traditional Chinese residential buildings. The village's unique water system is a model of water conservancy engineering that combines practicality and aesthetics, and deeply embodies mankind's outstanding wisdom in utilizing nature and transforming it. Its "layout workmanship, structural ingenuity, decorative beauty, exquisite construction, and profound cultural connotation" are rare among domestic ancient residential buildings. Photos of southern Anhui residential buildings
Among the many unique Hui-style residential villages in southern Anhui, Hongcun is the most representative. From the overall appearance, Hongcun is a unique cow-shaped ancient village in the ancient peach blossom garden. It has both mountain and forest scenery and water town style. It is known as the "countryside in Chinese paintings". Every household in the village is connected by waterways, with gurgling clear springs flowing through each household. The stacked courtyards complement the lakes and mountains. There are scenery everywhere, and you can step into the picture step by step. Strolling around in the courtyard is intoxicating. Hongcun is a place where the surname Wang lives. There are hundreds of ancient houses in the village. Among them, "Chengzhi Hall" is the most perfectly preserved ancient house in Yi County. The wood carvings on the beams, brackets, flower doors and window lattice of the main hall are exquisite. , complex levels, numerous figures, different faces and different gods, it can be called a fine wood carving in the "four carvings" art of Huizhou style. Hongcunchuan has beautiful mountains and a pleasant climate. Because of the high terrain, it is often covered with steaming clouds and rosy clouds. Sometimes it looks like splashing ink and heavy colors, sometimes it looks like a light brushstroke, just like a long scroll of giant painting, integrating the natural landscape and the cultural landscape. Hongcun Wangjiu is a descendant of Wang Hua, the Duke of Yue in the early Tang Dynasty. There are hundreds of ancient dwellings with white walls and blue tiles, especially the Chengzhi Hall, which is known as the "Folk Forbidden City" with its fine carvings and rich gold and colors. Jingxiu Hall, the magnificent Dongxian Hall, Sanli Hall, etc., as well as the smooth mirror-like Moon Marsh and the rippling blue waves of Nanhu Lake, the deep alleys, the quaint shops beside the bluestone streets, the towering ancient trees on Leigang and the courtyards of residential houses. The green vines and stones on the wall, century-old peonies, the stern ancestral halls such as Xurentang and Shangyuan Hall, and the Nanhu Academy with a plaque inscribed "Yi Wen Jia Shu" by the 93-year-old Hanlin lecturer Liang Tongshu, etc., form a perfect artistic whole. It can be said that you can see the scenery step by step and draw pictures everywhere. At the same time, it also reflects the broad and profound cultural heritage left by the long history. By the Qing Dynasty, Hongcun had become "a metropolis with thousands of fireworks, rows of buildings, and a dense atmosphere." It is still the seat of the People's Government of Hongcun Town. On November 30, 2000, Hongcun was included in the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO. In the village, with the main street as the center, there are stacks of courtyards, winding streets and alleys, and the roads are paved with bluestone slabs of the same color; most of the houses on both sides have two-entry units, with courtyards in front, fish ponds, gardens, and railings around the ponds. , the "cow intestine" water nourishes the fish and makes the fish fat, and the flowers and trees are fragrant; the horse head wall falls layer by layer, and the wood carvings on the forehead railings, bird rests, and brackets have different postures and vivid images; Nanhu Academy, located on the bank of Nanhu Lake, has architectural It is quite spectacular. It is said that Jiang Daxie (a native of Hongcun), the Prime Minister of the early Republic of China, studied here when he was a child. It is now the site of Nanhu Central Primary School.
There are now more than 140 Ming and Qing folk houses well preserved in the village. The "Three Sculptures" of Chengzhi Hall are exquisite and magnificent, and are known as the "Folk Forbidden City". Famous scenic spots include Nanhu Scenery, Nanhu Academy, Yuenuma Chunxiao, Niuchang Shuizhen, Shuangxi reflects the blue, the big tree in front of the pavilion, the sunset of Leigang, Shuren Hall, Ming Dynasty ancestral hall and Lexu Hall, etc.; around the village are the famous Pheasant Mountain Wood Carving Tower, Qishu Lake, Tachuan Autumn Colors, Mukeng Bamboo Sea, and Wancun Landscapes such as "Aijing Hall" of Ming Temple. Mr. Feng Shui believes that from the perspective of Feng Shui, Yuetang, as the "inner yang water", needs to be consistent with an "outer yang water" so that the village can be truly developed. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, hundreds of acres of fertile land in the south of the village were dug into South Lake. As another "cow stomach", the design and construction of Hongcun's "cow-shaped village" took more than 130 years to complete. Nanhu, located at the southern head of Hongcun, was built in the Dingwei year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1607). From the Yongle period to the Wanli period, Hongcun village had many buildings, scattered high and low, and the population multiplied. The Yuetang water storage alone was no longer enough. , and in the first year of Wanli year, hundreds of acres of fertile land in the south of the village were dug several feet deep, and stone banks were built around it to build South Lake, imitating the style of the West Lake and the flat lake in the autumn moon. The lake is in the shape of a large bow. The embankment is divided into upper and lower layers. The upper layer is 4 meters wide. It turns out that the ancient trees are towering and green, with ivy coiled around the trunk, birds singing, and weeping willows with graceful branches and leaves, like a girl dressing up in the mirror. Her hair spreads into the lake water. Green lotuses are swaying on the lake surface, ducks are playing in the water, and there is another scene. The reflection on the entire lake surface is floating, the water and sky are the same color, the distant peaks are close to the house, falling into the lake, and the interaction between the shade of the trees, the depth of the water and the sunlight, the light and dark are harmonious, and the movement and stillness are suitable. It looks deep, elegant, fresh and bright. Nanhu Lake has undergone major repairs three times in its history. In 1986, the middle embankment was rebuilt and a "painted bridge" was built for east-west rowing, which is endless fun. In the autumn of the Jiawu year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty, Wu Xilin, a famous scholar from Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou), visited Nanhu and wrote an article: "The tourist attractions of Hongcun Nanhu are comparable to those of Zhejiang's West Lake", so Nanhu is also known as the "Little West Lake at the foot of Huangshan Mountain". Many poets and painters in ancient and modern times wrote many poems and paintings after visiting Nanhu. "The boundless drizzle wets the spring mud, and you can hear the chirping of birds through the mist; the willows, with their brows and peach smiles, chant as they cross the painted bridge to the west." With the majestic praise of the poem, it adds to the atmosphere of the blending of Nanhu scenery and scenes. Yuennum, also known as Yuetang by the common people, is the so-called "cow belly". It was built in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty (1403-1424 AD). At that time, Wang Siqi came out of Hongcun. He discovered that there was a natural spring in the village, which kept flowing in winter and summer. After the news, Wang Siqi hired Feng Shui master He Keda from Haiyang County (today's Xiuning) three times as well as senior experts in the clan to "read the mountains and rivers and examine the context in detail" to formulate plans to expand the Hongcun base site and carry out a comprehensive village plan. The blueprint of the water system diverts water from the West Stream around the village houses. Its "cow intestine" water bank has nine twists and turns. The water is also introduced into the natural well spring in the center of the village to build a moon pond to store internal Yang water for fire prevention, drinking, etc. Descendants Wang Shengping and others invested more than 10,000 yuan to continue digging and digging into a half-moon-shaped pond, completing the "moon marsh" that was left unfinished by predecessors. Moon Pond is green all year round, with a mirror-like surface, bluestones spread around the pond and marsh, pink walls and green tiles neatly arranged on all sides, blue sky and white clouds falling into the water, old people chatting, women washing gauze and handkerchiefs, and urchins playing. In fact, the area around the Moon Pond has become a space for people to enjoy, an open-air stage for customs and folk customs, where villagers gather spontaneously. The geese dance on the anthurium in the pond, the ducks play on the clear waves, the smoke is thick in the air, and the gentle breeze ripples. Isn't this a beautiful folk custom painting in southern Anhui? So some people call it "the countryside in Chinese paintings". Chengzhi Hall, located in the middle section of Shangshui Town, Hongcun, was built in the fifth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1855). It was the residence of Wang Dinggui, a great salt merchant in the late Qing Dynasty. The entire building is of wooden structure, with gorgeous internal brick, stone and wood carving decorations. The total construction area is more than 3,000 square meters. It is a well-preserved large-scale residential building. The whole house has 9 patios, 60 large and small rooms, 136 wooden pillars, and 60 large and small doors and windows. The whole house is divided into inner courtyard, outer courtyard, front hall, back hall, east wing, west wing, study hall, fish pond hall, kitchen, stables, etc. There are also "Paishan Pavilion" for playing mahjong tiles, and "Tunshan Pavilion" for smoking opium cigarettes. "Yunxuan" also has a bodyguard's room and male and female servants' rooms. There are ponds and wells in the house, and water cannot be left out of the house. The front hall is the most important part of the whole house. Behind the main door stands a majestic middle door. It is said that after Wang Dinggui made a fortune in business, he donated the official title of "Fifth Rank Tongzhi". After receiving this honor, Wang Dinggui He felt that he had jumped out of the class he originally belonged to, so he added a middle gate with official majesty (the middle gate was also called the Yimen, originally built for the official office), which was usually only used on major festive days or when dignitaries came. The central door was opened wide to welcome guests, while ordinary guests could only enter through the side doors on both sides of the central door. Above the two side doors of the Yimen, a "Shang" pattern is ingeniously carved (it also looks like an upside-down ingot, which means rolling wealth). Although Wang Dinggui made a fortune in business and donated his official position, business was still in ancient times. It is a kind of despicable industry that is classified outside the nine streams. This made the owner feel angry, so he came up with this strategy. It means that people who come in and out through the side door, no matter what kind of occupation you are engaged in, must come to my house through me. The "businessman" passed under his feet. This move may be a kind of self-deception. But above the middle door, the owner did not dare to make any plans. Instead, he hung the word "福" because in his opinion, after all, being an official has a higher status than doing business. This is why many Huizhou merchants are The reason why he still spends a lot of money to donate official posts after getting rich.
Above the word "Fu" on the middle gate, there is a wood carving picture of "Hundred Sons Making Lantern Festival". The picture is carved with the scene of 100 little boys making lanterns during the Lantern Festival. There are people rowing land boats and dancing dragon lanterns. It is a joyful scene. The atmosphere has different forms and is lifelike. This is a vivid portrayal of the ancient traditional concept of "having many children and bringing happiness". The word "Shang" on both sides of the picture of "A Hundred Sons Making Lantern Festival" are carved with four dramas from "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". , the "South and North" Gods of Wealth are carved above the brackets, and above the "South and North" Gods of Wealth is the attic guard. Here, Wang Dinggui designed four wooden carved columns of "Fishing, Woodcutting, Plowing, and Reading", which respectively represent the ancient times. of four professions.
Edit this section for cultural heritage value
Xidi Village was built in the Northern Song Dynasty and has a history of 960 years. It is where people surnamed Hu live. The entire village is shaped like a boat, with four sides. Surrounded by mountains, two streams pass through the village. The streets and alleys in the village are located along the streams, all paved with bluestone. The entire village space is naturally smooth and suitable for movement and quietness. The ancient buildings on both sides of the streets and alleys are elegant, simple and well-proportioned. There are 124 ancient residential buildings and 3 ancestral halls from the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Xidi Village, including Lingyun Pavilion, Cishi Archway, Ruiyuting, Taoli Garden, Dongyuan, Xiyuan, Dafudi, Jingaitang, Lufutang, Qingyunxuan, Yingfu Halls, etc., can be regarded as models of Huizhou ancient residential architectural art. Sketch, folk houses in southern Anhui
The three bluestone archways at the head of Xidi Village were built in the sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1578). They have four pillars and five floors. They are majestic and exquisite in structure. They are the residences of the Hu family with a prominent position. Symbol: There is a "Lu Fu Hall" built in the Kangxi period in the village. It is elegantly furnished and full of scholarly atmosphere. The hall is titled "Books, poems and articles on the world, the foundation of filial piety and family inheritance", "Reading is good, business is good, efficiency is good, and entrepreneurship is good." The couplet "It's difficult to defend is difficult to know, but it's not difficult", showing the true nature of a "Confucian businessman"; another ancient house in the village is the "Da Fu Di", which was built in the 30th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1691 AD) and is a pavilion-style building facing the street. Originally used for viewing. There is an inscription "take a step back and think" under the door, which is alert and thought-provoking. The houses of every household in Xidi Village are quite rich and elegant: exquisite gardens, door frames and leaky windows made of black marble, stone carvings of exotic flowers, birds and animals, brick pavilions, characters and dramas, and exquisite wood carvings. , the gorgeous paintings and biscuits all embody the essence of ancient Chinese art. Its "layout workmanship, ingenuity of structure, beauty of decoration, essence of construction, and profound cultural connotation" are rare among ancient residential buildings in China. A pearl among Huizhou folk houses. The cow-shaped villages and artificial water systems planned and built by the people of Guhongcun are now "one of the great wonders in the history of architecture": the majestic and green Leigang is the "ox head", the towering ancient trees are the "ox horns", and the scattered residential groups from east to west are like a huge The "cow body" leads to the clear spring as "cow intestine". After passing through the village, it flows into Yuetang, which is called "cow stomach". It is filtered and flows to Nanhu, which is called "cow stomach" outside the village. People are still going around the village. Four bridges were built over the rivers and streams as "corbels". This ingenious and scientific design of the village water system not only provides fire-fighting water for the villagers, but also regulates the temperature, provides convenience for residents' production and domestic water use, and creates a "Huanji Weifang River is far away, in front of every house" A good environment with clear springs. There are more than 140 well-preserved ancient dwellings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the village, which are simple, elegant and full of interest. "Chengzhi Hall" is magnificent and exquisitely carved, and can be said to be the best ancient residential house in southern Anhui; the pavilions and pavilions of Nanhu Academy complement each other with the scenery of lakes and mountains, and have a deep traditional Huizhou architectural style; Jingxiu Hall, Dongxian Hall, Sanli Hall, Xuren Hall The halls may be grand or simple and dignified. Coupled with the towering ancient trees in the village, the old ivy trees on the walls of the houses, and the century-old peonies in the courtyard, it can be said that every step into the scenery is worthy of painting, and it also reflects the long history. The extensive and profound cultural heritage left behind. Xidi and Hongcun are backed by beautiful green mountains, and clear streams pass through the village. Hundreds of residential buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties stand quietly. The tall and majestic horse head wall has a proud and leering expression, and also has the charm of falling and flying; the gray roof wall has been painted with mottled lines by time, giving it a dignified and calm effect; there are also clan ancestral halls, academies, archways and Genealogy. When you walk into a residential house, you will see beautiful brick carvings, stone carvings, and wood carving decorations. Door covers, patios, gardens, leaky windows, beams, screens, and furniture all silently display careful design and exquisite craftsmanship. The ancient residential complexes in Xidi and Hongcun are typical representatives of Huizhou architecture. There are more than 440 intact residential buildings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Their layout, clever structure, beautiful decoration and exquisite construction are rare in the world.
Edit this section Hongcun Attractions
Nanhu
Hongcun is located in the northwest corner of Yixian County, 65 kilometers away from Tunxi and 11 kilometers away from Yixian County. The village was built in the Northern Song Dynasty and has a history of nearly a thousand years. It was originally a place where the Wang surname lived. The people of Guhongcun pioneered the idea of ??"bionics" and planned and built a cow-shaped village and artificial water system that are "unique in China". Looking at the whole village, it looks like a big buffalo with its head held high and its hooves high. It has become "one of the great wonders in the history of architecture" today. There are more than 140 well-preserved ancient dwellings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the village. The "Chengzhitang" of the National Palace Museum is magnificent and can be said to be the best ancient residential house in southern Anhui. The rows of stacked courtyards in the village complement each other with the beautiful lakes and mountains. The movement and quietness are harmonious, and the atmosphere is ethereal. There are scenery everywhere, and you can step into the picture step by step. From the natural environment outside the village to the water system, streets, buildings and even the indoor layout in the village, the original state of the ancient village is completely preserved, without any sign of modern civilization. Hongcun, with its unique shape and wonderful pastoral scenery, is known as "the countryside in Chinese paintings".
The door carvings of Chengzhitang
Hongcun Village is lined with hundreds of ancient houses, among which "Chengzhitang" is the most outstanding. It was built by salt merchants in the Qing Dynasty and covers an area of ??2,000 It is a brick-wood structure building with an area of ??more than 2 square meters. This house is majestic and exquisite in craftsmanship. The wood carvings on the beams, brackets, flower doors and window lattice in the main hall are complex and have many figures, with different faces and different faces. It can be called a fine wood carving in the "Three Carvings" art of the Hui School. According to historical records, "Chengzhitang" is the most perfectly preserved ancient residence in Yixian County. Domestic and foreign tourists who visit here are all fascinated by it.
Yuetang
The Hongcun water system is designed in the image of a cow. The clear spring is called the "cow intestine" and flows in front of each house, making the villagers "cow water without any trouble". The stream is far away, and there are clear channels in every lane." After the "cow intestines" flow into the Yuetang, which is called the "cow stomach" in the village, they are filtered, then go around the houses and through the households, and flow to Nanhu, which is called the "cow tripe" outside the village. It is filtered again and flows into the river bed. This water system is one of the masterpieces of ancient Chinese village architectural art. It has attracted domestic and foreign experts from Japan, the United States, West Germany, etc. to study it one after another.
Edit this paragraph Xidi Attractions
Xidi Village
Xidi is the most representative ancient residential tourist attraction in Huangshan City, located in the south of Huangshan Mountain Lu, 54 kilometers away from Tunxi, only 40 kilometers away from Huangshan Scenic Area, and 8 kilometers away from Yixian County. The village is 700 meters long from east to west and 300 meters wide from north to south. It has more than 300 households and a population of more than 1,000. Because there is water flowing westward next to the village, and because there was a post station for delivering mail in ancient times, it was named "Xidi" and is known as "the home in the peach blossom garden".
Dwellings in Tunxi
According to historical records, the founder of Xidi was the son of Li Ye, Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty. Due to the turmoil, he fled into hiding among the people, changed his surname to Hu, and flourished, forming a concentrated village. Therefore, the literary style has been prosperous since ancient times. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some scholars abandoned Confucianism and joined the Jia Dynasty. They were successful in business, carried out large-scale construction projects, built houses, repaired temples, paved roads, and built bridges, making their hometown very comfortable, elegant, and grand. After hundreds of years of social turmoil and the invasion of wind and rain, although more than half of the ancient houses, ancestral halls, academies, and archways have been destroyed, hundreds of ancient houses are still preserved, and the basic appearance and characteristics of the Ming and Qing villages are preserved as a whole. .
Archway Xidi Lufutang
Nearly 200 Ming and Qing dwellings are still well preserved in Xidi Village. The Hui-style buildings are well-proportioned and dotted with bricks, wood, and stone carvings. Currently, the ones that have been developed include Lingyun Pavilion, Cishi Archway, Ruiyuting, Taoli Garden, East Garden, West Garden, Dafudi, Jingai Hall, Lufu Hall, Qingyunxuan, There are more than 20 scenic spots including Yingfutang and Yingtianqi Art Museum. Most of the houses in this village are built with black marble. Two clear springs pass through the village. There are 99 high walls and deep alleys. Each of the unique ancient houses makes visitors feel like they are in a maze. At the head of the village is a three-bay, four-column, five-story bluestone archway built in the sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1578). It is majestic and has an exquisite structure. It is a symbol of the Hu family's prominent status. There is a "Lufu Hall" built in the Kangxi period in the village. It is elegantly furnished and full of scholarly atmosphere. The hall is titled "Books, poems and articles about the world, filial piety is the basis of newspaper", "Reading is good, business is good, efficiency is good, starting a business is difficult." The couplet "It's hard to know if it's hard to maintain it" shows the penetration of Confucianism into architecture. Another ancient house in the village is the "Da Fu Di", which was built in the 30th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1691 AD). "Dafudi" is a pavilion-style building facing the street. It was originally used for viewing. There are six big characters hanging on the forehead of the building: "People in the Peach Blossom Spring." Interestingly, in recent times, many people regard this building as a young lady in a costume drama choosing a husband. The location of "Hot Throwing Hydrangeas" has now become the place where Xidi Village holds this folk activity. There is also an inscription "Take a step back and think" under the door of "Da Fu Di", which is a pun and intriguing. In addition, every household in the village has The magnificent houses, exquisite gardens, interior furnishings of private houses in southern Anhui
Black marble door frames and leaky windows, stone carvings of exotic flowers, birds and animals, brick-carved pavilions, characters and dramas, and exquisite Wood carvings, gorgeous paintings, and wall paintings all embody the essence of ancient Chinese art, and their "layout, skillful structure, beauty of decoration, exquisite construction, and profound cultural connotation" are rare among ancient residential buildings in China. It is a model of Huizhou ancient residential architectural art.
Stone carving windows
Xin'an is famous for preserving a large number of ancient buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are many officials and merchants in She County, and there are hundreds of Huizhou merchants all over southern Anhui. "The richest people in Jiangnan are Xin'an." Their huge wealth has created this exquisite city in southern Anhui. Ancient Houses Museum. The ancient buildings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Huizhou are mainly concentrated in Yixian, Shexian, Jixi, and Xiuning. There are more than ten ancient villages in Yixian, such as Xidi, Hongcun, and Bishan. Pingshan, etc. There are more ancient buildings in Yicheng. There are hundreds of valuable ancient buildings in Xidi alone.
Edit this paragraph Overview of Xidi and Hongcun
The ancient dwellings of Xidi and Hongcun are located in the Huangshan Scenic Area in Yixian County, Anhui Province, eastern China. Xidi and Hongcun are the two most representative ancient villages in southern Anhui. Xidi is famous throughout the world for its well-preserved village form, exquisite craftsmanship of Hui-style dwellings and rich historical and cultural connotations. Xidi is 8 kilometers away from the county seat of Yixian County. It has a history of nearly a thousand years.
The entire village is in the shape of a boat, with 122 complete ancient residences preserved. It currently has more than 300 households and a population of more than 1,000 people. It is known as "the epitome of Chinese traditional culture" and "the Museum of Chinese Ming and Qing Folk Residences". Xidi is surrounded by mountains. Two streams pass through the village from the north and east and converge at Huiyuan Bridge in the south of the village. The village uses one longitudinal street and two roads along the stream as its main skeleton, forming a village street system that is mainly east-oriented and extends north-south. All streets and lanes are paved with Yixian bluestone. Most of the ancient buildings are wooden structures and brick walls. There are rich wood carvings, stone carvings and brick carvings. The design and layout of the lanes and buildings are coordinated. The village space is flexible and the architectural colors are simple and elegant. It is a typical representative of China's Huizhou architectural art. Hongcun is located 10 kilometers northeast of Yixian County. It was built in the first year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1131). The village covers an area of ??about 19 hectares and has 137 ancient buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties (AD 1368-1911). Due to the relatively high terrain here, It is so high that it is often shrouded in clouds and fog, and is known as the "countryside in Chinese paintings". The ancient buildings in Hongcun are all with white walls and blue tiles, arranged in regular rows. Chengzhitang is the grandest and most exquisite masterpiece among them, and is known as the "Folk Forbidden City". It can be called an exhibition hall of Huizhou woodcarving craftsmanship. Various woodcarvings are rich in layers, complex and vivid. After more than a hundred years, they are still magnificent. Hongcun is a "cow-shaped village". Viewed from a height, the entire village looks like a green cow lying on the bank of a stream in front of a mountain. The half-moon-shaped pond in the village is called the "cow stomach", and a stream more than 400 meters long is coiled in the "cow belly" and is called the "cow intestine". Four wooden bridges are erected over the stream in the west of the village. They serve as "cow's feet". This unique design of the village water system not only provides convenience for villagers' production, domestic water and fire-fighting water, but also regulates the temperature and environment. The site selection, layout and architectural form of the villages in Xidi and Hongcun are all guided by the Feng Shui theory of Zhouyi, embodying the traditional Chinese philosophy of the unity of man and nature and the yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant residential buildings of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are closely integrated with nature, creating a living environment that is both scientific and interesting, which is the essence of traditional Chinese residential buildings. The unique water systems in Xidi and Hongcun are examples of water conservancy projects that combine practicality and aesthetics. In particular, the cow-shaped water system in Hongcun deeply embodies the outstanding wisdom of mankind in utilizing nature and transforming it.
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