About Ma Niangniang, her people and legends (1)
(2005-05- 1 1 14:5 1:26)
The Oriental Guardian reported that Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, had ambushed 80,000 troops in Lion Mountain, defeating 400,000 troops in Chen Youliang, laying the foundation for the Ming Dynasty to build Nanjing as its capital. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang had an indissoluble bond with Lion Mountain. Zhu Yuanzhang's wife, Ma Niangniang, left many beautiful stories in the Hydrangea Mountain, named after the "Lion Bowl Hydrangea". This is a coincidence, a chance and a legend.
Queen Bigfoot, named Xiuying, was born in Suzhou, northern Anhui Province. She was born in the eighth day of August from A.D. to Shun (A.D. 1332). She is a little monkey and lost her virginity. In the Yuan Dynasty, when the beauty of three-inch golden lotus was valued and women bound their feet, Ma Xiuying was called "Ma Dajiao" because her feet were not firmly bound. At the age of twelve, Ma Xiuying was adopted by his father and friend Guo Zixing, the leader of the Red Scarf Army. I married Zhu Yuanzhang at the age of twenty-one and stayed with him for fifteen years. In A.D. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing, with the title Daming and Jianyuan Hongwu, and Xiuying became the queen. In August of the 15th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1382), Ma Huanghou died of overwork in Nanjing at the age of 5 1 year. After his death, he was overflowed as a filial piety queen, buried in the Ming Tomb, the grandson of Zhongshan, and buried with Zhu Yuanzhang after his death.
Ma Huanghou bigfoot? Ben is an ordinary woman with rebellious spirit. Born in troubled times, she is courageous and knowledgeable. In difficult adversity, she helped Zhu Yuanzhang achieve great things and saved Zhu Yuanzhang from death five times. After becoming a queen, although she is as rich as an enemy, she is still charming. She does not forget the hard work of the people, does not change her diligence and thrift, and does not change the people's mentality. She often persuaded and influenced Zhu Yuanzhang with her words and deeds. She punished treacherous men relentlessly, tried her best to help the good, loyal ministers were resourceful and flexible, helped the emperor to adapt, resolutely and decisively reformed bad habits, and advocated new styles and broadswords. Zhu Yuanzhang called her "a good wife of the family and a good photograph of the country". She had a great influence on later generations, and even married women and women took this as an example and tried to follow suit. She is recognized by historians as the first queen of China's feudal era.
Because of the legend of the "footprint" of Ma Niangniang on Hydrangea Mountain, Hydrangea Mountain Park has gained a great reputation, attracting people's attention and attracting a large number of tourists. In order to improve the visibility of the park and enrich the contents of scenic spots, the statue of Ma Niangniang was built on June 24, 1992 (Dragon Boat Festival of the Lunar New Year), and a graphic stone carving introducing Ma Niangniang's life story was arranged. According to Zhu Yuanzhang's fleet returning to North Korea, most of them came from the southeast. Considering the convenience for tourists to take pictures, the statue was erected in the southeast. From Ma Niangniang's eyes, the distance of 20 meters is more than 40 years, and the tall and straight cedar with a diameter of 50 cm and a tree height of 15 meters covers her sight. On that day, it turned out that the sky was clear and the sun was blazing in Wan Li. Suddenly, dark clouds were gathering, lightning and thunder broke the waist of the fir tree with a loud noise. There is still a section of the ground at present. Therefore, people told each other that Ma Huanghou appeared, which added a rather magical legend to Xiuqiu Mountain.
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Famous sentences related to "horse"
Sun Zhanwei
Horse, tall and mighty, with elegant mane and hissing neck, has attracted many literati. Since ancient times, painters of all ages have loved to take horses as their material and take pleasure in expressing different forms of horses.
People in China have a special liking for horses, and often compare their own situation with horses, such as: "People have little ambition, horses are thin and hairy", "A family has hundreds of women, and a horse doesn't worry about hundreds of horses", "A horse knows its horsepower for a long time", "A horse is weak because it is thin, and a man is poor because he doesn't love it", "A man is not rich and has no windfall, and a horse is not fat and has no grass at night". There are many poems and sentences related to horses:
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa, hurry up immediately. William Wang in Liangzhou Ci
If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan. Out of the Fortress, Wang Changling
Only the great explosive power of lightning can make the land of China exude vitality, but the social and political situation is not angry, but a kind of sadness. Gong Zizhen's "Jihai Miscellaneous Work"
The grass is yellow in autumn, and the eagle eye is sharper; When the ice and snow melt, the horseshoe is extraordinarily brisk. Wang Wei, hunting and watching the fun.
I haven't seen you in the winding mountain road, leaving only a row of horseshoe prints. A Song of Snow White Farewell to Tian Shuji Ng Wui
I'll meet you immediately, without paper and pen. Please tell my family that I'm safe. Go to Cen Can, the capital, to meet the messenger.
In the spring breeze, this proud horse runs at the speed of two beats. I visited all the sights of Chang 'an gracefully in one day. After graduation, Meng Jiao
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. Tao Qian who "drinks"
Where is the hometown of Qinling Mountains? Snow blocked the blue horse. "Move left to Languan as a sign of my grandnephew" Han Yu.
Colorful spring flowers will gradually fascinate people's eyes, and shallow spring grass can barely cover the horseshoe. Bai Juyi, Qiantang spring outing
Horses run like Ma Delu, bows and arrows fly like thunder. Xin Qiji in the Broken Array
Dead vines and old trees faint crows, small bridges and flowing water, old roads and thin horses, sunset, heartbroken people on the horizon. "Day crystal sand? Qiu Si, Ma Zhiyuan.
With a wave of his hand, he will be separated from now on, and his friend on horseback will carry him on a long journey, blowing a long wind, as if reluctant to leave. Li Bai, send a friend.
The night will be over, I lie in bed listening to the sound of wind and rain, in a daze in my dream, riding an armored horse across the frozen river to the northern battlefield. 1 1 April 4th, it was stormy.
Shooters should shoot horses, and leaders should catch their leaders. Du Fu's "Walking in the Front"
The flag of the sun falls, and the wind rustles. A?vagho?a. Du Fu's "After the Dike"
Ma Yong
Yangshi island
The jade saddle is gilded with gold, and the bones are magnificent and strange.
There are thousands of miles in the world, and the old fat imperial garden has never competed.
If you are tired, you can't be heavy. Bole can't see.
If this horse has a thousand miles of ambition, it can still chase the wind to the ends of the earth.
Li he
This horse is extraordinary, and the house star is the star.
Tap the fine bone forward, and it will bring its own copper sound.
Li he
The desert sand is like snow, and the Yanshan moon is like a hook.
Don't be a golden brain, go and step on the clear autumn.
Li he
Emperor Wu loves immortals and burns gold to get purple smoke.
The stables are full of meat horses and don't understand the sky.
Ma tiange
Emperor Liu Che of Han Dynasty
It is a tribute from heaven, dripping with sweat and foam.
Rongcheng and Xi Wan Li are friends now.
Fang Bing Cao Huma
Du Fu
Fang Bing's horse is a horse of Dawanguo, and its thin bones are as clear as a blade.
Its ears are as sharp as a piece of bamboo, and it runs like four winds, as if its hoof had not been trampled.
The horse galloped, never in an open way, riding it all very comfortable, dare to roam the battlefield, and even share life and death.
So fast, so fast, it is a good horse that can live up to life. It can commit crimes for the country.
Proverbs about horses (1)
One horse cannot straddle two saddles.
People make mistakes, but horses trip.
People rushed to their hometown to grab grass.
People are afraid of reason, horses are afraid of whips and mosquitoes are afraid of fire and smoke.
People need to practice and horses need to ride.
People are clothes and horses are saddles.
The pony is too narrow at first glance.
A thousand miles of mules and horses, a cow.
I don't know how hard it is to dismount at once, and I don't know how hungry I am.
Han, the hero, will be killed immediately, and drowning in the river will also make people drown.
A horse can't run without beating, and it can't run without stimulation.
A horse goes to the beach without a whip.
Take ten steps back.
Kiss up to the horse's legs.
A horse looks at its teeth, but a tree looks at its rings.
The horse galloped past the first horse.
Take a look at real pearls.
I think of horses when I see saddles, and people when I see things.
The bull's head is not right.
The horse is late.
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Let me give you some information.
horse
Horse; horse
The mammal Equisetum Chiroptera is a herbivorous livestock. In ancient times, horses were the main driving force of agricultural production, transportation and military activities. With the invention and wide application of power machinery, the service value of horses has obviously declined in some industrialized countries, and almost all field operations have been replaced by tractors. Horses are mainly used for equestrian sports and milk and meat production, and the breeding quantity has been greatly reduced. However, in some developing countries and regions, horses are still mainly used for service and are an important source of service strength.
The origin and domestication of horses originated from Cenozoic and Early Tertiary 60 million years ago. Its primitive ancestor was a protohoofed animal, with a short stature, five toes on each limb and a well-developed middle toe. Shi Xinma (figure 1), or ancestor horse, lived in the early Eocene of Tertiary 58 million years ago and was about 40 cm tall. The forelimb is low and has four toes; The hind legs are high and have three toes. Simple teeth, suitable for tropical forest life. After entering the Miocene, the dry grassland replaced the wet shrub, and the function and structure of the horse changed obviously: the physique increased, the limbs became longer and became one toe (Figure 2); Teeth become hard and complicated. After the gradual evolution of Singapore-Malaysia, China-Singapore-Malaysia and Shanghai-Singapore-Malaysia, it was not until the Quaternary Pleistocene that a single-hoofed, tall Malaysia appeared.
Domestic horses are domesticated from wild horses. China was one of the first countries to domesticate horses. From the relics of Dawenkou culture period and Yangshao culture period in Shandong and Jiangsu in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, it is proved that several wild horse breeds have been domesticated as domestic animals around 6000 years. Horses were domesticated later than dogs and cows.
Different breeds of horses with different biological characteristics have great differences in body size. Heavy variety weight 1200 kg, height 200 cm. The small variety weighs less than 200 kg and is only 95 cm tall. The so-called pocket pony is only 60 centimeters tall. The head is straight and long and the ears are short. The limbs are long, the bones are solid, the tendons and ligaments are developed, and cicadas with palm and pillow traces (commonly known as night eyes) have hard hooves and can run quickly on hard ground. The coat color is complex, mostly dark brown, chestnut, blue and black. Take off the quilt in spring and autumn. Developed sweat glands are conducive to regulating body temperature, not afraid of cold and heat, and easy to adapt to the new environment. The chest is deep and wide, with developed heart and lungs, suitable for running and strenuous labor. Esophageal stenosis, single stomach and large intestine, especially cecum, are extremely developed, which is helpful to digest and absorb coarse grains. Without gallbladder, bile duct is developed. The chewing ability of teeth is very strong, and the gap between incisors and molars is called occlusal part, which is used to hold the occlusal body when driving. According to the number, shape and wear degree of teeth, the age can be determined (Figure 3), and the hearing and smell are keen. The distance between the eyes is large, and the overlapping part of the visual field is only 30%, so the judgment of the distance is poor; At the same time, the eye's focal length adjustment ability is weak, and it can only form a blurred image for objects 500 meters away, but it can distinguish the shape and color of nearby objects well. The head and neck are flexible, and the visual area of both eyes reaches 330 ~ 360. There is a photosensitive film on the outer layer of the fundus retina, which has strong sensitivity and can see the surrounding objects clearly at night. Horses are easy to train. Through the sense organs such as hearing, smell and vision, a firm memory can be formed. The average life expectancy is 30 ~ 35 years old, and the longest can reach more than 60 years old. The service age is 3 ~ 15 years old, and some can reach 20 years old.
There are more than 200 kinds of horses in the world, and there are more than 30 kinds in China. It can be mainly divided into local small varieties, riding type, fast-paced type, heavy-pulling type and both-pulling and riding type. Feeding management methods mainly include herd management, house feeding management and pony training and cultivation.
horse
horse
plum blossom
& lt name >
(pictographic. Early bronze inscriptions, such as horse eye, horse mane and ponytail. "Ma" is the radical of Chinese characters. Original meaning: livestock name)
One-hoofed herbivorous large mammals [horses] were domesticated by humans in prehistoric times and used as pack animals, tractors and vehicles. It is different from other existing horses and equines in that its tail hair and mane are long, there is a callus under the hock joint of its hind legs, and there are some unfixed features (such as larger body, larger hoof, slightly arched neck, smaller head and shorter ears).
A thousand miles away, there are not many boles. -Han Yu's Ma Shuo
Another example: Ma Bole (the man who looks at horses); Horsehead (a person who belongs to a horse); Horse tag (all public servants who raise horses have waist tags as vouchers); Manger (official signature. Specializing in horses); Horse pen (where horses are kept); Horse sacrifice (dedicated to the horse god); Riding (a rope tied to a horse); Horse brown (protective clothing for horses); Horse disaster (horse vision. Ancient times thought it was a sign of disaster); Matu (the legendary dragon horse carrying water)
The ancient word "code" was used as a bargaining chip in ancient times. Modern times are also used to count [codes]
Now, to the winner. -"The Book of Rites".
Another example: a girl (chip)
surname
Ten Famous Horses in Ancient China
"The sky is like a dragon and the ground is like a horse. Horses, the foundation of Jia Bing, are of great use to the country. " Ma Yuan, the general of Han Dynasty, talked about the role of horses in people at that time.
Between ancient and modern times, I don't know how many heroes galloped on the battlefield and achieved great success. However, just as only a few people go down in history, there are only a few BMW Liangju who can leave their names in the history of China. There are even fewer horses praised by sages of past dynasties or sculpted by Danqing. Here, the publication is specially collected for readers.
Zhou Muwang's Eight Horses Collection;
A Jedi is not qualified to practice soil. The two of them turned their feathers over a bird. Three people rush for the night, and the wild is in Wan Li. Four more shadows, day after day. Five people are too bright and their hair is bright. Six super lights, one shape and ten shadows. Seven people are soaring in the fog and running in the clouds. Eight people have wings, and they have meat wings.
Flower country, green ear, thief, horse and fiber are separated.
Water injection classic: The lake flows out of Kuafu Mountain in Taolinsai, where there are many wild horses. The fame of Zaofu, green ears, thieves and horses, leave here. Multiply it by offering sacrifices to Zhou Muwang, so that he can command the Queen Mother of the West.
Lei Shou Maliang
"Mu Chuan": I protect the thunder head and the dog protects the thunder head. It is a good horse.
Cuilong
Yang Xiong's "Hedong Fu" Note: There is a cloud in the poem: "Cuilong is the horse that Mutianzi rode."
Yuma people
"Ruiying Picture": Yuma, Chao Qingxian.
(Ma Su) (Ma Shuang) The words in brackets are compound words. It can't be typed on the keyboard. fine horse
Zuo Zhuan: Tang Cheng has two horses. A cloud of light, the color of the horse is like frost.
Dune horse
Bole said to Qin Mugong, "I have a relationship with Jiufanggao ..."
Seven famous horses of Qin Shihuang
Ancient and modern notes: one is chasing the wind, the other is the white rabbit, the third is climbing the scenery, the fourth is chasing electricity, the fifth is flying, the sixth is the bronze Jue, and the seventh is the morning light.
Chu Xiang
Historical Records: Wang Xiang's war horses are famous far and wide, and they often travel thousands of miles every day. When the enemy defeated Wujiang, he called Tingchang, "I rode this horse at the age of five and was invincible. I can't bear to kill it for the public. "
Jiuyi
Miscellaneous Notes on Xijing: Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty returned from generation to generation, and nine horses were the best in the world. It's called Yunyun, Hongdian, Juequn, Yiqun, Zi Yanqi, Lu Qiqi, Zi Long, Youju and Chen Jue, and it's called 91. You can declare it when you come.
Wusun and Tianma
Biography of Zhang Qian: In the Yuan Dynasty, founding ceremony, Wusun's horse was good, named Tianma. And blood Ma Zhuang, renamed Wusun Ma Yue Xijima, Wanma said Tianma.
Wantianma
Chen made an appointment with Han to present two horses at the age of 20. Meng Kang said, "It is said that there are mountains in Dawan country, but there are no horses on them. Because the five-color mare is placed under it, both Ji and Ji are sweating blood, which is called Tianma Zi.
Xiaoshao
"Nerve": There is a good horse in Dawan, whose knees hang down and his name is Xiao Shao.
Elephant dragon
Biography of Feng Shifeng: Emperor Xuan Di went to Dawan and was named Ma Xianglong.
Bujing
Dong Fangshuo is the hometown of auspicious clouds. God horse nine feet high, hair like the sun and the moon; If the moon is luminous, if the sun is sunlight, the coat color will change with the seasons.
The Queen Mother of the West pays taxes in Zhitian because she eats grass from Zhitian. Dong left because of abandonment. He went around the sun three times, entered the Han Pass, fell asleep immediately and became famous in one fell swoop.
Huangmen Sijun
Praise of the Western Regions: Pu Shao, Long Wen, Fish and Blood Horse are all over the Yellow Gate. Note: Meng Kang said "four famous horses".
Dali
Guangwu rode a big donkey and offered filial piety and loyalty.
Red hare
Cao Cao Zhuan: Lyu3 bu4 has a famous red hare and often rides it. Some people say that "there is Lu Bu in the crowd and a red rabbit in the horse pile".
Rudy
Ma Zheng Lun said, "There is a man named Lu with white hair on his face." He also said, "Those with curly hair and white hair on their faces are called kisses, which are fierce." Luffy is also a common saying. Liu Bei evaded the difficulty of Fancheng, crossed Tanxi and said to Lu Yue on horseback, "We are in a hurry today and must work hard." The motor is ready to jump. Lu, taking Geng Liang as the name of the horse, Yin Hao thought he was against the Lord and advised the city. Liang said, "Is there anyone who is moved by his own shortcomings?"
Jueying
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The name of the horse that Cao Gong rode was lost.
white crane
Note: The horse that Cao Hong and Wei Wu rode was called a white crane. As the saying goes, "Flying with the air, Cao's family is a white crane."
Scared sail purple (Ma Xin). Xin. This compound word is in brackets.
In Wei Zhi, King Chen Si expressed Emperor Wen's words: "I got a horse named Zi Cong from Emperor Wu, and I taught you to worship it.
Notes on Ancient and Modern Times: Cao Jin is famous for his horse name "Fan Jing". He said that he was sick by the sudden strong wind and raised his sails.
The evolution of horses! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
According to fossil data, the whole development process from primitive (ancestor) horses to modern horses. Because horses live on the endless plains, feed on grass and move in groups, they are often buried in large quantities and become fossils. Especially in North America, there are very complete strata containing horse fossils from early Eocene to modern times, which provide us with a good record of horse evolution. This is one of the most powerful evidences to support the theory of biological evolution. After years of research by scholars, the evolution process of horses is roughly as follows: the ancestors of horses were the first horses (Hyracotherium Owen = Eohippus Marsh) who lived in Cenozoic, Tertiary and Eocene more than 50 million years ago. Their bodies are only as big as foxes. Small skull, simple tooth structure and low crown. Four toes on the front foot and three toes on the back foot. The back is bent and the spine is flexible. Living in the forests of North America, feeding on young leaves. It took about100000 years, and it was not until Oligocene that the Middle Ma Marsh appeared. As big as a sheep. There are 3 toes in both front and rear feet, and the middle toe is obviously enlarged. The buccal teeth are still low crowns, and the tips of molar teeth have become ridges. Still living in the forest, feeding on young leaves. After 1000000 years, Merychippus Leidy appeared in the Miocene. There are three toes in both front and rear feet, but only the middle toe walks on the ground, and the side toe degenerates. Body as big as a modern pony. Longer limbs and higher head. The back changes from arc to rigidity, from being good at jumping to being good at running. Molar teeth have complex ridges and chalk fillings, indicating that food has changed from young leaves to hay. The grassland ancient horse changed from forest life to grassland life. The high-toothed crown molars are suitable for grinding hay, and the limbs that are good at running can avoid the attack of wild animals. The Pliocene reappeared in the early Pliocene, with larger body, higher crown, more developed middle toes of front and rear feet, and the second and fourth toes completely degenerated. In the Pleistocene, horses appeared, reaching the size of modern horses, with fully developed middle toes, hard toes and more complicated teeth than crowns, reflecting their high adaptability to galloping and chewing hay on the grassland. Before Miocene, equine animals were mainly distributed in the forests of North America, and migrated to Eurasia in Miocene. In Pliocene and Pleistocene, equines from North America also spread to South America, but the species in South America soon became extinct. In the Holocene, the equine animals in North America also tended to be extinct. Only the descendants of Eurasia have prospered. The Samen wild horse unearthed in the north of China and the Platts wild horse existing in Gansu, Xinjiang, Mongolia and other places are all representatives of equines. Modern horses are bred by wild horses through artificial domestication. In Miocene and Pliocene, several branches of horses appeared: for example, An-Chithelia v. Meyer); Distributed in Miocene North America and Eurasia; Three-toed horse Christol); Distributed in Pliocene North America and Eurasia; South American horses (seahorses) distributed in Pleistocene South America show that the evolution of horses is not linear. According to the evolution trend of horses (size from small to large, toe number from large to small, crown from short to high), some paleontologists in history believe that creatures always evolve in a given direction. This is the view of "or-thogenesis". Orthobiologists believe that the direction of biological evolution is determined by some mysterious potential force. This view is obviously wrong. First, fossil records show that there are many branches from ancestral horses to modern horses, but most of them died out in the long-term struggle for existence process. Only real horses survived and developed, and horses never evolved in a straight line; Second, the so-called potential forces that determine the direction of evolution lack a certain material basis and cannot be scientifically confirmed. On the contrary, with Darwin's theory of natural selection, we can make a reasonable explanation for the evolution of horses. The variation of horses is random and directionless; Due to changes in the environment, the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated. So the evolution of horses is actually the result of natural selection acting on random variation.