[Edit this paragraph]
(1896 ~ 193 1 year) Modern poet and essayist. Shi Xia Town, Jianghai Ning County, Zhejiang Province. The name of the seal, the ink of the word, the fine print and Shen. Used pen name: Nanhu, Yun Zhonghe.
Xu Zhimo is a representative poet of Crescent School and a member of Crescent Poetry Society. 19 15 graduated from Hangzhou No.1 Middle School and studied in Shanghai Hujiang University, Tianjin Beiyang University and Peking University successively. 19 18 went to the United States to study banking. 192 1 went to study in the uk and became a special student at Cambridge university in London, studying political economy. My two years in Cambridge were deeply influenced by western education and romantic and aesthetic poets in Europe and America.
192 1 Start writing new poems.
1922 After returning to China, he published a lot of poems in newspapers and periodicals.
1923, participated in the establishment of crescent society and joined the literature research society.
1924 founded Modern Poetry Review with Hu Shi and Chen Xiying, and was hired as Professor Peking University. Translated by Tagore, a great Indian poet, when he visited China.
From 65438 to 0925, he went to Europe and traveled to the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, France and other countries.
From 65438 to 0926, he was the editor-in-chief of the supplement of Morning News Poetry Magazine, and started the metrical movement of new poetry with Wen Yiduo and Zhu Xiang, which influenced the development of new poetry art. In the same year, he moved to Shanghai and served as a professor at Guanghua University, Daxia University and Nanjing Central University.
1927 participated in the establishment of Crescent Bookstore. The following year, he served as editor-in-chief after the publication of New Moon. And travel abroad to Britain, the United States, Japan, India and other countries.
65438-0930 Member of China Cultural Fund Committee, elected as a member of British Poetry Society. In the winter of the same year, he taught in Peking University and Peking Women's University.
193 1 At the beginning of the year, he founded Poetry Quarterly with Chen and Fang, and was elected as the director of China Branch of Pen Club. In June of the same year165438+1October 19, I flew from Nanjing to Peiping. Because of the fog, I crashed into a mountain near Jinan, the plane was destroyed and people died.
His collection of poems includes: Poems by Zhi Mo, Cold Night, Tiger, Wandering in the Clouds;
Prose collections include: fallen leaves, scales in Paris, self-anatomy and autumn;
The novel "Spring Scar" prose collection "Roulette";
Translation of drama Bian Kungang (co-written with Lu Xiaoman), Diary of Ashamey, Diary of Zhimo and Mansfield's novels.
His works have been edited and published as Collected Works of Xu Zhimo.
Xu Shi's poems are fresh, harmonious in rhythm, novel in metaphor, rich in imagination, beautiful in artistic conception, elegant in thought and full of changes. He pursues neatness and splendor in artistic form and has a distinct artistic personality. He is a representative poet of the Crescent School. His prose is unique and has achieved no less achievements than poetry. Among them, Self-Anatomy, Want to Fly, Cambridge as I Know It and Chatting in Yushan Residence are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.
Xu Zhimo 19 15 graduated from Hangzhou No.1 Middle School and studied in Shanghai Hujiang University, Tianjin Beiyang University and Peking University successively. 19 18 went to the United States to study banking. 192 1 went to study in the uk and became a special student at Cambridge university in London, studying political economy. My two years in Cambridge were deeply influenced by western education and romantic and aesthetic poets in Europe and America.
192 1 Start writing new poems. 1922 After returning to China, he published a lot of poems in newspapers and periodicals. 1923 participated in the establishment of the new moon meeting. Join the literature research society. 1924 founded Modern Review with Hu Shi and Chen Xiying, and was hired as Professor Peking University. Translated by Tagore, a great Indian poet, when he visited China. 1925 has been to Europe, the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, France and other countries. From 65438 to 0926, he was the editor-in-chief of the supplement of Morning News Poetry Magazine, and started the metrical movement of new poetry with Wen Yiduo and Zhu Xiang, which influenced the development of new poetry art. In the same year, he moved to Shanghai and served as a professor at Guanghua University, Daxia University and Nanjing Central University. 1927 participated in the establishment of Crescent Bookstore. The following year, he served as editor-in-chief after the publication of New Moon. And traveled abroad to Britain, the United States, Japan and India.
65438-0930 Member of China Cultural Fund Committee, elected as a member of British Poetry Society. In the winter of the same year, he taught in Peking University and Peking Women's University. 193 1 At the beginning of the year, he founded Poetry Quarterly with Chen and Fang, and was elected as the director of China Branch of Pen Club. In the same year165438+1October, 19, I flew from Nanjing to Peiping. Because of the fog, I hit a mountain near Jinan, and my plane crashed and died.
He is the author of poetry anthology Zhi Mo Poetry Anthology, Kethleen Night, Tiger, Wandering, prose anthology Leaves, Parisian Scales, Autopsy, Autumn, novel prose anthology Roulette, drama Bian Kungang (co-edited with Lu Xiaoman) and diary Ai Xiao Mei Za. His works have been edited and published as Collected Works of Xu Zhimo. Xu Shi's poems are fresh, harmonious in rhythm, novel in metaphor, rich in imagination, beautiful in artistic conception, elegant in thought and full of changes. He pursues neatness and splendor in artistic form and has a distinct artistic personality. He is a representative poet of the Crescent School. His prose is unique and has achieved no less achievements than poetry. Among them, Self-Anatomy, Want to Fly, Cambridge as I Know It and Chatting in Yushan Residence are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.
First, families learn from childhood.
[Edit this paragraph]
1897 65438+1October 15. Xu Zhimo was born in Shixia Town, Haining County, Zhejiang Province. According to genealogy records, his real name is Xu, and the word (left wood has upper right and lower right) Sen. Because his father's name is Shen Ru, he also uses small characters. The pen names are Nanhu, Shizhecun, Gu, Xianhe, Jian, Xinshou, Huanggou and Huan. Zhimo was given another name by his father when he went to study in the United States in 19 18. It is said that when I was a child, a monk named Wisdom rubbed his head and predicted that "this man will become a great man in the future". His father was so anxious to make his son successful that he changed his name for him.
Xu Zhimo, the only son of Xu's eldest grandson, lived a comfortable and rich life since childhood. I studied at home when I was a child. At the age of eleven, I entered Shi Xia Qizhi School and studied under Zhang Shusen. I laid the foundation of ancient Chinese, and my grades have always been the first in my class.
19 10, Xu zhimo was fourteen years old and left his hometown for Hangzhou. On the recommendation of my uncle Shen Junru, I was admitted to Hangzhou High School (19 13 was renamed Zhejiang No.1 Middle School), and I was in the same class as Yu Dafu. He loves literature, and published a paper "On the Relationship between Fiction and Society" in the first issue of the school magazine "Friends", thinking that novels are beneficial to society and "should be promoted as much as possible", which is the first work in his life. At the same time, he is interested in science. And published articles such as Radium Ingot and the History of the Earth.
19 15 In the summer, Xu Zhimo graduated from Zhejiang No.1 Middle School and later entered Shanghai Baptist College and Theological Seminary (predecessor of Hujiang University, now Shanghai University of Technology). In the same year 10, he was arranged by his family to marry Zhang Youyi, the daughter of Zhang Runzhi, the richest man in Luodian County.
Xu Zhimo, who is active by nature, did not finish the course of Baptist College with peace of mind. 19 16 autumn, left Shanghai to study law in Tianjin Beiyang University Preparatory School. The following year, the law department of Beiyang University was merged into Peking University, and Xu Zhimo was transferred to Peking University. During his two years in the north, he added new contents to his life and injected new factors into his thoughts. In this institution of higher learning, he not only studied law, but also studied Japanese, French and political science, dabbled in Chinese and foreign literature, and ignited his interest in literature. During this period, he made many friends and met many celebrities. Introduced by Zhang Junmai and Zhang Gongquan, he worshipped Liang Qichao as his teacher. He also held a grand ceremony to learn from the teacher. Liang Qichao had a great influence on Xu Zhimo's life and played an important role in Xu Zhimo's mind. Although Liang Xu is a close master-apprentice relationship, there are still ideological differences between them. Xu Zhimo, who accepted the bourgeois idea of democracy and freedom, put down his body desperately to pursue his ideal life and strive for the freedom of marriage and love.
When he was a university student in the north, he personally experienced the scene of warlord scuffle and witnessed the slaughter of innocent people. He hates this society, "smearing the purple sky at dusk in the western hills, and also smearing the shame of this man becoming a beast" (Xu Zhimo: the second battle song of "Man Becomes a Beast"). He made up his mind to study abroad, seek a prescription to change the reality of China and carry out his "ideal revolution".
Xu Zhimo left Peking University (19 14, August 2008, Xu Zhimo's "A Record of Going to America") with patriotic enthusiasm of "applying what he has learned to serve the country", and in June 2008, 19 14 left Shanghai to study in the United States. In the first year of studying abroad, I entered Hearst Clark University in the United States. He entered the history department and took sociology, economics, history and other courses in order to be a "Hamilton" in China in the future. Ten months after I entered school, I graduated with a bachelor's degree and a first-class honor award. However, he is not satisfied with this. That year, he transferred to the Graduate School of Columbia University in new york and entered the Department of Economics. Xu Zhimo has gained extensive knowledge of philosophy and politics. That year, the wave of the May 4th Revolution also spread to China students studying in the United States. Driven by patriotism, Xu Zhimo took part in patriotic activities organized by local students and often read magazines such as New Youth and Trendy. At the same time, his interest in learning gradually shifted from politics to literature, so he got a master's degree in literature.
Xu Zhimo stayed in the United States for two years, but he was tired of the madness, greed and material desire of the bourgeoisie in American capitalist society. He was attracted by the British philosopher Russell, and finally "got rid of the temptation of Columbia University's doctorate and bought a boat to cross the Atlantic. Unexpectedly, the unexpected changes in Russell's personal life prevented him from realizing his long-cherished wish to learn from Russell. As a result, he "stayed at the London School of Economics and Political Science for half a year" and was bored and wanted to change his way. Thanks to Dickinson's introduction and recommendation, Xu Zhimo entered the Royal College of Cambridge University as a special student.
Xu Zhimo also lived in England for two years. His life in England, especially in Cambridge, had an important influence on his life's thought and was a turning point in the development of his thought. In Cambridge, he deeply felt that "the beauty and tranquility of nature, harmony unexpectedly drowned your soul in the tacit understanding of starlight and waves" (Xu Zhimo: Cambridge as I know it). Xu Zhimo is obsessed with Cambridge and nature because he thinks that the real society is ugly, life is painful and only nature is pure and beautiful. The best way to cure this society and people, as well as the embarrassment of current life, is to leave the degraded civilization and return to the simplicity of nature. Only by approaching nature can we restore human childlike innocence and alleviate social symptoms.
He received a bourgeois aristocratic education and a "smoking culture" in Cambridge. He worships England very much and likes Oxford and Cambridge very much. He likes to associate with British celebrities. He has extensively dabbled in all kinds of world famous works, and has also been exposed to various schools of thought. During this period, his political ideas and social ideals were cultivated, and his self-consciousness-idealism was born. He wants to be an "uneducated individualist" himself. The environment in Cambridge not only contributed to and formed his social outlook and outlook on life, but also aroused his thirst for knowledge and triggered his creative ideas. He began to translate literary works. He translated several short stories by British writer Mansfield, the novel The Swirl Boy by German Fogo, the stories of Wu Jiarang and Ni Alan in medieval France, the Dead City by Italian writer Danon Wu Xue, and the Gandhi by Voltaire. At the same time, he was full of poetry and wrote many poems. His "The fury of spiritual revolution washes on both sides of your charming river" and "Xu Zhimo: Goodbye to Cambridge"). His idols are no longer Hamilton in America, but Shelley and Byron in England. He changed his face and joined the ranks of poets. )
Xu Beihong (1895— 1953), a native of Yixing, Jiangsu, was originally named Shou Kang. One of the founders of modern art in China, an outstanding painter and art educator. Xu Beihong's father is a famous painter. I inherited my family studies from childhood and studied China's ink painting. 19 18 was hired by Cai Yuanpei as the tutor of Peking University Painting Research Association. 19 19 studied in France, and then transferred to Berlin and Belgium to study sketch and oil painting. He studied painting and sketching, and observed and studied western art. After returning to China from 65438 to 0927, he successively served as the director of the Fine Arts Department of Shanghai Nanguo Art Institute, the professor of the Art Department of Central University, the dean of Peking University Art Institute and the dean of Beiping Art Institute. After the founding of New China, he served as the chairman of the first All-China Artists Association and the president of the Central Academy of Fine Arts. Xu Beihong adhered to the realistic art road and created a series of outstanding works that had a great influence on the development of modern painting and oil painting in China, such as Tian Heng 500 Scholars, Nine Square Heights, Ba People Pumping Water, and Gong Yu Yishan, which occupied an important position in the history of China fine arts.
The road of art masters
[Edit this paragraph]
It is difficult to learn painting from an early age.
There is a river called Tanghe in Yixing County, Jiangsu Province, and there is a stone arch bridge called Qiting Bridge on the river. Xu Beihong was born in a civilian family in Qitingqiao Town on July 1895. His original name was Shou Kang, and later he was renamed "Beihong". Father Xu is a teacher in a private school. Good at poetry and calligraphy, self-taught painting. He often paints at the invitation of his fellow villagers to earn a little money to supplement his family. Mother Lu is a simple working woman.
At the age of 9, Xu Beihong formally studied painting with his father. Every day after lunch, he copied a painting by Wu Youru, a famous painter in the late Qing Dynasty, and learned painting skills such as color mixing and setting. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, he has been able to help his father make up the minor part of the picture and write Spring Festival couplets such as "Peace through the year and Happy Birthday" for the villagers. 13 years old, moved to rural towns with his father, selling paintings for a living and supporting his family. Although the life away from home is hard, it enriches Xu Beihong's experience and broadens his artistic vision. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, Xu Beihong went to Shanghai, the most developed city at that time, to make a living by selling paintings, and wanted to take the opportunity to learn western paintings. However, a few months later, my father was seriously ill and had to go back to his hometown. The ambitious Xu Beihong came to Shanghai again at the age of 20 and started a new life. With the help of friends, he was admitted to Aurora University sponsored by the French Catholic Church, which laid a certain French foundation for studying in France in the future. During this period, I got to know Zhou Xiang, a famous oil painter, and Gao, a representative of Lingnan School of Painting, and got their praise and guidance in painting, which enhanced my confidence in painting creation. He also met Kang Youwei, the leader of the Reformists, and established his own creative ideas under his influence. Under the influence of Kang's artistic concept of "despising the Four Kings and praising the Song Dynasty", he belittled the "Four Kings" who only emphasized pen and ink but did not seek novelty, and thought that only the realistic paintings of Wu Daozi, Yan, Huang Quan in the Five Dynasties, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan in the Northern Song Dynasty were profound and wonderful. With the support of Kang Youwei, he observed the development of various famous ancient monuments, and devoted himself to copying Stone Valley, Yan Long Monument, Zhang Menglong Monument and Shimen inscription. , get the essence of the north monument, so that calligraphy can grow. Later, he received a grant to study fine arts in Tokyo, Japan. In Japan, Xu Beihong appreciated a large number of treasures and masterpieces collected by public and private, and deeply felt that Japanese painters could be realistic and realistic in their creation, but they lacked the brushwork of China literati painting on Mo Yun, and did not hint at Piaomao's style.
After returning from Japan, Xu Beihong was hired as the tutor of "Painting Research Association" in Peking University. During my stay in Beijing, I got to know Cai Yuanpei, Chen Shiceng, Mei Lanfang, Lu Xun and other celebrities from all walks of life, and was deeply influenced by the ideological trend of the New Culture Movement, and established the idea of democracy and science.
Study in Europe should be diligent.
With the support of Beiyang government, 24-year-old Xu Beihong went to France to study painting. At the beginning of his arrival in Europe, he visited the British Museum, the National Gallery of France, the exhibition of the Royal Academy of Sciences and the Louvre Museum of France, and witnessed a large number of outstanding works since the Renaissance. Xu Beihong deeply felt that his Chinese paintings in the past were "clumsy and clumsy, unable to move the rope, like a horse without reins." Therefore, he studied painting hard, was admitted to the Paris School of Fine Arts, studied under Mr. Fleming, and began to receive formal western painting education. Fleming is good at figure painting with historical themes. His paintings pay attention to the harmonious collocation and contrast of colors, which has a great influence on the formation of Xu Beihong's oil painting style later.
Xu Beihong likes to train the basic skills of western painting every day. He studies at the Paris Academy of Fine Arts in the morning, paints models at Syrion Academy in the afternoon, and sometimes finds time to watch various exhibitions. During this period, he was lucky enough to meet Dayang, a disciple of the famous painter Crowe, and came to Yang's studio for advice with his paintings every Sunday. The artistic thought of advocating "don't be obsessed with fashion, don't be complacent" and paying attention to silent painting had a great influence on him, which made him not follow the increasingly prosperous modernist painting style in France at that time, but study the academic art since the European Renaissance in a down-to-earth manner, and master the skillful painting skills while inheriting the rigorous and perfect modeling characteristics of classical art. After four years of studying abroad, Xu Beihong's painting level has reached the level of European artists at the same time, and his oil painting "The Old Lady" was selected for the French National Art Exhibition.
Because the Beiyang government once interrupted tuition fees, Xu Beihong was forced to transfer to Berlin, Germany, where the consumption level was low. There, Xu Beihong still missed every opportunity to study. He consulted the painter CommScope, went to the museum to copy the paintings of the famous painter Rembrandt, and often went to the zoo to draw various animals such as lions, tigers and horses to improve his sketching ability.
When Xu Beihong regained the funds for studying abroad, he immediately returned to France from Germany to continue his studies. He seized every inch of time, with the formal systematic training of famous teachers and his unremitting efforts, his painting level improved day by day, and he created a series of excellent sketches and oil paintings with portraits, human bodies and landscapes as themes, such as Portrait of Cats, Old Man Holding a Stick and Self-portrait.
At the end of his trip to Europe, Xu Beihong also visited Brussels, Belgium, Milan, Florence, Rome and Switzerland. He was intoxicated by the beautiful exotic scenery and benefited a lot from the excellent works of European painting masters. His eight-year career in Europe shaped his aesthetic taste, creative ideas and artistic style for the rest of his life.
Integrating Chinese and Western Famous Paintings with Science and Technology
Xu Beihong returned to China at the age of 32 and began to devote himself to art education and develop his own art career in China. Participate in the "Southland Society" organized by Tian Han and actively advocate the "Southland Spirit" of "seeking beauty first, being kind and seeking truth later". He has created large-scale paintings with historical or ancient fables as themes. From these paintings, the audience can strongly feel the painter's sincere feelings of loving the motherland and the people. 193 1 At a time when Japan's invasion of China is getting worse and worse and the nation is in danger, Xu Beihong created a Chinese painting "Nine Square Heights" that hopes the state will pay attention to and recruit talents; 1933 created the oil painting "Worry for Me Later" to express the yearning of the suffering people for a good gentleman. 1940, the Chinese painting "Yugong Yishan" was completed, which praised the perseverance and tenacious will of the people of China to win the final victory against Japan. In addition, he also created realistic themes such as Ba People Pumping Water and Ba Poor Women, landscape themes such as Spring Rain in Lijiang River and Paradise Returning to the Mountain, as well as a large number of portraits and animal works. 1949 after the founding of new China, Xu Beihong worked as a government official and administrator, but he still insisted on writing and enthusiastically described the new people, new things and new features in the construction of new China. He painted portraits of war heroes, experienced life at Daoshu Water Conservancy Project site in Shandong Province, painted portraits of model workers and migrant workers, and collected bits and pieces of information reflecting the construction of new China. Unfortunately, all these artistic activities came to an abrupt end because of the painter's premature death.
Xu Beihong's works, whether oil paintings, Chinese paintings or sketches, occupy an important position in the history of modern art in China. His greatest achievement in oil painting is to combine the light and color expression of impressionism with the rigorous and perfect modeling of classicism. Among the early oil painters in China, Xu Beihong was the first outstanding painter. In sketching, Xu Beihong has made outstanding achievements. His sketch is not only the exercise of painting training, but also lays a solid foundation for his Chinese painting and oil painting creation, and it is also a work of art with appreciation and research value. He only drew more than 1000 human sketches in his life. Xu Beihong's attainments in Chinese painting are also profound. He is an artistic practitioner of Chinese painting innovation. On the basis of inheriting traditional painting, he took the lead in integrating European classical realism techniques into Chinese painting creation, creating a new Chinese painting with a sense of the times. Take the horse paintings of famous painters as an example. From this kind of works, we can not only appreciate the beauty of line modeling and pen and ink in China's traditional paintings, but also observe the decent modeling and light and shadow of objects.
With his genius, wisdom, perseverance and lifelong efforts, Xu Beihong became one of the few artists in modern China who could fully master the painting techniques of the East and the West.