Can a paper be written in the form of a poem?

Of course. -From the perspective of fait accompli. Find at least one example in a domestic journal (just one year after you ask questions). You can refer to the article "Debate on Stone Mortar, Pot Cave and Ice Mortar" (Zheng Benxing) published in Glaciology and Frozen Soil 20 12.

Some papers are shown in the following figure. If you want to know more about this article, it is suggested to download the full text from Glaciology and Frozen Soil official website.

Part of the thesis of "poetic style"