Western modernist literature is divided into
Irrationalism? Symbolism? Expressionism? stream-of-consciousness novel
Surrealism? Existentialist literature? Absurd drama? New novel school
Black humor? Magic realism? Futurism? Dadaism
unreasonable
Irrationalism is widely spread in modern bourgeois philosophy and ethics. For example, the irrationalism of believers encourages blind faith; Schopenhauer preached unconscious will, and asserted that reason and science were not applicable to moral scope. Nietzsche preached the theory of "will to power" and advocated immoralism; Bergson preached intuition; Existentialism advocates that existence is not an object but a subject, "existence precedes essence" (Sartre), denies the objectivity of moral laws, and so on. These are all manifestations of irrationalism.
Irrationalism philosophy emphasizes all kinds of irrational factors in people's spiritual life, while exaggerating the limitations and defects of rationality. It denies that reason has the ability to know the world, and points out that existence itself is irrational and illogical. Irrationalism ontologically denies that the world is a rational and harmonious whole, and thinks that the world is a disorderly, accidental, incomprehensible and even absurd world. Epistemology, one-sided emphasis on inner experience and intuitive insight.
2 symbolic introduction
Symbolism literature originated in France in the middle of19th century and spread to European and American countries in the early 20th century. It is the embodiment of symbolism in literature and a core branch of modernist literature, which mainly covers poetry and drama, and its influence continues to this day. Western mainstream academic circles believe that the birth of symbolism literature is a watershed between classical literature and modern literature.
Symbolism rose formally in France in the mid-1980s, which was a reversal of positivism philosophy represented by Comte and naturalism literature represented by Zola. In the eyes of symbolists, positivism only mechanically demonstrates the causal relationship between practical things, while naturalism focuses on the influence of heredity and environment on the formation of human nature and cannot reveal the essence of art. Symbolists advocate exploring the conceptual world hidden behind nature and creating supernatural art with personal sensitivity and imagination. The thoughts of Nietzsche, Freud and Bergson can be regarded as the philosophical basis of symbolism.
3. Representative writers: Valery, Rilke, Pound, Ye Zhi and T S Eliot.
Writer's works
1, T.S. Eliot, England: Wasteland (1922)
2. Valery, a French poet: The Graveyard by the Sea (1926) ponders the meaning of life, praises the endless cosmic movement, and expresses the joy beyond the consciousness of death. Philosophical meditation blends with novel and symbolic images, with harmonious and beautiful phonology and profound artistic conception.
3. Irish poet and playwright Ye Zhi: In Sailing to Byzantium, Ye Zhi won the Nobel Prize in Literature of 1923 for "expressing the whole national spirit".
4. maeterlinck: The Jade Bird (1908, Titie, Mitie, Bai), a representative writer of symbolic drama, symbolizes happiness, and the theme is to praise people's pursuit of happiness and light.
5, Brock: Russian "extremely sincere poet", "Twelve" (long poem)
Imagism (a variant of symbolism)
1. Imagist poetry is characterized by clarity, accuracy, concentration, concreteness, non-lyricism and irrationality. Emphasis is placed on expressing the poet's intuitive image, but the author's intuitive feelings are not directly revealed, but implied through the image.
2. Representative: Pound of the United States, subway station (typical imagery poem)
Seclusion school (another poetic school of symbolism)
1, by Weng Garetti.
2. Representative writers (two disciples of Ongarrett): quasimodo and Montalais.
3 Introduction to Expressionism
Expressionism is an important modernist school popular in European and American literature from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1930s around the First World War. Originated in Germany, it started with painting and then spread to literature. Expressionism is that artists pay attention to expressing their inner feelings through their works, but ignore the description of the shape of objects, so they often show distortion and abstraction of reality, especially expressing their feelings of fear-cheerful expressionist works are rare. From this definition, the works of Matisse Grunewald and greco can also be said to be expressionism, but generally speaking, expressionism is limited to the works of the 20th century.
Expressionism is one of the important schools of modern art. Literary schools popular in Germany, France, Austria, Northern Europe and Russia in the early 20th century. 190 1 French painter Julian August Hervey used this word for the first time to indicate that his paintings are different from impressionism. Post-German painters also boldly "innovated" in composition, techniques, lines, colors and many other aspects, and gradually formed factions. Later, it developed into music, movies, architecture, poetry, novels, drama and other fields.
Major writers
1, in the poem:
Austrian tracker and Warve (friends of the world and each other), Heim and Bain in Germany.
2. In drama:
O 'Neill in the United States: emperor jones (1920), in which the author integrates expressionist artistic techniques into his own creation, forming a unique model of O 'Neill's expressionist drama. Hairy Ape (192 1) is subtitled "Eight Comedies of Ancient and Modern Life". Hero: Jank
Strindberg, Sweden: Go to Damascus and Ghost Sonata.
3. In the novel:
Kafka in Austria: the representative of expressionist novels. Castle (19 15) and metamorphosis (19 15).
4 Introduction to Stream of Consciousness Novels
Stream-of-consciousness novel is a novel that rose in the west in the early 1920s, mainly expressing people's stream of consciousness and confused spiritual world. It is believed that literature should show the stream of consciousness of characters, especially the subconscious activities, and the stream of consciousness of people follows "psychological time" rather than physical time. It is characterized by symbolic suggestion, inner monologue, free association and other stream of consciousness creation methods, and formed a spectacular modernist literary school in Britain, the United States, France and other countries in the 1920s and 1930s.
"Stream of consciousness" is a widely used writing technique in modern western literature and art, especially in novels and movies. It is an important type of modernist novel. Stream-of-consciousness novel is a novel that rose in the west in the early 20th century and was produced on the basis of modern philosophy, especially modern psychology. The concept of stream of consciousness was first put forward by American psychologist william james. He believes that people's consciousness activities are not carried out in a fragmented way, but in a stream way, which is carried out in the way of thought flow, subjective life flow and consciousness flow. At the same time, it is believed that human consciousness is composed of rational consciousness and illogical and irrational subconscious; I also believe that people's past consciousness will emerge and interweave with new consciousness, reorganize people's sense of time, and form a sense of time with direct reality in subjective feelings. The French philosopher Bergson emphasized and developed this sense of time and put forward the concept of psychological time. Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist, affirmed the existence of the subconscious mind, which is the basis of vitality and conscious activity. Their theoretical viewpoints promote the formation and development of the method of stream of consciousness in literature and art.
explain
1, Inner Monologue: Stream-of-consciousness novels directly express thoughts and feelings, and express the original ecology of psychology, which is disorganized and logical. Writers quit novels, pay less attention to subjective intervention, and pay attention to the performance of character consciousness activities themselves.
2. Stay on an object for a while in a free association way. Any external stimulus can interrupt the previous thinking process and start new thinking.
3. Subjectivity and randomness are very strong, which often breaks the limitation of time and space and has great leap. They organize the process from the psychological structure, while most traditional novels unfold the plot in the passage of time and space.
4. In terms of content and theme, traditional novels are often omniscient, while in stream-of-consciousness novels, the writer's status declines, the reader's participation is strengthened, the typical characters are not portrayed, and the plot is diluted by the consciousness of the characters.
representative works
Joyce in Ireland: Dubliners, Portraits of Young Artists, Ulysses.
2. Wolff in Britain: spots on the wall and going to the lighthouse.
3. Proust, France: "Memories of Time Past"
4. Faulkner in America: The main representative of "Southern Literature" created a unique "Yorknapatafa lineage".
The Sound and the Fury (1929) reflects the decline of Compson, a prominent family in the south. The novel creates a composite stream of consciousness method, which makes the use of stream of consciousness to explore the inner life of characters reach a new height. This paper focuses on Quentin's abnormal psychology and Bangui's unconscious activities of insanity. Characters (the eldest son Quentin, the second son Jason, the youngest son Bangui and daughter Katie)
5 surreal
It rose in France in the 1920s and developed from Dadaism. 19 19 dadaist poets: Brighton (founder), Aragon (* * * producer, socialist realistic works, anti-fascism) and Ai Lvya, who published the first declaration of surrealism. Surrealism is a school of literature and art that originated in France, originated from Dadaism, and has a far-reaching influence on visual arts. It was popular in European literary and art circles from 1920 to 1930. Its main feature is that the so-called "surreal" and "super-rational" dreams and hallucinations are the source of artistic creation, and it is believed that only this "unconscious" world beyond reality can get rid of all constraints and truly show the true face of objective facts. Surrealism has greatly influenced the traditional view of art. It is also often called the surrealist movement. Or simply surreal. Surrealism, the theoretical basis of exploring this school, is influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis and is committed to discovering human subconscious psychology. Therefore, it advocates abandoning the realistic image of the image world based on logical and orderly experience memory and trying to integrate the realistic concept with instinct, subconscious and dream experience.
6 Introduction to Existentialist Literature
Existentialism originated in France in 1930s and reached its peak after World War II. It is the most powerful and popular literary trend of thought in modernist literature. Existentialism literature is a literary school popular in Europe and America in the 20th century, and it is a literary reflection of existentialism philosophy. Existentialism, as a literary school, appeared after the Second World War, mainly in postwar French literature, and reached its climax in the late 1940s and 1950s. The banner of existentialism has also floated to the literary world in Europe, America and even some countries in the East. Existentialist writers have fallen out of power since the 1960s. In the 1970s, existentialism, as a literary school, actually ceased to exist.
Existentialist thinkers have different views. Some people say that there are as many existential philosophers as there are in the world.
Justice. French existentialism is basically divided into two factions: one is Christian existentialism represented by Wei Yi and Marcel; The second is atheistic existentialism represented by Jean Paul Sartre, albert camus and De bovar. From the social influence of literature, Sartre (1905- 1980) and Camus (19 13- 1960) are the most important. They are all French writers. Sartre, in particular, is a master of existentialism. His philosophical works include Being and Nothingness, Existentialism as a Humanism, Human Prospect and Criticism of Dialectical Reason, etc. , laid the theoretical foundation of this kind of literature.
works
1, Camus, France: outsider (1942), plague (1947, Dr. Leo).
2. French Sartre: Nausea (novel), The Road to Freedom (novel), The Wall (collection of short stories), come to a bad end (drama), Fly (drama), Confinement (drama, indicating that others are hell) and Courtesy Prostitute (drama).
3. Beauvoir, France: "Female Guest" and "Second Sex"
4. Mailer: "American Dream"
Introduction to Theatre of the Absurd
Absurd drama is an anti-traditional drama school that rose in France in 1950s, and then quickly became popular in other European and American countries. The Absurd School was named after the Theatre of the Absurd written by Martin Esslin, a famous British drama theorist, in 1962.
trait
Absurd and abstract theme, absurd world and meaningless life; Fragmented stage image; The bizarre props function makes the intuitive artistic characteristics of drama play to the extreme. In content, it shows the irrationality of the world and the absurdity of life; In terms of artistic techniques, it broke the traditional dramatic structure, and highlighted the fundamental theme of the absurdity of the world as a whole with illogical plots, fragmented characters, mechanically repeated dramatic actions and boring language with a disjointed preface. There is no complete plot, no drama conflict, fragmented stage image and reversed character language. The world it represents is absurd, life is painful, and the relationship between people cannot be communicated.
Eunice Cough of France is the founder of the Absurd Drama, and the performance of his one-act drama "The Bald Singing Girl" marks the birth of the Absurd Drama.
8 Introduction of New Novel Schools
France, which was formed in 1950s, became one of the most important novel schools in France and the West after World War II. Also known as anti-fiction or rejection.
The new novel school is an important school in western modernist literature. It first arose in France and became popular in 1950s and 1960s, and influenced Britain, Germany, America, Japan, Poland, Czech Republic and other countries, becoming an international literary phenomenon. There are four representative writers: Alain Robbe-Grillet, Natalie sallot, Michel Butao and claude simon. A new genre of novel creation has emerged in French literary world. Alain Robbe-Grillet (1922 ~ 2008), Natalie Sarot (1902 ~), Michel Butao (1926 ~), claude simon (19 13 ~) and marguerite duras. Publicly announce a break with the literary tradition of realism in the19th century, explore new novel expression techniques and language, portray the "real" face of things, and portray an objective inner world that no one has ever discovered before. French literary critics call them "New Fiction School" or "Anti-traditional Fiction School". This school was not understood when it first appeared in the 1950s, and it was considered as "eccentric", "absurd" and "as if insane". But in the 1960s, the New Fiction School was regarded as the representative school of French literature after the Second World War. The novels and theories of this school were once popular in western Europe, the United States and Japan, and influenced all over eastern and central and southern European countries such as Poland and the Czech Republic.
author
1, sallot: the first to write a new novel.
2. French Simon: The Father of the New Fiction School, The Wind (won Nobel Prize in Literature in 1985) and Flanders Highway.
3. France Rob-Gerye: voyeur: won the French "critic award" 1955, Eraser (1953, DuPont, Granada, Varas, writing political murder).
9 Introduction to Black Humor
"Black humor" is a modernist novel genre popular in the United States in the 1960s. Named after a collection of black humor compiled by American writer Friedman. "Black humor" is a literary method to express the tragic content in the form of comedy. Black refers to the terrible and funny objective reality, and "humor" refers to the mocking attitude of a purposeful and willed personality towards this reality. When humor is added with black, it becomes a kind of humor that shows despair. Western critics call it "humor under the gallows."
Artistic feature
The sense of humor in distress and laughter, the mixture of tragic content and comedy form, the absurdity of the world, the alienation of society to people, the confusion after the disillusionment of rational principles and the futility of self-struggle are its central contents. In the face of all this, people cynically distance themselves from reality with a humorous attitude towards life, so as to safeguard the dignity of the victims, which is called "black humor".
"Anti-hero" characters: The spiritual world of characters tends to split and become an "anti-hero" with double colors of tragedy and comedy. Their absurd words and deeds allude to social reality and express the author's views on social problems.
The narrative structure method of "anti-fiction": express the confusing plot through hints, comparisons and symbols. Breaking the rational time sequence, speeding up the rhythm jump, the plot lacks logical connection, often mixing narrative real life with fantasy memories, and mixing serious philosophy with gag. The brushwork is full of irony, and language often breaks the general grammatical rules and inherent collocation habits.
This is moral.
American writer Heller is regarded as a banner of "black humor". There are vonnegut, Pynchon, Bath, donald barthelme and French Vian.
primary
1, American Heller: catch-22.
2. vonnegut: representative works Slaughterhouse No.5 and Cradle of Cats (1963, Bockonon, mccabe).
3. Pynchon: Gravitational Rainbow
10 Introduction to Magic Reality
Magic realism refers to a genre in Latin American novel creation in the mid-20th century. Originated in 1930s and 1940s, it became the mainstream of Latin American novel creation after 1960s. Its rise is called "the explosion of Latin American literature". The representatives are asturias of Guatemala, Carpentier of Cuba, Ruerfer of Mexico and Marquez of Colombia. Magic realism is a creative method to express the reality of life through the illusion created by "magic". Magic is the way and expressing the reality of life is the purpose. Hiding reality with magical things shows readers a world in which subjective time and objective time are mixed and the space of subjective and objective things loses its boundaries. In art, a large number of supernatural factors are introduced into realistic description. Miracles, hallucinations, dreams and even ghost images appear in the plot of the novel, and the time sequence relationship is often disrupted. The narrative is full of jumps, and sometimes the scene is symbolic, showing distinct hell and national characteristics. It is a successful example of the combination of "transplantation" and "root seeking". It is not only a profound exploration of reality, but also a serious reflection on history; It not only seeks the roots of mainland traditional culture, but also widely absorbs European and American modernism. The first person to use the term "magic realism" in Latin America was Venezuelan writer Petrie.
The symbol of real maturity is Pedro Paramo, a novella by Mexican writer Rulfo.
In 1960s, magical realism in Latin American novel creation became an upsurge, which was marked by Marquez's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude.
Writer's works
1, Rulfo: Pedro Paramo (1955).
1 1 Introduction to Futurism
At the beginning of the 20th century, a trend of thought and school of modern western literature rose in Italy. The Italian founder marinetti 1909 published the Futurism Declaration in the French newspaper le figaro, and published the Futurism Literature Declaration the following year, further announcing his ideas. It is believed that the rapid development of the 20th century has fundamentally changed the world, and machines and technology, speed and competition have become the main features of the times. Futurism should have a sense of modernity, praise enterprising sports and machine civilization, and praise the beauty and strength of speed. He thinks that the previous culture is decadent and can't adapt to today's times, and puts forward to abandon all cultural heritage and be dissatisfied with the existing order. Theme theory of literature and art: mobilize all artistic means, concentrate on expressing things and people in motion, and praise the sense of movement, strength and three-dimensional sense dynamically. Art form: Futurists advocate completely abandoning traditional techniques.
Writer's works
1, Mayakovski's long poem: clouds in pants.
2. Apollinaire, France: the first "ladder" poetry form.
12 Introduction to Dadaism
Schools of modern western literature. 19 15 A small art group, headed by the French poet Stern submachine gun Zara from Romania, was born in Switzerland during the First World War. It was named after the word "Dada" in a cafe in Zurich, which means it is purely accidental, meaningless and useless. The extremely rebellious attitude towards cultural traditions, real life and artistic laws reflects the depressed psychology of some young people in Europe during World War I and the state of finding a way out.
Representative writer
Representative writers: Bretton, Su Bo, etc.
13 Introduction to Beat Generation
A literary school popular in the United States after World War II, the authors are mostly young men and women, and their personalities are bold and unrestrained. It is famous for being unruly. They used homosexuality, jazz, drugs and alcoholism to escape from reality, challenged decent society and traditional American values, and put forward the conclusion that "indulgence is liberation" and indulgence is legal. They express their dissatisfaction with decent society with eccentric inward self-exploration and so-called "exquisite" attitude of downward sinking, and carry out pathological resistance to society.
represent
1, Jack Kerouac: small towns and metropolises
2. Ginsberg: Howl