Paladins in medieval poetry;

Chivalry is actually a French system. From the description of Celtic by Strappo, an ancient Greek geographer, we know that some of its characteristics have actually been deeply rooted in the character of Gaul. He said they were easily awakened and ready to fight. If they are provoked, they will rush directly at the enemy and attack him boldly in the wilderness. Therefore, they are easily defeated by deception. They will fight anytime and anywhere, and the purpose of the fight is not important. Besides, they are simple, instinctive and willing to defend the cause of the oppressed. Such a race is obviously very conducive to stimulating the ideal development of soldiers and poets in the Middle Ages. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand why this ideal reached a perfect state in France in 1 1 and 12 centuries, because they belonged to the same Gothic cathedral, and inspired the whole European civilization with their own literature and scholarship; This nation, like the ancient Jewish tribes, won the title of God's chosen nation for France. Just as French architects were sent abroad to build cathedrals, just as scholars from all over the world gathered at the feet of masters of Mount Geneva in Paris, young nobles set off for France, the cradle of etiquette, glory and courage, to learn the rules of chivalry. /kloc-in the 0/2nd century, the Welsh Giraldos Cumbransis once said that the reputation of French knights is world-famous. As for the British knights, they can't compare with their mainland partners at all. According to Wace, an Anglo-Norman author of English history, horse racing, as one of the most important features of chivalry, was not known to the British until Richard's time. More than a century later, Jehan le Bel, who participated in Edward III's anti-Scottish war, once said: At that time, British knights wore outdated armor, with

Song of Roland is the oldest narrative poem in France, which depicts the first full-length portrait of a French knight, dating back to 1 1 the end of the century or1the beginning of the 2nd century. This poem is about an event in the history of Charlemagne, which happened three centuries before the narrative poem was formed: after Charlemagne conquered Spain, on the way back to France through the Pyrenees, a broken army commanded by Count Roland was attacked and defeated at the Lang Seesvuo Pass. These are serious historical facts, but they are not important to the ancient audience. What matters is who this poem is for. Roland in the song is not Roland in history, but Roland created by the poet to attract readers. Narrative poems transformed the samurai in the eighth century into national heroes, which reflected all the ideals and ambitions of the early Crusaders. For centuries, artists and sculptors have paid tribute to him, and poets have elevated him to the status of an ideal knight. It was from this Roland that Charlemagne's barons found the image of a warrior, so we had the first representative of a French knight.

People regard Roland as a Christian who is at the forefront in the struggle against Saracens. He rode a war horse Veillantif, held a spear and waved a long pennant. His cheerful smile reflects youthful vitality and self-confidence. He looked down on the Saracens and glanced at the French humbly. As he rode forward, he shouted to his entourage: lords, advance slowly, these pagans are heading for destruction; Today we will win more trophies than any king in France. Song of Roland was written in the early days of chivalry, when the shirt with armor just replaced the original leather jacket. Therefore, it is no wonder that we can find that the poet used the word chivalry in French for the first time to express his admiration for a knight, which was originally meant to be the physical expression of a knight. The poet said: Marpremes is really brave; He is tall and strong, worthy of his ancestors. Roland has all these excellent qualities: the poet compares his attack power to a lion and a leopard, and he is strong enough to split the enemy in half from the helmet to the saddle. He had no idea what it was like to be afraid: although he only used a small group of people to deal with a large number of Saracens, he refused to blow the horn to let Charlemagne know his danger, because he was afraid that doing so would be regarded as his cowardice to the enemy and bring shame to his family and country. Olivier tried to persuade him three times; However, his caution only provoked Roland to deal with the enemy alone. He said: God does not allow my parents to be scolded, nor does it allow beautiful France to be humiliated because of my behavior. I want to strike hard at the enemy with Durando's sword around my waist; You will see that the blade is covered with blood. Today is an ominous day for the evil pagans gathered together; I swear, all enemies will be killed. However, Roland attracted his contemporaries not only by his strength and courage. He fought for the cause of Charlemagne, which is the cause of Christian faith. Charlemagne is the spokesman of God in this world; He received special protection from God; Angel Gabriel stood by his bed, reminding him of the danger. God worked miracles for him: when Charlemagne advanced to the pagans to avenge Roland, the sun hanging in the sky stopped running, just like the prophet Joshua. In addition, the sanctity of Charlemagne's mission is shown by his sword Joyeuse. Its hilt contains fragments of the sacred spear, which once pierced the side ribs of Christ. When it was discovered by the early Crusaders, it caused a great sensation in Europe. Similarly, Roland's sword "Durendar" was originally given to his nephew by the emperor according to God's will, which contained fragments of the virgin's clothes and other sacred objects. When Roland saw the arrival of a large number of pagans, he was first eager to prove that he was a useful vassal of the emperor. He shouted to his friend Oliver: The emperor gave me this French army, with a total of 20,000 elite soldiers. He knew that none of them were cowards. A man has to suffer for his Lord; For the sake of the emperor, we must endure the hardships of cold and heat, and we must bleed for him. I will strike the enemy with a spear and assassinate them with the sword given to me by the emperor. If I die, the person who gets this sword will say: This is the weapon left by the nobles. At the same time, Archbishop Turpin lectured the gathered nobles and prepared for their battle. He made some impassioned remarks, which once resounded throughout Europe. He appealed to all people to be loyal to the emperor and the Christian faith. He said: barons, Charlie gave us this task; We must die for the king. The Christian world is in danger, and everyone should lend a helping hand. You will fight, because the Saracens have come to us. Confess your sins and ask God's forgiveness. I will forgive your sins and save your souls; If you die, you will become a sacred martyr and win a place in the great heaven. This pious scene can't help but remind us of similar situations in the early Crusades. These first soldiers knelt on the ground, and the Archbishop blessed them in the name of God. He ordered everyone to bravely kill the enemy to make up for it. Finally, the most memorable and distinctive scene is the poet's description of Roland's death. Roland lost his war horse Veillantif, and his comrades-in-arms, including Oliver and Touping, all died in the battle. He was injured and pale, lying under a pine tree. His face looked at Spain, showing Charlemagne that he died of conquest. He knew he was going to die. He thought of the most precious things, Charlemagne, who trained him, and his family. He patted his chest and asked for forgiveness, holding the glove of his right hand high to God, just as he did to his own monarch. So two angels, Gabriel and Michael, descended from the sky and returned to heaven with their souls. This is the concept of chivalry we saw in early French writers, which is mainly a result of religious spirit and also gave birth to most other medieval achievements. Like Charlemagne and Roland, these early knights all had a religious mission: they were servants of the church from beginning to end, and the first rule of their code of conduct was to defend the Christian faith. Etienne de Fourgeres, Bishop of Rennes, said in his book "The Book of Manieres" written in the12nd century that St. Peter brought two swords to Christ: one for the priest, who punished the perpetrators by excommunicating the church, and the other for the knight, who wanted to crusade against the enemies of the church; The priest's task is to pray, and the knight's task is to defend the faith; Therefore, the knight's sword is sacred; In order to protect the people of Christ, it was enshrined on the altar, and when its holder died, it was put back on the altar.

Charlemagne's sword, Joyce, the sword of God.

The sword of Roland, Durenda, the sword of eternity.

Olivier's sword, Hautkler, noble sword.

The sword of Tu Ping, Almaty, the sword of sincerity.

The sword of Hogil, Kutan, the sword of mercy.

Another sword of Hogir, and the sword of justice borrowed by Astor.

The sword of Malagigi and rinaldo, Flamberge, the sword of fire. (It was first used by Malagigi, and later he awarded it to rinaldo. )

Rogier's sword of the soul. (Rogier Lowe's situation is somewhat special. He first stood on the side of Muslims who were hostile to Charlemagne, then he was baptized as a Christian, and after many twists and turns, he became a paladin under Charlemagne. )

The sword of Calderon, Mer Glisse, the sword of fate.

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Incidentally, the two lightsaber handles in Paladin really exist in reality, and they still exist in name only. However, according to modern scientific tests, it was recast between13 ~14th century, and it was not the original product of Charlemagne's era in the 8th and 9th centuries. Courtain, the sword of compassion (also known as the sword of compassion, or the sword without blade), is a thin sword held by Danish prince Hogir, and it is also the most famous "sword that never opens a blade" in the whole medieval history. Later, he went to England and became the sword of British kingship. Until recently, it was personally used by Queen Elizabeth II when she ascended the throne (that is, the one that appeared at the 20 12 London Olympic Games). Joyeuse, the God-assisted sword (also known as the sword of the earth or the sword of joy), is a thin sword held by Frank Charlemagne. Because the hilt of the sword is inlaid with fragments of Ron Girnus's gun, according to legend, the holder of this gun will become the emperor chosen by heaven in this era. Joyeuse can sing with the Holy Grail, because Ron Girnus's gun is stained with the blood of Jesus, and at the same time gives its holder sacred power. This sword, a symbol of French kingship, is a sword that all French kings must hold to make portraits when they ascend to the throne. It is currently stored on the second floor of the Li Sailiu wing of the Louvre in France. Song of Roland, Song of Roland

Gilat de vienne

The pilgrimage to Charlemagne.

Song of Aspala.

Four sons of Moab and four sons of Emmon.

Danish knight ogier de Danmark.

The legend of Karlamagnús, the story of a hero in distress.

Orlando in love.

Orlando Friob, crazy Orlando.

Jerusalem is liberated, Jerusalem is liberated.

Rinaldo, rinaldo.

Three hearts and three lions, three hearts and three masters.

Knights that don't exist.