Keywords: Liu Zongyuan's landscape poems, emotional connotation, style characteristics
China's ancient poems are good at expressing emotion, and "Poetry is based on emotion" has been the knowledge of poets since the Six Dynasties [1]. Since Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao in the Six Dynasties, it has been a tradition of landscape poetry. Liu Zongyuan, a native of the middle Tang Dynasty, also inherited this tradition and was a great master of landscape poetry. Today we will talk about Liu Zongyuan's landscape poems.
Liu Zongyuan (773-819) was born in Hedong (now Yongji County, Shanxi Province). In the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), he was also a scholar of Hongzi. He was awarded the orthography of Jixian Hall, transferred to Captain Lantian, and changed the supervision of national history. During the Yongzheng period, he participated in the reform activities of Wang Group and served as a member of the official ceremony department. After the failure of political reform, he was demoted to Yongzhou Sima. Ten years later, he was transferred to Liuzhou secretariat and died in Liuzhou. Liu Zongyuan is an outstanding thinker, ancient prose writer and poet. The number of poems is not comparable to that of classical Chinese, but it has achieved great success, which not only has profound ideological significance, but also has distinctive artistic characteristics. Among them, landscape poetry is the most praised by later generations, and it is also called "Liu Wei" with Wei, and is regarded as the successor of Wang Meng's landscape poetry [2].
Liu Zongyuan's landscape literature mainly includes landscape poems and landscape travel notes. Most of these works were made during his relegation to Yongzhou and Liuzhou, among which Yongzhou's works are the most representative [3]. Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou Sima from November of the first year of Shunzong Yongzhen (805) to January of the tenth year of Xianzong Yuanhe (8 15). Today, the author wants to discuss the landscape poems. This paper discusses Liu Zongyuan's Yongzhou landscape poems from two aspects: emotional connotation and style characteristics.
First, the emotional connotation
Liu Zongyuan's landscape poems in Yongzhou were full of grief and indignation, and he was relegated to Yongzhou. He vented his anger and dissatisfaction in the environment of "investing in landscape and singing away from Sao", immersed in the natural beauty of landscape, and temporarily forgot the pain of being relegated. Both of these states exist in poems praising mountains and rivers. However, deep down, Liu Zongyuan still hoped that he could be recalled to the imperial court as soon as possible to realize the ideal and ambition of "Li Anyuan".
First of all, let's look at the poet's use of mountains and rivers to dispel his inner depression and indignation. In these landscape poems, the poet first laments the beauty of the landscape, and then expresses his anguish.
Such as "Nanzhong Fitness"
The cold of late autumn gathered in Nanjian, and I went alone at noon.
The autumn wind hovers in the stream, and the shadow of braintree is like a horn blowing.
When I first arrived here, I didn't feel it. Walking into the deep gorge a little bit seemed to forget to dissipate.
In the deep valley, it sounds like a low bird song, and the cold stream echoes in the ripples.
Dreams always leave the soul of the capital, and it is sad to miss the tears of old friends.
It is easy to feel lonely, but it is better to get lost.
What happened to Moso? Wandering is only known to oneself.
People who will be demoted to Yongzhou in the future will definitely like my poems.
From the scenic feeling of "autumn wind gathers in Nanxi, and I swim alone in the noon pavilion" to my sadness of "my soul has gone to China and my heart is empty", the autumn wind seems to make the poet forget his fatigue, but he can't pin that loneliness and resentment. "It is easy for a person to feel, and it is not appropriate to get lost." Because the autumn wind is bleak, the birds are singing alone, and I am wandering outside alone. So emotionally, it's natural to be unable to jump out of the sad atmosphere. Only after Liu Zongyuan arrived in Yongzhou can he deeply understand the feelings of the great poet Qu Yuan. He said in "Seventy Rhymes of Night Walking in Nanting": "Go to the mountains and rivers and sing" Li Sao "emotionally." He expressed his dissatisfaction with the mountains and rivers. Although he is sad, his grief and indignation are beyond words, which makes us deeply understand the poet's heart.
Another example is: "Looking at the West Garden at midnight and the bright moon."
Wake up in the middle of the night, hear the heavy dew, and open the door to face the garden in the west of Yuxi.
In the cold month, Dongling Mountain is cold-infiltrated with sulfur bamboo roots.
The stone spring is far louder than the sound, and the dark mountain is noisy.
Dan, what will loneliness say?
After the poet moved to Yuxi, he understood his situation, so he was willing to be a citizen of Yongzhou for life, but he was afraid that he would die of old age in this wild land, so it was very contradictory. This kind of emotion is always stirring in the deep heart, which makes the author seem to be idle, but his heart is very painful, so he keeps thinking in his mind, so the poet didn't have a good rest, so he "felt the dew fall and opened his account in the West Garden" and slept. "If you lean against the door, what will you say when you are lonely?" The poet stands by the door, lonely at dawn. The poet is very lonely, and nothing can relieve his worries. Let's show our sympathy for it.
After that, although the poet was very lonely in the south, there was still a glimmer of hope in his heart. I hope that one day, an imperial decree will enable him to go north again, serve the imperial court and realize his ideal. Apart from sadness and loneliness, the poet has found a good prescription for his soul. Therefore, apart from grief and indignation, poets also have their own broad-minded side. It can be said that a broad-minded little person lives in great sadness, and a poet can immerse himself in nature, which we can also find.
Such as "drama"
I have been troubled by official hats and robes for a long time, so I am glad to be an exile in this barbaric south.
I am now a neighbor of growers and harvesters, and I am a guest of the mountain forest.
I plow in the morning, turn over the grass with dew, and tie a fishing boat at night to break the quiet stream.
I walked back and forth, hardly meeting anyone, singing long poems and staring at the blue sky.
In this poem, "I have been troubled by the official hat and robe for so long, and I am very happy to be an exile in this wild and southern country" writes that although the poet was relegated, he felt detached and said that he was lucky to be relegated and got rid of the burden of the hairpin group. Similarly, this also shows that the poet still has an enlightened side in his bitter mood. Although the poet is dissatisfied with being relegated, he can also let go of "group fatigue", which shows his optimistic side.
Such as Spring in Lingling
In Ye Ping, the grass is green in spring and the warblers stay away at night.
Xiaoxiang bamboo is sunny, and clouds break mountains.
He has no hope of becoming an immortal, and the world is not my home in the world.
Meditation, only empty self-admiration, and beyond Wan Li, died in the wild of Cangwu.
Jiang's Liu Ji Zhu (Volume 43) said: "I am here to think about the significance of the last saints, that is, poets to western beauty. Cangwu means that when Shun was buried in the wilderness of Cangwu, the poet envied Shun and longed for a saint. This will also enable you to realize your ambition of serving your country as soon as possible. Although the poet is in a relegated place, he still has hope for the country and hopes that the wise monarch will appear as soon as possible. This poem also expresses the poet's desire to put his feelings in the landscape.
From the above, we can see that although Liu Zongyuan wrote poems full of dissatisfaction and resentment in Yongzhou, he still has ardent hopes for the country and saints in his heart, so we can see the emotional connotation of Liu Zongyuan's Yongzhou poems from the above poems.
Second, the style characteristics
Style is a symbol of a writer's maturity. Poetic style represents the poet's requirements for poetry creation, and also embodies the difference between a poet and other poets and the pursuit of poetry aesthetics. Liu Zongyuan's poetry in Yongzhou embodies the characteristics of implication and simplicity.
Such as: "Looking at the West Garden at midnight and paying attention to the bright moon"
Wake up in the middle of the night, hear the heavy dew, and open the door to face the garden in the west of Yuxi.
Go to Dongling in the cold month and cherish bamboo roots.
The farther away the spring is from the rock, the more you can feel the birds' calls. Birds on the mountain make amazing soul calls from time to time.
I leaned against the pillar of my room until dawn, and I was very lonely. What else can I say?
In the first two sentences, the poet wrote, "I feel exposed and open an account in Xiyuan." The poet tossed and turned and couldn't sleep at night. Suddenly he heard the sound of dewdrops dripping in the quiet night, so he got up and opened the door to watch the West Garden. The third to sixth sentences are "On a cold month, I went to Dongling, and I pitied bamboo roots. The stone spring is far louder than the sound, and the mountain birds are noisy. " It is written that the poet saw sparse bamboo roots in the moonlight, heard the sound of stone springs and the cry of mountain birds. The poet thinks that although he can't sleep, there are still stone springs and mountain birds to accompany him to enjoy the moonlit night. The word "cold" renders a sad and confused atmosphere, in which "sound" and "noise" set off the tranquility and loneliness of the poet's environment. The last two sentences echo the first two sentences and express the poet's inner feelings. The cool breeze blows gently, and the chill is gradually pressing. The poet's relegation seems to be poured out to Shiquan and Shanbird, but in the end, he is "lonely". These descriptions are permeated with the poet's feelings of loneliness and anxiety. This poem is ingenious in conception, vivid in language and quiet in description. The poet starts from his own feelings and uses cold images. Structure is closely connected with the word "independence", which makes us feel that vague thoughts and unspeakable sadness make us feel that the language of poetry is dull and implicit.