1. Literal translation The so-called literal translation refers to the method of equivalent translation according to the words and sentences of the original text. It requires loyalty to the original text, meticulousness and accurate expression of original intention.
For example, Fan Chi invited him to study crops, and Confucius said, "I am not as good as an old farmer." Fan Chi asked to learn how to grow crops.
Confucius said, "I am not as good as an old farmer." Please learn to be a nursery.
Confucius said, "I am not as good as the old nursery." I also asked to learn to grow vegetables.
Confucius said, "I am not as good as an old vegetable farmer." The above translations are closely related to the original text, and the words are implemented, and the syntactic structure is basically the same as the original text.
However, literal translation cannot be simply understood. Due to the differences in writing, vocabulary and grammar between ancient and modern Chinese, it is necessary to make some appropriate adjustments or add words to the original text when translating today.
For example, one by one, three Zhou Hua don't pay attention. (Battle of Qi and Jin) Translation: [Jin Army] Chased the Qi Army and circled the Chinatown Mountain three times.
In translation, the omitted subject "March" is added before "catch up", and the adverbial "three" is adjusted to complement according to the expression habits of modern Chinese. If you stick to the original text and translate it into "chasing them, circling China three times and not paying attention to the mountains", it will not meet the requirements of "reaching"
2. About free translation The so-called free translation refers to a modern translation method that carries out overall translation on the basis of a thorough understanding of the original content to reflect the charm of the original. This method is often used to translate poetry.
For example, in the original text,,,, Yuhang, left and right blade injuries. Bury two rounds, trip four horses, and beat drums with jade mallets.
The sky darkened, the gods' angry majesty, cruel killing, and the body abandoned Ye Yuan. The battle broke through chaos, and four horses were on board, one dead and one injured.
Buried two wheels, I couldn't understand the reins of the horse's head, and the drums were drumming. It's getting dark, and the Ghost Cry God, leaving no one behind, died in battle.
(Guo Moruo's modern translation of Qu) From the above translation, we can see that free translation does not insist on the equivalence between words and sentences, but focuses on expressing the content of the original text as a whole, striving to reflect the charm of the original text, and the translation method is more flexible and free than literal translation. However, for learning classical Chinese, we should insist on practicing modern translation with literal translation. Only in this way can we effectively improve the reading level of classical Chinese.
Second, the specific methods of literal translation of ancient Chinese. The concrete methods of literal translation of ancient Chinese mainly include translation, replacement, addition, deletion and reservation. 1. Translation is word-for-word translation according to the word order of the original text.
This is the most basic method and the first step of literal translation. For sentences with the same word order and syntactic structure in ancient and modern Chinese, it is not necessary to change the word order of the original sentence when translating today, as long as the words in the original sentence are selected from modern Chinese.
The strange stone attacked me. Male will play, Cao Gui, please see.
(Cao Gui debate) The Qi army attacked our country. Zhuang Justice wants to fight, and Cao Gui asks to meet him.
The advantage of translation is word for word, which can avoid missing translation, which is a common problem for beginners in learning. Because there are many similarities between the sentence structures of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, we should translate them as much as possible.
Only when the translation is difficult or the meaning expression after translation is not clear enough and the sentences are not fluent, can the appropriate adjustments be made by adding and shifting. 2. Tone shift means that some word orders and expressions of ancient Chinese are different from those of modern Chinese, and translation should be based on the expression habits of modern Chinese.
For example, (1) Original: A small country that is not suitable for it will not tolerate women. Don't go to a small country, it can't hold you.
Adjustment: Don't go to a small country, which can't accommodate you. (2) Original: Who did it? Who told you to listen? (Sima Qian to Ren Anshu) Jiang "A piece of plum" Jiang "A piece of plum: for whom? Who told me to do this? Adjustment: Who do you work for? Let who listen to me? (3) Original: Li Qihou.
(The Battle of Qi Jinyun) Translation: Li Xia drove to Qi Hou. Adjustment: After the summer blooms.
(4) Original: Jin Hou drank Zhao Dun wine. (Duke Ling of Jin is not a gentleman) Translation: Jin Hou drinks Zhao Dun wine.
Adjustment: Jin Hou let Zhao Dun drink. (5) Original: Mr. Wang is not ashamed. Are you interested in taking responsibility for Xue? Mr. Shame, are you deliberately trying to collect debts from Snow Emperor for me? Adjustment: Mr. Wang is not ashamed to ask questions, and even plans to collect debts from my junior for me? The "female" in the example (1) is a prepositional object, and should be moved to the back of the verb "Rong" in translation.
"Who" and "Who" in Example (2) are interrogative pronouns as prepositions, which should be moved to the back of the preposition "Wei" and the verb "Ling" in translation. The "Yu Qi Hou" in Example (3) is also a special verb-object relationship. The object is not the object of behavior, but the verb moves for the object, and the word order in translation should be adjusted to "catch up".
Example (4) The verb-object relationship between "cause" and "Zhao Dun" is unique in the causative usage of ancient Chinese. Translated today, the word order should be adjusted to "Let Zhao Dun drink". Example (5) The word "shame" is a verb, and "Yu Xue" is a complement, so it should be adjusted as an adverbial in translation.
3. Supplement refers to the places omitted or expressed in ancient Chinese, and necessary supplements should be made when translating today. For example, the first drum beat boosted morale, and the second drum beat boosted morale, and the second drum beat [morale] has dropped.
(Cao Gui Debate) Translation: Exhausted for the third time. Supplement: The third [drumming] and [morale] are exhausted.
The original text omits the predicate verb "drum" before "zai" and "San" and the subject "morale" before "decline" and "exhaustion". In translation, "drumming" and "morale" are added separately, so as to make the meaning clear.
Be careful when adding words, and cherish words like gold. Only when the original meaning of a word cannot be clearly expressed can words be added. 4. Delete is the antonym of "add". Deletion means that individual words in the original text can be deleted without translation.
Some expressions and function words in classical Chinese are no longer used in modern Chinese, and there are no similar syntactic structures and corresponding function words. In this case, as long as the meaning of the original text has been clearly expressed in the translation, individual words can not be translated. For example, the wolf is very simple.
2. What about the ancient prose of the day before yesterday? The ancient Chinese saying the day before yesterday was: Dan
Dan Pinyin: dàn, Athena Chu: ㄢˋ, radical: Japanese, external stroke: 1, total stroke: 5.
Wu Bi: JGF, Cang Xie: AM, ma Zheng, KAVV four corners: 60 100.
Structure: up and down, code: 248 1, location: 2 109, unified code: 65E6.
Stroke order: ボ125011/
Explanation:
1, morning: dusk. Stay up all night. I am waiting for you.
2. It means a certain day, which also refers to the first day of the lunar calendar: Dan Wang (the first and fifteenth day of the lunar calendar). New year's day. Dan (the day before yesterday; During the day).
3. Playing the role of a woman in traditional drama: Lao Dan. Hua Dan.
4. Size unit: How many grams is the weight of a nine-kilometer-long fiber and how many denier is its size.
Extended data
Chinese character strokes:
Related words:
1, New Year's Day [yuán dàn]
The first day of the new year.
2. Once [y and Dan]
Within a day (describe a short time).
3. Dan Wen
Grapefruit.
4.[c m 4 I d à n]
Play the clown of women in China's traditional drama. Older people are also called ugly women.
5. Pindan
At dawn.
Young people always say "I can't do it" when facing something.
This statement is really wrong. You will learn everything you do, but how to do it if you don't do it? Also, whenever some people want to do something, they always drag their feet and say, "Let's wait until tomorrow!" " "This idea is also very wrong.
Do your best. If you just put it off wholeheartedly, it will delay the future of your life. There is a Mr. Qian Hetan in our family who once wrote a song "Song of Tomorrow", which is very good. I copied it here by the way: "one tomorrow after another, how many tomorrows there are!" If this life only waits for tomorrow, everything will be wasted.
People in the world suffer from being dragged down by tomorrow. Day by day, they went to Qiu Lai in spring, and their old age came unconsciously. Watch the river flow eastward every morning and watch the sunset at night.
Days flow day and night like this running water and sunset. Even if you can live to 100, how many tomorrows can you expect? Please come and listen to my song of tomorrow.
4. Worry about the sky and translate classical Chinese.
Individuals in Qi are worried that the sky will fall, they have nowhere to live, they can't sleep well all day, and they can't eat.
Another man was worried about the sorrow of Qi, so he went to enlighten him and said, "The sky is just gas accumulation, and there is no place without air." You move, breathe, breathe, and move in the sky all day. Why are you worried that the sky will fall? "
The man said, "If the sky is angry, wouldn't the sun, moon and stars all fall?"
The person who enlightened him said, "The sun, the moon and the stars are also things that shine in the air. Even if it falls, it won't hurt anything. "
The man said, "What if the ground sinks?"
The person who enlightened him said, "The earth is just a pile of clods, which are everywhere. There is no place without clods. You walk and jump and move on the ground all day. How can you worry about sinking? "
After this explanation, Qi people breathed a sigh of relief and became happy. The people who enlightened him were relieved and happy.
To annotate ...
⑴ Qi: The name of the country in the Spring and Autumn Period was in Qi County, Henan Province.
(2) collapse: collapse.
(3) Death (wú): nowhere to stay. Death is the same as nothing. Send, attach, damn it.
(4) There is another person who is worried about his sadness. Yes, yes. Worry, worry, worry.
5] Xiao: enlighten.
[6] If: you. Flexion and extension: the movement of the limbs.
(7) Being in the sky all day: moving in the air all day. Stop, act, and stay.
(8) fruit: if.
(9) Don't fall into evil: won't the sun, the moon and the stars fall? Stars generally refer to stars.
⑽ Wei: Even if.
⑾ zhòng injury: hit and wounded.
⑿ Nai, what's the matter? What if the ground is broken?
[13] Block Ear: The earth is only made of clods.
[14] Four shortcomings: four directions.
⒂ Chu (chú) Step (c)⒂ Dance: Generally speaking, people stand and walk. Chu, Li; Step, line; Step on it; Jump, jump.
[16] Stop: Action, stop.
⒄ Do what: Why.
⒅ Xie Lan: Relieved and give up the inner appearance.