Qin Shihuang is a famous king in the history of China. But throughout the ages, people have been arguing about him, with different opinions. In the eyes of most people, he is not only a supreme emperor, but also a fatuous tyrant. People can have different views and a hundred schools of thought contend, but we must also adopt a respectful and objective attitude in the face of history. I think Qin Shihuang was right and wrong. He made a contribution, even in his specific era.
In the 900-year-long history of China in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was his "global meaning of sweeping the world, including the four seas" that swept the world in just nine years. Thus, the first unprecedented emperor in China was born. He was the King of Qin who won the political power, and he created the first feudal empire in China. Militarily, "it is to make Meng Tian build the Great Wall in the north and keep the fence, but the Xiongnu is more than 700 miles; The conference semifinals dare not go south to herd horses, and the scholars dare not bow to their knees. "The Great Wall, which symbolizes the spirit and wisdom of the Chinese nation, is still dazzling and stands proudly among the nations of the world, which is enough to make every Chinese descendant proud from generation to generation. It was he who won the political victory, the king of Qin. Politically, "domestic legislation, farming and weaving, maintaining the tools of war; Lian Heng was a vassal. So the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River, thus ending the endless war "after three months of bonfire" and opening up a new situation of world reunification; It was he, the king of Qin, who won the government. Culturally, Qin Terracotta Warriors, the same books, the same cars and the same weights and measures are listed as eight wonders of the world. Is it unprecedented, and no one will come after it? He has created one miracle after another, which is not the pride of the Chinese nation!
Isn't it? "Cherish many dissenting Confucian Hanwu, slightly lost literary talent: Tang Zong Song Zu, slightly inferior * * *. Genghis Khan, a generation of arrogant people, only knows how to shoot an eagle with a bow. Among the historical figures admired by the great leader Chairman Mao, Qin Shihuang bears the brunt. All these can be seen from Qin Shihuang's contribution to the Chinese nation.
However, the once brilliant architecture of the Qin Dynasty collapsed in just 14 years. What is the truth that "one person makes the neck ache and seven temples burn, and his body and hands die, making the world laugh"? "Benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different." The world has been decided, "Qin Shihuang thought that Guanzhong was solid, Jincheng was thousands of miles away, and the descendants of emperors were also the inheritance of the ages." "Therefore, Wang Zhidao was abolished first, and the words of a hundred schools of thought were burned, making a fool of yourself; Famous city, killing heroes; Take the soldiers of the world, gather in Xianyang, sell the former cymbals, and cast them into twelve gold people to weaken the people of the world. " . "Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it." Therefore, due to the tyranny and unpopularity of the Qin Dynasty, it also left a heavy shame for the merits and demerits of emperors in previous dynasties and paid a huge price for the early death of the Qin Dynasty.
It is easy to start a business, but difficult to defend the city. When we calmly think about the merits and demerits of Qin Shihuang, we can objectively know that without Qin Shihuang's indifference to the national strength at that time and the sweat and sweat of the working people, the Chinese national spirit, such as the Great Wall of Wan Li and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty, which are still shining today, could not have been built, the wisdom of the working people in ancient China might have disappeared, and perhaps the Qin Dynasty could still exist one after another 14 years. Therefore, we can comment on the merits and demerits of historical figures, but we must respect history and try our best to take historical figures as the basic true face.
2. A 500-word composition An ancient man read a picture composition under the moon. How difficult is it to help write a composition under the moon? It was not easy for ancient people to read books, because before the invention of printing and papermaking, most people could not afford to read books. First of all, books are very expensive and must be copied by hand on bamboo slips or wooden slips. A bamboo slip can't write many words, and several books are packed in several cars. Some people say that "learning five cars is money" and that they have read more books than five cars. Wei Wei takes the belt, and bamboo slips and wooden slips are tied with the belt to avoid confusion. This kind of book is made of rope, so it is called knitting. After reading too much, his belt broke three times, which shows that his old man is very diligent, has read a book repeatedly and is familiar with intensive reading. In a word, ordinary people can't afford to read such an expensive book. Later, people wrote it down that only the rich can afford it. Paper was cheaper when it was invented, but it was copied successfully. Copying one book is troublesome, and copying many books is even more troublesome. Most people still can't afford it. Books written on paper can be bound into volumes, which are hieroglyphics. Ancient bamboo slips were tied together with ribbons, like a scroll, so they were called simplified scrolls, and books written on paper also retained their old names. Moreover, only the children of aristocratic bureaucrats can go to school. Although some private lecturers have to pay tuition, those who can't afford it can't go to school. Third, because books are expensive and rare, it is impossible for everyone in a school to have books, so they can only take notes by dictation from teachers. In this way, the study time will be longer, and it will be more difficult for people who live by labor to study. In particular, a large number of books are needed, which is very difficult. Because of this, reading also has class restrictions. It is easy for aristocratic bureaucrats' children to read, but it is difficult for ordinary children to read, and knowledge is monopolized. That's the reason. After the invention of printing, books became commodities and could be bought in bookstores. However, there are still limitations. The poor can't afford books, let alone many books. The poor must study. It's still hard. For example, in the14th century, thousands of books were printed, and bookstores were found in major cities, but it was still difficult for the poor to read. In the early Ming Dynasty, Song Lian, a famous scholar, wrote a preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang, describing the hardships of his study. He said: When I was a child, I liked to learn knowledge, and my family was poor, so I couldn't get books, so I had to go to a family with books. If your fingers are too cold to bend, just copy them quickly and send them back after copying. You can't miss a day. Because of this, people are willing to lend me books, and I can read a lot of books. As an adult, I want to read more books, but there is no good teacher, so I have to rush hundreds of miles away to consult a prestigious old gentleman. The old gentleman is famous, and the students crowded a room, which is very imposing. I stood by, bent down and asked. I dare not say a word until he is happy, and then I will come for advice. In this way, although I am not very smart, I have learned some knowledge after all. When I went to ask for a teacher, I carried my luggage across a huge valley in the mountains. In winter, it is windy and snowy, and the snow is several feet deep. I don't know. My foot is cracked. When we arrived at the inn, our limbs were frozen stiff, and people drank hot water and covered themselves with quilts. I spent half a day warming up. I never feel poor. Because knowledge is the happiest thing, I don't care about anything else. It was under such difficult circumstances that Song Lian climbed to the peak of learning through hard work. At the end of the article, he advised the students at that time: You are studying in imperial academy now, and the state provides food and clothing, so you don't have to go hungry and freeze. You don't need to go to a teacher to study in a big house. You have a department and a doctor. There will be no questions without answering, and no questions without hearing. I have all the books I want to read, so I don't need to borrow and copy from people like me. Under such conditions, I can't learn well, or I don't concentrate and study hard as I do now. It makes no sense that you can't learn well under such good conditions. I really want to read this article. Today, our study conditions are better than those of Song Lian.
3. Ancient people's view of composition In those days, Li Bai was a madman, and only Li Bai's wildness could lift the torch of poetry and illuminate the splendid civilization of the prosperous Tang Dynasty; Li Bai is a poet, and only the country of poetry can create Li Bai's extraordinary to irrigate the boundless land of poetry.
Only in the Tang Dynasty did the times create "heroes". The air is filled with the fragrance of poetry, and the land is cultivated by the era of freedom. Shaped a detached Li Bai; Created a wild Li Bai, attracting me closer to Li Bai.
The Tang Dynasty was the Mount Everest in China's poetic circles, and Li Bai was the rock on the peak, majestic and unshakable. The Tang Dynasty was the Yangtze River and the Yellow River in China's poetry circles, while Li Bai was a surging tide, which was fierce and unstoppable.
Without the solid stone of the giant peak foundation pad, it is impossible to have its own greatness; Without the strong current set off by huge waves, it is impossible to have its own fierceness. Therefore, we know that a "hero" who has lost the backing of the times cannot have his own greatness.
The historical environment of the Tang Dynasty created the transcendent Li Bai. "I used to ride a horse, but now I ride ten thousand." Self-righteous descendants of Lao Rong came, riding a gust of wind on six horses in Zhaoling, prospering Laozi and Zhuangzi Taoism, which stood at the top of the world for nine days, and prospering Buddhism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
There is no ideological resentment in the past, and there is no restriction on past speech. Therefore, Li Bai also inserted the wings of dreams and flew in the free sky.
He is a Dapeng whose wings are like clouds hanging in the sky, and he disdains to be a follower of Confucianism. He is "Shuangqing Yao Su".
4. Can ancient people write simplified Chinese characters? Simplified Chinese characters are fonts produced by simplifying Chinese characters on the basis of traditional Chinese characters after 1950 s, which also produces the symmetry of traditional Chinese characters, that is, the writing method of the characters before simplification. For the same Chinese character, simplified Chinese characters have fewer strokes than traditional Chinese characters. Simplified Chinese characters are one of the standard Chinese characters in Chinese mainland today. According to the decision of the United Nations, from 2008, the United Nations will use simplified Chinese. At present, the United Nations still uses two versions, namely, traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters.
On May 22nd, The New York Times published the famous columnist Christopher's article "From Kaifeng to new york-Brilliance is fleeting like a smoke cloud". This commentary from Kaifeng, a city in central China, reviews the history of the rise and fall of Kaifeng, the most prosperous city in the world, 1000 years ago, reminding Americans that China is reviving and the United States should not be arrogant. Someone wrote that this comment is rare because it uses Chinese headlines for the first time in English newspapers, and it is also simplified Chinese characters. I suggest you use online tools to convert traditional Chinese characters into simplified Chinese characters. This ingenious move adds another topic to the global "China Simplified Chinese Character Fever".
5. Why did ancient people write articles in classical Chinese? Because only classical Chinese was popular at that time, vernacular Chinese became popular after the May 4th Movement. In addition, classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese and is characterized by writing on the basis of words. Therefore, it pays attention to allusions, antithesis, neat rhythm and no punctuation. In 19 19 ".
"Vernacular writing" is closely related to popular spoken language. "Popular language is not a special language other than vernacular Chinese.' Popularization' means that vernacular Chinese can be understood to the greatest extent." Lu Xun believes that "to advocate popular language is to be a' more plain vernacular'". Some commentators believe that the vernacular movement is a prelude to the mass movement; In fact, there are differences between these two concepts in vernacular Chinese, so we can't blindly equate "vernacular Chinese movement" with "popularization". In addition, the vernacular movement is also the theoretical starting point of "mass literature and art" in the leftist period in the 1930s and "literature and art serving the masses" in the liberated areas in the 40s. The latter is the extension and prominence of the former, and it is also accompanied by the narrowing of the concept connotation. After the establishment of "vernacular Chinese" as a category of modern literature, there are still some arguments and explanations, mainly focusing on the level of "reflection", such as Qian Gurong's reflection on vernacular Chinese and so on. The vernacular is easy to understand and is conducive to dissemination and publication. In fact, the grammar of classical Chinese is complicated and it is not used in daily life, which is not conducive to improving the level of popular culture. Exquisite is actually only a little bit, mostly a pile of waste. If you really write articles in classical Chinese, it is impossible to quote idioms and poems so naturally, and it is impossible to feel the so-called "exquisiteness" so strongly. Vernacular writing is easier than classical writing, and you can clearly express the meaning of people when you speak. However, in classical Chinese, the literal meaning is difficult to understand, and we must use our brains and think repeatedly before we can know the meaning expressed. As for the vernacular, it is easy to express what we think and easy to understand. Vernacular writing is the need of China's development. It is concise and easy to understand. The literary revolution, which began with the vernacular movement, played an important role in spreading new ideas, prospering literary creation and popularizing national education. Modern written vernacular still has various levels. If a person wants to participate in academic discussions on philosophy, he must master a whole set of basic discourse systems of modern philosophy, and if he wants to participate in academic discussions on economics, he must master a whole set of discourse systems of modern economics, but this does not mean that everyone who participates in social written dialogue must master another set of independent discourse systems completely different from his real daily spoken language, just like classical Chinese. Because the modern discourse systems of different majors are gradually enriched and developed on the basis of real daily spoken language, these languages developed on the basis of real daily spoken language can also be used for real daily spoken communication. If literate people on TV speak classical Chinese, I find it difficult for the audience to understand. Look at the host on TV. Who said classical Chinese host? Since we are talking about ancient people, why do we talk about literate people on TV? Was there a TV in ancient times? The revival of classical Chinese is one of the hot spots in the cultural revival movement in contemporary China. Its appearance has the same profound historical background as the China Cultural Renaissance Movement, and it is an integral part of the Chinese National Renaissance Movement. On the surface, the revival of classical Chinese is a denial of vernacular Chinese advocated by Hu Shi and others, but in essence it is an extension of vernacular Chinese movement. The popularity of vernacular Chinese has greatly increased the audience of generalized culture, but made the direct audience of China traditional culture less and less, thus threatening the inheritance of China culture as never before. It is precisely because of the need to inherit China culture completely and accurately that the revival of classical Chinese has become a historical necessity. The revival of classical Chinese can not deny the existence and value of vernacular Chinese. The revival of classical Chinese in Chinese mainland began in 1980s. The concept of revival of classical Chinese was clearly put forward by Liu Zhou, a young scholar, in The First Step of Cultural Revival in China (Suggestions). In 2007, Guangming Daily published "Hundred Cities Fu", which showed the state's attitude towards the revival of classical Chinese. The proposal of the revival of classical Chinese was put forward by a young scholar, which shows that the development potential of the revival of classical Chinese is very strong. At present, classical Chinese has been praised and promoted by enthusiastic netizens on the Internet. They have created many websites with classical Chinese as their writing carrier, such as "Love Classical Chinese" and "Wiki Classical Chinese Edition". At present, with the rapid economic development in Greater China, people gradually attach importance to and affirm their own China traditional culture, and classical Chinese is also paid more attention, especially the rise of Sinology fever. Peng Fuchun, a professor at the School of Philosophy of Wuhan University and a deputy to the National People's Congress, suggested strengthening the teaching of ancient Chinese, increasing the proportion of classical Chinese in Chinese classes, and setting up a national ancient Chinese examination.
6. The composition of the life of the ancients. Without running water and computers, how could the ancients live? In fact, they are not worse than us! Did ancient women shave their bodies? Compared with their high IQ of keeping pace with the times, China women have not evolved much in shaving their body hair.
In fact, a long time ago, ancient women advocated shaving off their eyebrows and then painting them with black pigment ... Yes, women in Kurosawa's film Chaos all like to make their eyebrows a little bit, which is the result of learning from China's ancestors ... In addition, ancient women are also popular in "pulling their faces", that is, pulling out the fine hairs on their faces with thread ... It is said that only men love face, but it seems that this is not the case. There were 3000 people in the harem of the ancient emperor. Are there really so many? 3000? This is just a conservative figure.
The ancient emperors' pursuit of womanhood can be described as tireless. Yang Di, a famous bad king, once wrote to collect beautiful women from all over the world, and even selected 3,000 virgins to enter the palace for his "recreation". Emperor Yang Di is still a piece of cake, and the ranking champion is Tang Xuanzong.
Although the love between him and Yang Guifei is described as earth-shattering in ancient books, the number of his lovers is as high as 40 thousand ... Well, it takes more than 65,438+000 years to use up one every day. The ancients often said that learning to be rich in five cars, how many books can five cars hold? It should be pointed out that this "car" is a carriage and an ox cart, not a big truck.
This word describes how diligent and studious Shi Hui was during the Warring States Period. Every time he goes out, he takes five cars of bamboo slips to read on the road.
I wonder if he can feel the rough road. Anyway, this style is enough. There are very few books in these five-car bamboo slips, and probably even the hardcover version of "The View of Ancient Chinese Literature" can't fit.
According to this algorithm, any one of us is a rich man with dozens or hundreds of cars. How often did the ancients usually take a bath? What do they use to wash their hair? The ancients were much more hygienic than we thought.
As early as the pre-Qin period, the ancients "washed their hair for three days and bathed for five days". There was also "taking a rest" in the Han Dynasty, which meant that officials could take a day off to take a bath after working for five days.
How can civil servants be treated like this now? Some people even write books because they like to take a bath. This is Xiao Gang, Emperor Jianwen of the Southern Dynasties, and his Bath Sutra. The ancients washed their hair frequently, and often used clean water and natural detergent "Sapindus mukoraiensis" to wash their hair.
The ancients didn't have toilet paper, so what should they wipe after going to the toilet? The ancients probably practiced ninja magic. Before the invention of paper, the ancients used small pieces of wood and bamboo to "scrape" afterwards, not afraid of scraping hemorrhoids. Even if paper was invented, the ancients would continue to be "ninjas", because China has a tradition of "respecting and cherishing Chinese characters" and paper is expensive, so it is a luxury to wipe * * * with paper.
Until the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians didn't care what paper you cherished. Since then, * * * has been treated with "consideration". The ancients didn't have a refrigerator. How could they preserve food? Who said the ancients didn't have a refrigerator? A "bronze ice guide", the earliest refrigerator found in the world, was unearthed from the Chu Tomb in Ceng Houyi, Suixian County, Hubei Province.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, slaves carved ice cubes in winter and stored them for nobles to drink in summer. Simply put, the ancient "refrigerator" is a box, in which ice cubes are placed, and then food is placed in the middle of the ice cubes to achieve the effect of preservation.
However, the previous "refrigerator" was simple and had a single function. Unlike now, refrigerators can even become containers for murderers in thrillers. How did the ancients predict the weather? In Shang dynasty, it was a great skill to observe the astronomical phenomena by using sensory systems such as eyes and ears, and it was not a problem to mix a higher vocational school in * * *.
By the Zhou Dynasty, people had learned to predict the weather through the behavior of animals. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the ancients completed the formulation of the twenty-four solar terms.
Later, the advent of the lunar calendar was the crystallization of the wisdom of ancestors. The ancients predicted the weather, although there were no sophisticated instruments, but in many cases it was much more reliable than the so-called "weather forecaster" now.
How did ancient women make up? Make-up is a hobby that women have never changed since ancient times. The three magic weapons most commonly used by ancient women are: Dai Fen, makeup powder and rouge.
Dai is a black mineral, which can be ground into powder and then mixed with water for thrush. Cosmetic powder is the present powder cake.
Rouge is an ancient lipstick. The raw material is a kind of flower called "red and blue", and it can also be used as blush when mixed with makeup powder. Nowadays, a wide variety of cosmetics give women more choices, and the technology of "mask" is better than that of the ancients.
The ancients had no condoms and no condoms. How can they use contraception? If the ancient emperor didn't want his concubine to get pregnant, he would order the eunuch to hang the woman upside down and wash her with saffron. In the past, prostitutes also took "cold medicine" containing musk to prevent pregnancy.
However, the effect is not 100%. Eighty percent of Wei Xiaobao jumped out because his mother didn't do a good job of contraception, and some people even drank poisonous mercury. Of course, most ancient people did not deliberately use contraception. How did they deal with garbage in ancient times? The ancients were much more environmentally friendly than modern people.
Such uncivilized things as littering are rare. As early as 8,000 years ago, the ancients concentrated garbage and used natural or excavated pits to pile up garbage.
The quickest way to solve the garbage is to burn it directly, and bury what can't be burned. Most of the remains of ancient garbage dumps are broken porcelain and lacquerware.
You can't say that you can repair an antique. So those who want to get rich can rummage through the garbage of the ancients.
Did the ancients drink water raw or boiled before drinking? Only modern people will be troubled by this problem. In ancient times, there was no environmental pollution. Whether it is river water, spring water, well water or even rainwater, you can drink it directly without worrying about diarrhea.
Only when it was cold did the ancients boil the water to drink. Although water can be taken anytime and anywhere, the ancients still have to guard against water pollution, because the prevalence of ancient plagues was mostly related to drinking water.
The villains in martial arts movies often use the dirty trick of poisoning in the water to bring people's lives out of the shadows. Were there any maps in ancient times? So how is it made? Legend has it that when Dayu was controlling water, there was a map.
The oldest existing maps in China are three ancient maps of the Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago. Fei Xiu, a geographer in the Western Jin Dynasty, founded six mapping agencies to make the map more accurate.
Ancient maps are basically measured step by step, so the brothers who make maps must first be as bitter as Tang Priest.