1, Romantic
In the history of literature, romanticism is the slogan put forward by classicism! From the end of 18 to the thirties and forties of 19. Classical emphasis on rationality is essentially an emphasis on order and law, which violates human nature. Romanticism regards all primitive, unadorned and innocent things as "nature". This leads to a series of opposites between romanticism and classicism, such as romanticism emphasizing sensibility and classicism emphasizing rationality; Romanticism emphasizes the expression of nature, while classicism emphasizes the expression of human creation; Romanticism emphasizes the unity of man and nature, while classicism emphasizes the separation of man and nature. Romanticism emphasizes freedom, individuality and individuality, while classicism emphasizes obedience, individuality and wholeness. Wait a minute. And all this, from the world view, reflects the world's view of nature. Due to the influence of modern natural science, rationalism believes that the world and nature are like a delicate machine and a perfect geometric model, and their operation is dominated by knowable laws. Romanticism regards nature as an unknown world, mysterious, awesome and constantly evolving. The main achievements of romantic literature are mainly reflected in the poems that are most suitable for expressing feelings. Romantic writers attach importance to medieval folk literature, which is a subversion of classicism that has ruled the literary world for 200 years. Another important feature is the praise of nature.
2. Realism
Realism is one of the basic creative methods of literature and art, and its practical application time is quite early and far away, but it was not put forward as a name by French painter Courbet and writer Shavrelli until the 1950s of 19. Engels defined "realism" as: in addition to the truth of details, it is also necessary to truly reproduce typical characters in typical environments.
Through the objective and concrete description of real life, the author naturally reflects the author's ideological tendency and feelings of love and hate from the scenes and plots of his works, rather than saying it himself or through the mouth of the characters. Emile Faguet, a French literary historian, explained: "Realism is an artistic proposition. It observes human events clearly and calmly, and then describes them clearly and calmly.
3. Naturalism
As a school of western literature, naturalistic literature originated in France in the second half of the19th century, and spread to Europe and America in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Naturalistic literature is the product of the extreme development of western realistic literature, and it is also the result of the influence of scientific theories such as biology and genetics on literary creation. The trend of naturalism did not last long, and its achievements were basically limited to the field of literature. Although the word "naturalism" itself came from the field of painting art, although naturalism inherited some ideas of realism to a great extent, it was very different from realism in concrete creation. First of all, naturalism ignores the shaping of typical characters and only pursues their temperament characteristics and psychopathy, which is quite different from the principle of realism; Secondly, naturalistic literature downplays the plot, does not pursue dramatic twists and turns, and pursues the realm of "no twists and turns", only providing readers with a record of life, which is also contrary to the principle of realism. The depth of naturalistic literature's perception of social alienation is beyond the reach of realistic literature, which has profoundly influenced modern literature in the 20th century.
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Or decadent school, from Latin Decadentia, which originally meant depravity and decadence. Decadence is a reflection of European bourgeois intellectuals' dissatisfaction with society but their inability to resist in the field of literature and art. It was first expressed in the works of French poet Baudelaire and symbolist Malaheim, so later generations often regard symbolism and decadence as one. The ideological basis of decadence is subjective idealism and irrationalism.
The decadent school is dissatisfied with the naturalistic imitation of real life by literature and art, and advocates "art for art's sake". They believe that literature and art should not be bound by the purpose of life and morality, but emphasize the super-utility of art unilaterally, deny the social role of literature and art, deny the role of rational knowledge in literature and art, promote pessimistic and decadent emotions, and especially seek creative inspiration from morbid or abnormal human emotions and themes related to death and terror. In literary and artistic creation, decadent themes are taken from evil and ugliness, and they are strongly praised. In other words, it has a tendency to love the ugly things in life. Decadence tendency is also manifested in different degrees and forms in various modern art schools popular after World War I and World War II, such as expressionism, futurism, surrealism and existentialism. However, modernism is not the same as decadence.