Author: Gong
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Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, was born in 70 1 year and died in 762. The most complete collection of Li Bai's poems is Wang Qi's Li Taibai Collection, with 1052 poems, some of which are difficult to determine. These poems are only part of Li Bai's poems. When the poet Li was alive, he said that Li Bai's works were "occupied by the Central Plains for eight years. At that time, they wrote letters, and nine times out of ten they lost. "
At that time, Li Bai's poems were highly praised by his contemporaries. Li said in the preface to the collection of thatched cottage: "if you walk alone for a thousand years, the only person is public." It is gratifying to be praised, but the praise of Li Bai's poems has gone to an extreme. Since He Zhangzhi called Li Bai "fallen immortal", Li Bai's poems and songs have gradually been immortal and deified. Li said that Li Bai's poems were "like fairy words", and Qi said that Li Bai's poems were "like fairy flying away, riding clouds to control the wind" and were "unattainable people in the sky". Many critics call Du Fu a "poet sage" and Li Bai a "poet immortal".
Since Li Bai is a fairy, his poems are mysterious. Huang Gugu said that Li Bai's poems were "like the wilderness of the Yellow Emperor's Dongting, headless and tailless, unfamiliar with the past, and beyond the reach of human beings." Chao Wu Gong said that Li Bai was "very human". An ancient man surnamed Wang even bluntly said, "saints can learn, but immortals can't learn."
According to these ancients, ordinary people in the world can't learn Li Bai's poems. Li Bai's poems have become idols, which can be worshipped, but not studied. These views have undoubtedly become a major obstacle for future generations to understand and learn Li Bai's poems. Du Fu's poems, as famous as Li Bai's, were called "Thousand Notes" in Qing Dynasty, but only Xiao, Yang, Hu and Wang commented on Li Bai's poems. This is probably related to the deification and immortality of Li Bai's poems by predecessors. In order to study, learn and inherit this precious cultural heritage left by Li Bai, it is necessary to analyze the elements of Li Bai's poetic style and restore the original appearance of Li Bai's "humanistic" works.
The general characteristics of Li Bai's poetic style are summarized as "elegance" by predecessors. Du Fu said in the poem "Memories of Li Bai in Spring", "Bai Ye's poems are invincible and vain. Fresh and open, Junyibao joined the army. " Among them, "gone with the wind", "fresh" and "elegance" can be said to be the prototype of "elegance". In Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi, Su Shi and Yan Yu all used the word "elegance" to summarize Li Bai's poetic style. For example, Conghua quoted Wang as saying that "poems written in white are bold and elegant", Su Dongpo also said that "poems written in white are elegant and dusty", and Yan Yu said that "childlike beauty cannot but be elegant and elegant", which shows that "elegance" is the general feature of Li Bai's poetic style recognized by predecessors.
So, what is elegance? Li Bai's poems handed down to this day are nothing more than some written materials, and the so-called elegance is a kind of aesthetic feeling produced by readers after reading these written materials. What kind of feeling is this elegant beauty? The ancients had many expositions, and a little comprehensive analysis can answer this question.
Fan, Chao, Ouyang Xiu, etc. I feel that Li Bai's poem "Everything is at the end of the pen"; "My men suddenly flew into the clouds, and I saw a lonely peak in front of me"; "Li Bai's pen is full of clouds and smoke"; "Since I built my own poet, I have never seen osawa's deep mountains, ice and snow, morning and evening rain, ever-changing, thunder and lightning, flowers, blue sky and white clouds, crisp autumn, and such people and such poems"; "The pen is ethereal and the ink rides vertically and horizontally." : "often the wind and rain compete to fly, and the fish dragon changes. Another example is that there is no wind in the river, the waves are rough, and the white clouds disappear from the air with the wind. " These feelings described by the ancients can be classified as magnificent, colorful, changeable, magnificent and unrestrained in aesthetics.
Li, Li Gang and others think that reading Li Bai's poem "If you drink dew after a meal, you want to take off your bones", "It makes people want to fly", "It is awe-inspiring and lively", "It is intended to control the wind by flying clouds" and "You must be fascinated by reading, and you must feel four rhymes when measuring". The aesthetic feeling they get is inspiring, relaxed, uplifting, detached, comfortable, open and imaginative. From an aesthetic point of view, these feelings have both magnificent and beautiful characteristics, which can be said to be a perfect combination of grandeur.
Ren Hua, Yuan Zhen, etc. I also feel that Li Bai's poems are "more unconventional" and the vibration is soaring, which is both handsome and easy to escape. "Strong waves are vertical and unconstrained, and the restraint is lifted." "If you fly a general, you don't have to fight with the ancient method, and the soldiers help themselves." What they feel is the unrestrained, lively and natural content and expression of poetry.
When reading Li Bai's poems, these predecessors' expositions all show the same feeling: as if a breeze had blown into Penglai Wonderland, unprecedented magnificent scenery was placed in front of your eyes, and you would suddenly feel as happy as being "crossed over", full of righteousness, comfort, openness, openness, liberation and upward. This aesthetic feeling can be summed up as "elegance" mentioned by predecessors.
This elegant aesthetic feeling is caused by the aesthetic object of Li Bai's poems. Then, what aesthetic materials are the aesthetic objects of Li Bai's poems and songs? Is it really "the bright moon goes straight in, no intention to guess" and "the antelope hangs on the horn, no trace can be found"? With the development of science today, there is nothing that cannot be analyzed. No matter how complicated things are, they all have their constituent elements and structures. The special style of Li Bai's poems must also have its constituent factors. The following are the factors that the author tries to explore to form Li Bai's elegant poetic style:
First, it's easy. Bai Juyi's poems, which are easy to understand, have been passed down as eternal stories. Comparing the poems of Li Bai and Bai Juyi, we will find that the poems of violet laity are not inferior to those of Xiangshan laity. Rare words are rarely used in Li Bai's poems, and most of the allusions used are familiar to people. The sentences are colloquial, clear and easy for readers to understand.
For example, in his Midnight Wu Ge, a new moon hangs over the capital, and 10,000 laundry hammers are beating. The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border. Oh, when will the Tatar army be conquered and when will my husband come back from the long battle! ?
Another example is his Silent Night Thinking: The foot of my bed is so bright, can there be frost already? . I looked up at the moon and looked down, feeling nostalgic. It is no exaggeration to say that such a poem is as clear as words. It is not difficult for any great poet to find a few such simple poems. However, there are so many unpretentious poems like Li Bai that even Su Shi, whose poems are like "flowing clouds", actually said that Li Bai's poems and songs were "easy to hurt", which means that it is a problem to be too easy. The author thinks that simplicity is certainly not elegant, but it is impossible to be elegant without simplicity. Simplicity is an essential element of elegant poetic style. Why are you arguing like this?
People who like to climb mountains by the water will have the same experience. If you chisel the wall, there is no ladder to climb; Quiet truth is everywhere, and there is no way to follow it. What is worth appreciating and pondering? Plain words, like the Three Gorges where a river flies, and the Dianchi Lake where a dragon gate spans, make it easy for us to appreciate the magnificent adventures of the Three Gorges and the vastness of Dianchi Lake. Simple, just like paving a winding path to the mountains, let readers appreciate the mountains and valleys in the poet's chest. It can be seen that simplicity does not necessarily form elegance, but elegance must be simple.
The second is nature. Li Bai's poems are purely written by nature, not carved; Express natural feelings and refuse distortion. Words are not far-fetched, rhyming is not difficult and dangerous, and feelings are sincere. They are really like "hibiscus out of water" and are naturally lovely. For example, "the bright moon hangs high above the sky, the sea of clouds is boundless, and the wind comes from thousands of miles, blowing the battlements of Yumenguan." What a good literary order! Another example is, "What should I use to make up for what I said? The imperial treasury is afraid that he will not be loyal. " "Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he likes, and never point his golden cup at the moon empty! ""There are thousands of cockroaches in wine bottles, and prostitutes go with the flow. " "Holding your hand by heart, what's the credit for me? ..... Reaching is not expensive enough, and poverty is not sad enough ... ""Rain can't fall from the sky, and water can't be collected. The feelings of Emperor Wu and Gillian, their own affairs. The beautiful hibiscus flower has become a desolate grass today. How long can it take to convince people with color? " This is completely straightforward and there is nothing to hide. The combination of those sentences gives people a feeling of effortlessness. Those words should be said like that, and that feeling should be expressed like that. Even if you don't want to beg for rhyme, how to gamble is appropriate. This makes readers read Li Bai's poems, just like talking with an old friend who is open-minded, frank, simple, far-sighted and literary. He is free, just like sitting in the spring breeze, and he doesn't feel strong and excited. Therefore, nature is an important element of Li Bai's elegant poetic style.
The third is to create a noble image. There are many moving images in Li Bai's poems. Among them are the author's own image, real people, ancient people and legendary people. The common characteristics of these images are noble, enthusiastic, open-minded and strong. Like a crane held high, it is not polluted by dirt, bound by dust nets, unmoved by honor and disgrace, and will always fly towards its lofty goals.
Li Bai was a layman in feudal society, brilliant and ambitious. Although he is famous all over the world, he only got an empty academician's degree. In less than two years, he was expelled from Chang 'an, drifted for most of his life, and was still in prison in his later years. Therefore, Li Bai still has great dissatisfaction and sorrow for generations. The outstanding feature of Li Bai's image is that the block in the chest has its own sales method. "The road is as wide as the sky, and there is no way out in front of us." Ambition is hard to pay, and resentment is obvious. But Li Bai firmly believes that "since God has given talents, let them be employed!" Can be solved through self-confidence. Although he knew that "there is a long way to go, but he believes that" one day I will ride the wind and waves, which is directly related to Yun Fan's saving the sea ". Later, Li Bai saw through the world and the darkness of the whole feudal society. "Forget the old people, forget the sages" simply go to seek immortality and visit Tao. Although "Tao" exists, "Immortal" does not exist. As a human being, Li Bai can't be without troubles. Melancholy came, and he had wine to sell: "Five flowers and ten thousand horses, thousands of gold fur, give it to the boy for good wine, and sell it with you for eternal sorrow." If he is too worried, "it is even more worrying to drown one's sorrows by drinking", which is what he can do: "You don't need to buy a cool wind and a bright moon", "But let me, on my green slope, raise a white deer and ride to you, the great mountain, when I need you" and "Because the world can't satisfy our desire, I will loosen my hair and go fishing tomorrow. "A pot of wine among the flowers, drinking alone without folks" is so lonely, but Li Bai can find pleasure in "Until till, raising my cup, I asked the bright moon, the shadow came to me". Li Bai even knows that "everything is natural", and even life and death don't matter.
However, Li Bai is not a hermit, let alone a monk who doesn't understand the world. He has persistent pursuit, great hatred and great love, strong and fierce, like the waves raging in a hurricane, lightning and thunder. For example, in his poem "Song of Fu Liang", I was in a sinister environment of ghosts, closed doors, the wrath of the gods and thunderstorms, while Li Bai "wanted to go to the dragon to see the Lord" and "knocked on the door with his forehead" when the nine doors were blocked. What a great momentum! It is simply a "flying with anger, hitting water for three thousand miles" Kun Peng. "I'm a madman in the state of Chu. He sang a crazy song to refute Confucius." "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking people? They will never tolerate others showing them a sincere face! " How frank. Look at his friendship with friends: "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun", "It hurts to wave goodbye again and again"; He mourned the old man's poem: "Without Li Bai at night, who will you sell the wine to?" His "Two Young Children at the East Foot" misses home and children. "The south wind blows home and flies in front of the restaurant. There is a peach tree in the east of the building, and its branches are covered with smoke. This peach tree was planted when I left. It has been three years. The peach tree is as tall as the restaurant now, but I still went there and never came back. The word "charming girl" is Pingyang, and the flowers are folded against the peach edge, but I can't see them, and tears are pouring down my eyes. The child is a famous bird, on a par with his sister. Under the double-row peach trees, who cares about the back? " Even he has deep feelings for the water in his hometown: "You have to pity the water in your hometown before you can row your boat three hundred miles." What a sentient and righteous Li Bai! The image created by Li Bai himself in Li Bai's poems is so noble and philosophical, so real and so flesh and blood.
The contemporaries in Li Bai's poems are equally noble. Meng Haoran in Li Bai's works is a "beauty is unlucky, don't pay attention to the car, you are a loose cloud; Now, white hair "and" Flower Demon, you turn a deaf ear to the emperor ". Li Bai's Fufeng Shi Hao is a chivalrous man who "ignored the overall situation and indulged in drinking regardless of the Shang Dynasty". And his "Woman in the East China Sea" is really tragic and heroic, which makes people feel shocked. This brave woman, in order to avenge her husband, "the more she learns to be a virgin, the more she jumps like a meteor." "lay down your life to avenge your husband, regardless of your life." The image of this woman created by Li Bai, the enemy's "white-edged snow shine", "three calls and one hand" and "beheading the country and stepping on the five internal organs", can be said to be the embodiment of China's ancient thought of "eliminating all evils", and even the "thinking of women" written by Li Bai is by no means a weak person who only knows "Lacrimosa". During the Long March, this deeply homesick woman was finally immersed in the fantasy joy of welcoming her husband back: "Oh, finally, when you come back through three Pa areas, a book and newspaper writer and I will pick you up, and we won't mind the distance and all the way to Changfeng, Changsha."
Li Bai also cut great achievements in the history of China, such as Lu Zhonglian, Qu Yuan, Zhuge Liang and Xie An, into his poems. Li Bai wrote these historical figures into his poems, but he had his unique perspective. See him write Lu Zhonglian's "I don't care much about money, Gu Xiang laughs equally". This close-up vividly shows Lu Zhonglian's detached character and regards utilitarianism as a cloud. When writing about Sean, he only wrote about his feats when he was still unknown: "Bankruptcy is not home until the ovaries roar. A drop in the ocean is a strong man, and Qin hits the waves. " His neat writing highlights his extraordinary integrity when he first met Emperor Gaozu: he did not worship at the entrance, but "paid tribute to Donglong in the mountains". When you write about Xie Lingyun, you will write about the scene when his guests leave: "The sky is high and the clouds are light and the moon is bright, the sky is high and the mountains are empty, and Xie Gong is independent. How natural and graceful it is to watch the guests go away.
These examples can show that the images in Li Bai's works, whether modern or ancient, are all Li Bai's and have elegant personality charm.
The fourth is whimsy. The imagination of Li Bai's poems is strange and unexpectedly novel, which makes people read Li Bai's poems as if they were in a fairyland, refreshing and imaginative everywhere, and produces the feeling of "going with it and driving Ziyun". Fifty-nine Ancient Poems is the representative work of Li Baiqi's poems. Qin Wang wrote Sweeping Liuhe with only 24 sentences 120 words, but the author used a quarter of the pen and ink to write it, which is a piece of cake for Qin Wang. Whale Shooting: "Even crossbows shoot marine fish, and the long whale is just Cui Wei. The forehead and nose are like five mountains, with clouds and thunder, and fins covering the sky. Why do you want to see Penglai? " Think about Li Bai's idea of writing this poem, which can only be described as "wanting to fall from the sky". He tried his best to depict the huge image of a whale, with its forehead and nose like "Five Mountains". What a strange and terrible idea. Spectacular whaling scene, "Bai Yang clouds and thunder", what an imposing manner. This elaborate rendering vividly sets off the "strength" of Qin Wang, and also highlights the stupidity of Qin Wang's "ruling the world with strength". The last two sentences can be described as flying straight down, stormy, and ingenious. "Fins cover the sky" is a spectacular scene caused by "shooting sea fish with crossbows", which not only shows the momentum of whales, but also sets off the prestige of the king of Qin. Originally, the king of Qin went to Penglai to seek immortality, but there was one more trouble. He insisted on filming a long whale, but it was covered by the jumping long whale. "Why should I see Penglai?" Where can I see Penglai Island? It turned out that the whale was shot by an arrow and jumped up. At best, it will fall in a few seconds and cannot cover Penglai Island at all. However, Li Bai conceived such a philosophical close-up with his unique imagination, exposing the excessive use of force by the king of Qin and ruining his lofty goal. These six poems are really worth Jia Yi's On Qin.
It's hard to get to the sky on the Shu Road, but it's hard to get to the sky. Poor monkey, in such a high place, only claws can be used, even the yellow crane can't get to it. This is a good example of the dream of Tianmu Mountain.
The thinking woman in Li Bai's "North Gate" burned the arrow left by her husband because she missed the people far away. "I can't bear to see this thing, it will burn to ashes", which is quite different from what most people describe as treasures left by relatives. It's not normal, but reasonable.
Li Bai and Du Fu wrote the same scene: relatives sent their children to war. Du Fu wrote in "Car Shop" that "they run with you and cry, and they pull your sleeve, and the sound of sadness and joy goes up into the sky", which is a real way of writing, while Li Bai wrote "it's not harsh on trombones, and the sun and the moon are miserable. Tears come with blood, and the heart dies. At first, it was a trombone, which was more intense than Du Fu's "crying". Later, he cried with blood and his voice was hoarse, which was more tragic than Du Fu's characters. Such a comparison cannot but be said to be "silence is better than sound".
Another feature of Li Bai's whimsy is that feelings can break any boundaries. For example, "the wind blows my heart, Xianyang trees hang in the west", "I am worried about the bright moon, and the wind blows the west", and the space of Wan Li can't stop the poet's deep affection. "Go to Lianhua Mountain in the west and watch the stars all the way", "Invite me to climb Yuntai and praise Wei Shuqing", "Raise your hand and understand, and mistakenly climb the Weaver Girl Machine", "Taibai speaks to me and opens the sky for me", times are different and the gods are far away, so Li Bai can sincerely recruit them.
Li Bai's whimsy, whether used for layout, scenery writing, lyricism, remembering people and narration, can be whimsical and interesting, making people read it interesting.
The fifth is a strong contrast. For example, "Although the morning is dark, the night has melted", "And my once sparkling eyes are now tears", "In the past, hibiscus is now a broken grass", "In the past, red powder shone like flowing water, but today's moss is full of flowers", and so on. The huge difference between time and time has caused great shock to readers' hearts. Another example is "the monarch loses his position, the dragon is a fish, the power belongs to the minister, and the mouse is a tiger." The arowana, the mouse and the tiger are like clouds and mud, but they have actually reversed their positions. The anger and regret expressed by this contrast is really shocking.
Sixth, use extreme words. In Li Bai's poems, the words "straight", "complete", "full", "thousand", "hundred" and "ten thousand" are widely used. Such as Flying Down Three thousands of feet, Seawater Going Deep into Wan Li, Sailing Up the Bridge to the Deep Sea, Sweeping the Clouds to Heaven, The Jackal Wearing a Crown Ying, A Group of Ministers Coming from the West, Wan Li Wearing, Everything Falling, Going Out of the Cold Mountain, Forty-eight Thousand Years Has Passed, and Climbing a Hundred Miles with the Sky. There is no doubt that any great poet can use these words, but their popularity must be related to his poetic style, which is unique to Li Bai. If Li Bai wants to express the feelings of volcanic eruption, of course, he should use these words to express great sorrow and joy, open up and close up, ups and downs, and produce thrilling power.
Seven is extreme exaggeration. This issue has been discussed by many predecessors, such as "White Hair, Three thousands of feet" and "Yanshan Snowflakes as Big as Seats", which deeply touched readers.
Eight is flexible duality. There are many such antitheses in Li Bai's poems: "As high as a banner, six dragons drive the sun, and the river whips away"; "There is a green sky in the world, and below it, I see the green and agitation of water"; "There are ancient flowers on the top and sorrowful spring grass on the bottom"; "Be a tiger in the morning and a tiger at dusk"; Since I had to be thrown out yesterday, it hurts my heart even more today. Li Bai's duality, which does not avoid the repetition of words, is suitable for use regardless of the flat and even meter, and it is lively and smooth to read, which is very imposing.
Nine is love to use reduplication. For example, "Huayang kills people in the boundless autumn", "the clear water is boundless, the sea of clouds is boundless", "the rivers and seas are boundless, and there is no return", "I miss you in the distance, out of the blue sky", "the whispering reeds can make you sad", "Sometimes the clouds are unintentional", "Qian Qian Heather Tree, Chiba Privet Forest", "Mountain Egrets, and white apes in streams. The list goes on and on. These overlapping words are not only full of charm, but also easy to cause the momentum of the river rolling eastward.
Ten is to love to use things with great momentum and verbs that express ups and downs. Wind, clouds, thunder, electricity, sky, sea, moon and waves are all things that Li Bai loves to write poems. Ling, wave, fly, roar, rush, roll, cross and roar are Li Bai's favorite verbs in his poems. For example, "Peach rolls Haimen stone, and clouds cross the sky mountain." A white horse walks in a vegetarian car, and thunder rushes to the heart. ""Sword definitely clouds, bow bright moon. The grass is green on the side of the horse and the summer flag is flying. " "The crescent moon is high in the sky, Wan Li is autumn, the heart of a strong man flies, and the sunset sighs"; When the whistling came out of vilen, the wind was cold. "The river sand was hunting and riding, the mountain fire was around, the arrow fell in Yun Hong, and the eagle flew with the moon rabbit.". In particular, the word "Ling" is Li Bai's favorite, such as "Fu Ling Xiang Ru", "Feng Yingling Hayes", "Han Yiling Changfeng", "Qi Yiling Song Qing" and "Ling Fengbiao". The things and actions expressed in the above words are domineering, swift, broad and arrogant, which makes readers feel excited.
1 1. I like to use words that express gorgeous colors. For example, "firewood women wash their feet, pedestrians rest for gold"; "White sand leaves moonlight, green bamboo helps autumn sound"; "Lake Qing Kagami Akira, Bai Tao Snow Mountain"; "The east wind is green and the grass is green, and the purple palace and red building are in good spring"; "The lotus blooms at the beginning, and it is red, willow and green"; "Long song, the daughter of Zhao, enters the colorful clouds and dances with red candles"; "The distant mountains cover Qingdao, and the remnant Fei Xiadan reflects Cao Jiang". Words expressing elements, such as white, green, red, purple, blue, Dan and color, as well as brightly colored objects such as gold, moon, bamboo, lake, pottery, snow, grass, sunset glow and emerald green, make readers feel full of vitality when reading these poems.
Due to the above factors, Li Bai's poems and songs are magnificent and charming. Li Bai's poems sound like thunder and thunder, and the waterfalls are raging. It's hard to see him. "Pure wine costs ten thousand coppers, a hip flask and a tracts worth several thousand dollars. I threw the food bar and cup aside. I couldn't eat or drink. I pulled out my dagger. I peeped in four directions in vain. I will cross the Yellow River, but the icy ferry will climb the snowy Taihang Mountain. " There really is an irresistible smell of cars going downhill. Look at Chivalrous Man, Zhao Ke Hu Manying and Frost and Snow in Wu Gou. The silver saddle and the white horse set each other off and galloped. Within ten steps, kill one person, cross a thousand miles, leave no one behind. ..... three cups of spit without promise, five mountains are light ... ". The characters written are all in the style of Jin Goma iron, and the artistic conception of the poem is like a torrent whirlwind, just like Zhang Fei on the Banqiao Bridge, with a roar and the momentum of the river flowing backwards. This vigorous momentum is the main exciting force and an important part of elegant poetic style. And this momentum is composed of the above elements.
To sum up, the composition of Li Bai's elegant poetic style can be summarized as: frank and unrestrained feelings, simple and natural sentences, noble and extraordinary images, detached thoughts, bright and powerful rhetoric and colorful words. These, of course, come from Li Bai's talent, knowledge and insight. Just because he is talented, knowledgeable and knowledgeable, what he picked up conveniently is also interesting. Of course, Li Bai's poems are not natural. He himself said that "at the age of five, he recited six classics, and at the age of ten, he looked at a hundred schools", and he had the experience of studying hard; Li Bai lived in an era in which not only the Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Han Fu, Yuefu, Sancao, Tao Qian and Chen Ziang were directly used for reference, but also a hundred schools of thought contended and historical records were widely spread, especially the world outlook of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. In the process of stable development and various contradictions declining in the Tang Dynasty, * * * worked together, thus giving birth to a poet like Li Bai. Therefore, it can be said that Li Bai is the darling of China traditional culture. Now, Li Bai's poems and songs have become indispensable food for the birth of a new great poet.