What are the goals and requirements of junior high school Chinese curriculum standards?
1. Appreciating literary works, you can have your own emotional experience, initially understand the connotation of the works, and gain beneficial enlightenment to nature, society and life. The ideological and emotional tendency of the works can be evaluated in connection with the cultural background; Be able to tell his own experience of touching situations and images in his works; Taste the expressive language in the works. ?
2. Read ancient poems, and consciously improve your appreciation ability and aesthetic taste through accumulation, comprehension and application. Second, analyze common test sites?
Analyzing the examination questions of poetry appreciation in recent years, we find that the following are the common test sites for poetry appreciation: 1. Understand the author's emotions in poetry. ?
Poetry is the most suitable genre for lyricism, so it is very important to understand the thoughts and feelings of a poem. So, how do we grasp the emotion of poetry? ? First, we should understand people's understanding of "poetry" and pay more attention to the poet's usual life experience; Second, we should use the image of poetry to understand; Third, we should pay attention to the notes after the question and the tips of the stem. For example, A Night in a Foreign Country written by Du Fu in Jiangxi Province is entitled: How does this poem express the poet's feelings? We combined the notes at the back of the exam, "In 765 AD, Du Fu was forced to resign and leave Chengdu Caotang, and wrote this poem on the way." And the usual understanding of Du Fu's life experience, as well as the images of independence, old age, illness and Sha Ou in the poem, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion that the whole poem expresses the poet's feelings of loneliness (desolation, frustration, etc.). ). Another example is the 2007 senior high school entrance examination in Yunnan Province 10: Reading "Poems of Nine Days in Chang 'an, Suijiang" drives the mind away from the south cloud and follows the geese in the north. Chrysanthemum under the fence in my hometown, how many flowers are blooming today. "What kind of thoughts and feelings does this poem express? Please analyze the content of this poem. "Judging from the content of the poem, the first two sentences of the poem say that although I have left my hometown with the geese, my heart is chasing the clouds in my hometown, which shows that my heart is still worried about my hometown; In the last two sentences of the poem, I wrote that I remembered the chrysanthemums in my hometown and how many flowers had bloomed. On the surface, I miss my hometown chrysanthemum, but actually I express my nostalgia for my hometown. So this poem also expresses the poet's thoughts and feelings of missing his hometown. ?
2. Do you understand what this poem or word says? Summarize its main points. How to summarize the main points of the content? First, learn to look for "poetic eyes"; Second, we must analyze the hierarchical relationship; Third, read the topic carefully. For example, Shandong Gaoqing examines Fan Zhongyan's title "The Fisherman's Pride": This word was written by Fan Zhongyan when he was stationed in the northwest frontier defense. Write down _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ If you ask again, what do you mean "different"? Frontier fortress autumn scenery also. After watching the next movie, we can also find that the next movie has changed from the scene of the last movie to a person. I also asked, who is it? Frontier soldiers are also strongly homesick. The hierarchical relationship between the upper and lower films is to write the scenery first, and then the feelings. 3. Describe the wonderful pictures in poetry. ?
Classical poetry expresses rich and colorful life with few words, so implication is an important feature of classical poetry. Nowadays, people have to restore the infinite meaning of ancient poetry in order to understand its subtlety. Therefore, it is a very popular problem to describe the pictures in ancient poetry by recreating imagination. How to describe the picture? One is to stimulate the imagination, and the other is to express it visually. In the usual reading activities, students should be taught to use their imagination to appreciate and taste each poem, and their imagination should be consciously mobilized and stimulated. If we appreciate Wang Wei's "lonely smoke in the desert, the long river sets the yen", we must close our eyes and imagine such a picture: on the vast Gobi desert, smoke from cooking stoves rises alone; On the rushing Yellow River, a touch of sunset hangs. ?
4. Talk about feelings or sentiments after reading poetry. ?
Reading a good poem is not only to get a temporary sense of beauty and enjoyment, but more importantly, to get an inspiration from life, so as to constantly improve one's personality. The enlightening function of classical poetry is also a banner often raised by proposers. For example, Wang Kao Anshi of Jinhua, Zhejiang's "Climbing to the Wind" is entitled: What philosophy of life have you learned from this poem? The key to answering such questions is to read first and then feel. For example, "fearless" and "the highest state" are the key words to produce feelings. Accordingly, it is not difficult to realize the philosophy that "you can only see far if you stand high (or don't be afraid of difficulties and setbacks at any time)".
This is a difficult question, but the proposer likes her very much. The key to solve this problem is to master the common angles of appreciation and evaluation: first, the methods of scene description (such as the color of the scene, the combination of close-up and distant view, etc.). ), second, rhetorical devices (such as antithesis, metaphor, etc. ), third, the tempering of words. Then say its beauty or expressive effect. For example, the couplet "We see green trees around your village, distant mountains and pale orchids" written by Kao Meng Haoran in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province is a famous sentence throughout the ages. Please choose an angle (such as expression and language use) to make a brief appreciation. We can answer this way: the combination of close-range and long-range of these two poems describes the beautiful rural scenery of the mountain village and shows the poet's love for the living environment of the farmhouse (angle 1). You can also answer this way: these two poems use dual techniques, "Green Tree" versus "Castle Peak" and "Village Edge" versus "Guo Wai", which have the same part of speech and correspond to each other, and are very neat (Angle 2). You can also answer this way: the words in these two poems are very realistic, and there are pictures in them. For example, the word "harmony" means embracing green trees and highlighting the lush green trees on the edge of the village. The word "oblique" vividly depicts the scene that the green hills outside the village extend from near to far, with a strong sense of picture (angle 3). ?
In short, it is not difficult to get high marks as long as you master the knowledge and skills of poetry appreciation in the senior high school entrance examination. ?
How to appreciate poetry?
To solve this problem, we must first understand the requirements of the Examination Instructions for poetry appreciation. The requirements of the syllabus are: reading simple ancient poems, appreciating the image, language and expression skills of literary works, and evaluating the ideological content of literary works. This clearly tells us that ancient poetry (including words and songs) as appreciation materials is simple rather than difficult, obscure and controversial; There won't be too many allusions (yes, they have appeared in middle school textbooks), and I won't know too much about the background materials; Short space, poems should be quatrains or metrical poems, words should be below alto, and songs should be poems; It should be beautiful in literature, famous or philosophical; Appreciation focuses on image, language, skills and ideas. The way of proposition is generally 2~3 small questions. There may be the following problems: first, the cognition of the content of poetry. Including the understanding of key words, such as the meaning of "folding willow" in the 2002 college entrance examination question "This Nocturne", what four people "Wang Luo" refers to in "Wang Luo", how to say "contemporary style" and so on. Including the understanding of the content of poetry, such as what kind of life is written by Xin Qiji's "Qing Ping Le" and "Mao Yan Xiao Xiao"; Including the cognition of the theme of poetry, such as what theme is expressed in Li Bai's Silent Night Thinking; It also includes the cognition of poetic style (bold and graceful) and emotional tone (quiet, leisurely, resentful and melancholy). The other is to write an appreciation essay for a given poem, which requires candidates to appreciate and evaluate the expression form (i.e. image, language and expression skills) of the poem, or to evaluate its content, and the number of words is about 100. The other is to give two poems with similar writing content and ask them to compare their advantages and disadvantages. In 2002, the college entrance examination in Beijing was to compare Wang Zhihuan's Heron House with the frequently played Heron House, explaining why Wang Shi was better than usual. Of course, there may be some small changes in the specific questions, but the big aspects will not change. Secondly, talk about the general operation process of doing poetry appraisal questions. 1, after reading the questions carefully and making it clear that the proposition points to poetry appreciation, it is inevitable that "everyone has his own opinion". Candidates can express different opinions according to their own understanding.
The reading rules of literary works also reflect the requirements of innovative education; However, the college entrance examination, as an optional exam, has its own characteristics, and it will definitely impose necessary restrictions on the topics. Therefore, the examination of the topic must be careful, and the requirements of the topic must be clearly seen: is it to ask questions about a certain aspect of poetry or to appreciate and evaluate the overall comprehensive requirements of poetry? In 2002, the national college entrance examination only showed the topic of "folding willow" in Li Bai's quatrains, while the Beijing volume required an overall comparison between Wang Zhihuan and Chang Dang's two poems of the same name, explaining why Wang's poems were better. So when you answer a question, you must answer it according to the requirements of the topic, and you can't be careless and answer irrelevant questions. ?
2. Grasp the theme of the poem and choose the object of appreciation?
Poetry, as a test question in the college entrance examination, is not too difficult for many candidates to understand (students should pay attention to another tendency, artificially exaggerating their positions, exploring trivial matters and complicating simple questions), and the selection of materials must be rich in connotation, showing multi-angle and multi-faceted characteristics, which can provide candidates with certain free play space. When writing a topic, you should quickly determine your appreciation point on the basis of basically grasping the main idea. The appreciation of poetry can start from two aspects: ideological content and artistic form. As far as ideological content is concerned, we can generally determine the appreciation points from the following eight aspects: (1) patriotism and resistance to foreign invasion; (2) Condemning the tyranny of tyrants; (3) Condemning the extravagant life of the rulers; (4) Caring for and sympathizing with the sufferings of the nation; 5) Express the author's own noble sentiments; [6] Eulogize affection, friendship and love; (7) Love nature and eulogize great rivers and mountains; Be a philosophical and enlightening life. From the form of appreciation (language, expression, artistic style, etc. ), we can focus on the following eight aspects to determine the appreciation point: (1) There are paintings in the poem (color matching, point-surface combination, dynamic and static combination, patchwork and so on. ); (2) Scenery blending (writing scenes with scenes, writing scenes with feelings, writing life scenes with feelings, dyeing scenes with feelings, etc. ); (3) Contrast and contrast (static scene vs. dynamic scene, static scene vs. dynamic scene, music scene writing funeral music, funeral music scene writing music and so on). ); ⑷ Clever use of rhetoric (mainly metaphor, personification, exaggeration, contrast, symbol, etc.). ); 5] vivid image (this image refers to both the image described in the work and the image of the poet himself); [6] Implicit suggestion, intended to be implicit; (7) Language features (fresh, elegant, bright, implicit, gorgeous, warm, dignified, gloomy, etc. ); Creative style (bold and graceful, idyllic, frontier poems, realism, romanticism, etc. ). 3. Chew the works carefully and pay attention to analysis and evaluation?
There are two common mistakes when students do poetry appreciation questions: one is generalization and overhead analysis; One is to explain or translate sentence by sentence without making specific and pertinent comments. This obviously violates the requirements of poetry appreciation. Therefore, we should write articles about "What is good about this poem" and "Why is it good". Holding kovac is not far away. Over time, the ability of appreciation will be improved. 4. Carefully organize the language to obtain accurate specifications?
Poetry appreciation has changed from an objective multiple-choice question to a subjective expression question, which undoubtedly has higher requirements for candidates' language ability. The language of poetry and ode is concise and vivid. If the words of poetry are dry and tasteless, they will inevitably keep people away, so we should strive to be accurate, vivid and literary. Language expression ability is by no means a day's work, so we must try to figure out more, learn more, and write frequently at ordinary times. It is also helpful to master some idioms encountered in Chinese learning when writing poetry appreciation words. For example, "mountaineering is full of feelings and watching the sea is full of meaning." "All the scenes are sentimental." "With the X-shaped realm, it's all out." "Without saying a word, it's all romantic." "Virtual and real, dynamic and static." "Scenery blend", "echo from beginning to end", "pave the way", "show great plans" and so on. It should be emphasized that the commonly used words in these comments are not a panacea for all. Only when used correctly can it be effective. If it is mechanically applied, it will be reversed. ?
Finally, let's talk about some basic methods of doing poetry appreciation questions for students to learn from. ?
(1) Know the world and pay attention to the background?
? "Articles are written in time, songs and poems are written in things", and "Poetry expresses aspiration" is a fine tradition of ancient Chinese poetry. Although poetry, as an appreciation material for the college entrance examination, does not require too much background materials, some middle school students must understand famous poets and their times. For example, Du Fu is a patriotic poet. When he lived in Chengdu Caotang, it was the Anshi Rebellion. Lu You and Xin Qiji lived in the Southern Song Dynasty and were famous patriotic poets. Wang Wei and Meng Haoran were famous pastoral poets in Tang Dynasty. If there are some background materials that students don't understand and must participate in appreciation, there will be notes, which can't be ignored when reading. For example, Du Fu's "Spring Hope": "Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers last forever, and the vegetation is spring. Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate. The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold. I stroke my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins. " If we don't understand that this poem was written in An Shi Rebellion, it will be difficult for the rebels to understand the meanings of "national destruction" and "bonfire", "love" and "hate" and "farewell", and it will be even more difficult to grasp the main idea of the whole poem.