Study on the development of children's age language ability with family self-rated language ability scale
1 year ~ 1 year and a half ① can understand simple sentences, such as "Are you ready?" "no?" Wait a minute. (2) can say simple words, such as dad, mom, goodbye, etc.
2 years old can identify and point out more than two colors. ② Be able to identify and point out objects and body parts, etc. (3) Verb-object structure, consisting of three words, such as where, here, there, and so on.
3 years old can understand gender (this is slightly different according to different children). ② Be able to use words that indicate time, such as past, present and future. (3) can say your name. 4 will talk about simple experiences.
At the age of three and a half, I have mastered certain conjunctions and relative words and can use "and", "because" and "so".
When I was 4 years old, I could understand all directions, such as up, down, front, back, left and right. ② Be able to understand the concepts of abstract nouns, such as simple abstract nouns such as animals and fruits, and classify them. ③ You can basically pronounce all the sounds in your mother tongue. 4 can imitate sentences and speak long sentences.
I can recognize names and names at the age of four and a half.
5 years old can understand antonyms, such as cold and hot. (2) Being able to express what you want more independently and express your thoughts freely. (3) Can understand sentences.
6 years old (1) knows his birthday. 2 can read picture books. 3 can make a phone call. (4) Use greetings. ⑤ Master practical dialogue and approach adult language. 6. If you have questions about what you have heard, you will take the initiative to ask questions. ⑦ Ability to ask complete questions, such as "Why should I go to my grandmother's house?"
Six and a half years old can tell a complete story.
At the age of seven, talking and telling stories no longer depends on picture books.
Language barrier is a big problem that puzzles children's intellectual development. Preschool period is the high incidence age of children's language barrier.
Children with language disorders generally have various symptoms around the age of 3, and may develop symptoms after the age of 3.
Test: Does your child have a language barrier?
If you find that your child is always vague and stuttering; If you can't find the reason why your child can't speak well, then test it to see if your child has the following performance-
□ stuttering;
□ Poor vocabulary when speaking;
□ Reading aloud is difficult;
□ Often confuse words;
□ The application of grammar is not standardized.
If the child has the above performance, then the child may have a language barrier. However, even so, don't worry too much. Because language barriers are also divided into two types:
Language barrier of normal children. Children with normal physical and mental health usually have this language barrier, which can be gradually corrected through parents' efforts. Language barrier of special children. This language barrier is rare. If the child is in this situation, he needs to be taken to the hospital.
Language barriers in three normal children
Normal children's language barriers, there are three common:
1. False stuttering
Degree of influence on children: ★★★★★
Stuttering can be either true or false. Generally speaking, children's stuttering and intermittent stuttering caused by imitation in the process of his language development are all false. Generally speaking, the probability of children suffering from real stuttering is very, very low, and it is usually a fake stuttering.
However, in some cases, children may change from false stuttering to true stuttering: psychological insecurity, such as parents' divorce and bullying, often leads to false stuttering. If adults can't treat it correctly, over time, this fake stuttering will gradually turn into a real stuttering.
Some children are threatened, intimidated or laughed at by others because of fake stuttering, which makes them less confident in language expression and more afraid of speaking, and gradually evolves into real stuttering.
Tip: Truthful stuttering generally has the following two situations:
Children with a family history of stuttering.
Children have long lived among people who stutter.
If the child suffers from true stuttering, he needs to go to the hospital for correction.
2. Slightly unclear pronunciation
Degree of influence on children: ★★★★
In the process of language development, children's articulation is unclear. If there is nothing wrong with their vocal organs (such as vocal cords), it is often because of children's sense of noumenon (noumenon refers to people's feelings about their bodies). For example, the control of large and small muscles, hand-eye coordination and so on. ) relatively poor, the brain has poor control over muscles such as vocal cords, tongue and lips, which makes children's thinking faster than language, leading to unclear articulation.
3. Mild vocabulary poverty
Degree of influence on children: ★★
In the process of language development, children are poor in vocabulary, which is not only related to their language understanding ability, but also related to their own language expression ability. Some children, although there is no problem in understanding the language, are slow to respond in the process of language expression, so there is a phenomenon of poor vocabulary.
Some children have difficulties in language understanding, and naturally they have obstacles in language expression, which are manifested in their small vocabulary, incorrect grammar and inability to express themselves completely and correctly.
Family Prescription for Normal Children's Language Disorder
1. Psychotherapy
Indications: Pseudostuttering
For those children who stutter because of psychological problems, as long as you find and eliminate the psychological reasons of children, stuttering will be alleviated.
● The family atmosphere is not harmonious, or the family suddenly encounters changes, such as parents' divorce and the death of relatives, which will cast a huge shadow on the child's mind. Children in this period are often prone to language barriers. But this language barrier is temporary in nature. At this time, as parents, we should first adjust our mentality, improve the family atmosphere, and give psychological counseling to our children according to the situation.
● Some children are ashamed to speak after being criticized by the teacher, which leads to increased psychological burden and intermittent stuttering.
Because most of these children are timid and introverted, intimidation and abuse will only aggravate their psychological insecurity. The best way is to guide children and comfort them psychologically. You can tell him that I won't blame you. Think it over, take your time, ease the pressure on your child through warm and kind words and actions, and enhance the intimacy of communication with your child.
2. Language barrier correction
Indications: Pseudostuttering, mild slurred speech.
You are the child's first language teacher. Pay special attention to language communication with children. Speak clearly and in a cadence.
● Be calm when educating children.
● Listen to your child patiently and wait until he has finished before asking questions or expressing his opinions.
● Encourage children at ordinary times. When he speaks completely and fluently, even if it is only one sentence, you should praise him in time.
● Try to guide your child to speak slowly and don't speak too fast.
● Teach children to relax as much as possible when speaking.
● When a child learns to speak, teach him not to pause casually, master the rhythm of speaking, and don't say natural sentences or broken sentences at will.
3. Parent-child oral method
Indications: mild vocabulary deficiency and mild unclear pronunciation.
You know, a great significance of talking to children is to let them accumulate a lot of languages. At different ages of children's growth, he mainly accumulates languages through three language ways: children's speech.
0 ~ 1 year-old, usually talk more, children talk less. At this time, you should communicate with your child as much as possible and give him as much investment and accumulation as possible.
Target speech
In places where adults and children are * * *, communication between adults is often more convenient and pleasant. But at this time, children must not be ignored, and children should also participate in the dialogue between adults.
Children's language
When you have finished talking with your child, give him a space to think and be alone. At this time, children can avoid many irrelevant stimuli and interferences and think and recall alone. This is why educators advocate letting children listen to stories before going to bed, so that children can directly strengthen their memory without subsequent interference after listening.
4. "synthetic partner" method
Indications: mild vocabulary poverty
Nowadays, there are many only children, and children often lack peer communication. Therefore, you should pay attention to finding a "synthetic partner" for your child. In other words, you should create as many opportunities as possible for your children to communicate and play with other children.
For example, attending banquets and parties in public places can bring children; Let the children go to their homes to play on weekends, or invite them to play at home. You can also take your children shopping and organize several families with children to go out together ... In this process, let your children learn to communicate with others and eliminate their timidity and shyness.
5. Strengthen the correction methods
Indications: Pseudostatistics, mild vocabulary poverty and mild pronunciation.
Pass the time. You can pat the child gently on his body or hands rhythmically, and train him to master the cadence when he speaks by letting him feel the rhythm.
Let the children practice tongue twisters. Strengthen the pronunciation of children's pronunciation and distinguish easily confused words.
Read essays, literary works and poems to children. In this way, children can feel the sense of rhythm and rhythm expressed in various ways in literary works from an early age, and at the same time, they can enhance their language use ability by constantly enriching their vocabulary and feeling correct pronunciation.
Encourage children to make sentences. Let children often practice oral sentence-making, such as using "beautiful" sentences to train and strengthen children's narrative description (narrative ability), explanatory narrative (explanatory ability) and argumentative narrative (speculative logic ability).
Let children accept electronic culture and participate in e-learning. In fact, there is absolutely no need for you to let your children completely avoid audio-visual learning, recording and television, the Internet, pictures and music. As long as you guide them properly, you can let children participate in learning independently through these electronic media, become the main body of learning, and accept the emotional voice in e-learning.
Note: If the child's condition cannot be alleviated after the above correction, please take the child to the hospital for expert help.
Language barriers of special children
Special children's language disorders generally occur in the following children with physical or psychological problems:
Disabled children. Children with moderate or above mental retardation generally have language barriers, and some children with mild mental retardation also have language barriers.
Children with hearing impairment.
Autistic children.
Children with brain injury.
Children with vocal organ problems. Children often have the phenomenon of unclear articulation, mispronunciation, inability to pronounce or missing sounds, which may be due to problems with his vocal organs, such as vocal cords. Children with voice problems. These children often have abnormal voices, hoarse voices, abnormal tones, too high or too low voices or extremely sharp voices.
Children with slow language development. The main performance is that children's language ability is obviously backward compared with children of the same age. For example, a 6-year-old child's ability to express and understand is only equivalent to that of a 2-year-old child. He can't speak sentences but only words.
If your child has the above situation, you should take him to the hospital as soon as possible and let a professional doctor treat him. Related links
At present, there are clinics in Shanghai that specialize in treating children's language disorders. If you have any questions about your child's language development, you can visit Shanghai.
Developmentallanguagedisder refers to developmental retardation, not language disorder caused by hearing impairment, organic damage of central nervous system and severe mental retardation.
This disease has two language barriers: expressive and receptive. The former can understand the language but cannot express it, while the latter has limited ability to understand and express it.
【 Etiology 】 At present, the etiology is inconclusive, which may be related to some sensory functions of brain tissue, especially the fine discrimination ability of hearing. It has even been suggested that it may be due to the lack of brain functions such as auditory perception, auditory memory, auditory integration, auditory understanding and auditory expression.
【 Clinical manifestations 】 Language development retardation is the main manifestation. 1 year-old cannot be called "father" or "mother". In order to express their wishes, feelings and needs, they often use gestures, eyes and other actions.
When children with developmental language disorders begin to learn a language, language defects appear. Children can pronounce some syllables, but they can't form words, can't remember common nouns, have a poor vocabulary and can't describe what they need in complete sentences, so the sentences are rough and difficult to understand. Children's language learning speed is very slow, often 2-3 times slower than normal children.
People with expressive language barriers have good language understanding ability, but poor expressive ability. When he was about 0.5 years old, he could understand simple commands given to him by others, such as asking him to point out or get some common objects, and children could understand and take action. However, children with receptive language disorder can't understand simple commands and can't point out or get something according to language requirements. Such children can hear voices, but they don't respond to words, including parents' words. But if you give gestures, expressions, or watch TV, you will have an emotional reaction. Although the hearing test has slight hearing loss, it is extremely inconsistent with the clinical unresponsiveness to language. The hearing curve of electric audiometry is often unstable and fluctuates greatly. So children usually look a little deaf, and sometimes they don't look deaf.
Children have obvious learning difficulties after entering school, mainly reading difficulties. Among them, children with receptive language disorder have poor reading ability, often accompanied by calculation difficulties, and often need special education. People with expressive language barriers can study in ordinary schools.
Children with developmental language disorders can remain lively and happy without obvious emotional disorders before school. After entering school, due to learning difficulties and other inconveniences, there are often problems such as anxiety, inattention, hyperactivity, withdrawal or disobedience. However, such children have normal internal language development and can participate in some creative games; You can also draw pictures; And have a good sense of music, can understand the rhythm and timbre of music well; Have perfect visual perception and visual space perception. Intelligence test operation ability is normal.
[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis] The diagnosis of developmental language disorder can refer to the following criteria:
1。 Language retardation is the most important symptom.
2。 The hearing of people with normal hearing and receptive language impairment can decline, but it fluctuates greatly, which is extremely disproportionate to the severity of language development retardation. Children may not respond to language, but they may respond to other sounds.
3。 Internal language functions develop normally, such as playing games with dolls.
4. Normal interpersonal communication, such as staring at people with eyes, expressing their emotions and needs with expressions or actions, expressing their attachment to their mothers, and playing with other children.
5. Vision and visual space perception are normal, and the ability to understand and imitate music is normal.
6. In the intelligence test, the operating point is often within the normal range.
7. Brain organic diseases and facial diseases should be excluded.
Mainly differentiated from the following diseases:
(1) Deaf-mute children who were severely deaf in the early stage became deaf because they could not hear any sound and could not learn to speak. Because these children's intelligence, interpersonal communication, motor function and operational IQ are normal, it is often difficult to distinguish them from developmental language disorders. The main difference is that deaf-mute children do not respond to sound and noise; Some deaf people just lose their response to high-frequency sounds, but they can respond to low-frequency sounds and noises. Children with language disorders respond to nonverbal sounds.
(2) Mental retardation. This disease is characterized by mental retardation, in which the operational IQ is also significantly reduced.
(3) Selective Silence Children with this disease have language ability, but refuse to express it, and can speak normally in familiar environment.
(d) Children with developmental aphasia have language ability, and only some words are unclear, resulting in language barriers. There is no obvious abnormality in other aspects.
(5) Autistic infants have little language, or can't understand their own new words, which needs to be distinguished from serious receptive language barriers. In addition to language barriers, there are obvious mental symptoms, such as loneliness, lack of interest in the surrounding environment, poor interpersonal communication, no gesture language, little gaze, no eye contact, lack of emotion, and no expression of happiness for the mother. The internal language is lost, and there are rigid ritual behaviors.
Prevention and treatment mainly focus on special language training. For people with receptive language disorders, the focus is on training the understanding of pronunciation, auditory memory and auditory perception. For children with expressive language barriers, the key point is to train children to imitate others' speech, and parents should also participate in the training.
People with expressive language disorders have a good prognosis. Without treatment, they can gradually acquire language skills as they get older, but learning may be difficult. The prognosis of people with sensory language disorder is poor, and their language ability may recover to varying degrees after special training. Children with mild symptoms recover well, while children with severe symptoms recover poorly. Some serious cases of hearing impairment are almost impossible to cure.
Mothers' concerns about children's language barriers
Question 1:
12 ~ 18 months old children can only speak words, not single sentences. What is the reason? This is a normal phenomenon of children's language development.
Because children's language understanding ability grows rapidly in the process of learning a language, which relatively inhibits his vocabulary growth rate, it is normal to express slowly and speak slowly, so don't worry too much.
Question 2:
13 to 15 months old children can understand the language, but can't speak. Why?
This is a normal phenomenon, which is called a temporary "relative silence period" in the process of language development. At this stage, the child has normal pronunciation contraction. At this stage, all the sounds that can be made before can't be made. He often only uses gestures and actions to express himself. But at this time, the child's understanding ability has developed rapidly. He can not only understand what he can't say, but also understand the instructions given by adults.
During this period, you should give your child time to be silent, help him understand and think, and don't rush or force him to speak. At the same time, when communicating with children, you should provide them with specific scenes and objects to help them understand and remember the specific content referred to in language communication.
Question 3:
Does it matter if some children stutter?
Some children's language development is slow, and the development of language center is also slow. Coupled with genetic factors or less external language stimulation, children are likely to open their mouths late, accompanied by false stuttering.
Such children, if they can receive more language stimulation in the later period, can catch up with other children immediately, and the language development in the later period will be very fast, surpassing the previous period and gradually becoming normal, which is no different from ordinary children.
Question 4:
Children around 3 years old stutter suddenly, sometimes it is normal. What should I do? This is a short-term intermittent stuttering phenomenon, which is generally false. The main reasons are as follows:
The child has the ability to express himself clearly and use vocabulary and grammar properly. However, because of his fast thinking speed and relatively slow speech speed, the language he originally organized in his brain has difficulties in expression, which is manifested in stuttering, and the child uses a lot of irrelevant modal particles, which leads to serious stuttering.
Children's vocabulary is poor, or they can't use vocabulary accurately when expressing. They want to adjust in the process of speaking, but they are unable to do so, so they are incoherent and stuttering. Stuttering caused by some psychological stimuli, such as psychological stimuli, fright or fear.
Because of the child's physiological reasons, he should not breathe or adjust his breathing when he speaks, so he stutters. This phenomenon mostly occurs before the child is 3 years old, and children aged 4 ~ 6 will also appear.
If this happens, as long as we follow the method we mentioned earlier and prescribe the right medicine, it will soon disappear.
Question 5:
There is nothing wrong with the child's hearing, but he speaks late and will not be able to speak when he is over 2 years old. Why? Some children grew up in a complicated dialect or bilingual environment, so they have to communicate in different languages in different environments. So although they are not deaf, they may not be able to speak until they are 2 years old. This is the so-called "speaking silence period".
In this case, you should try to eliminate all kinds of interference factors and language sources in the children's surrounding environment, so that children can re-identify and develop their language ability.
In addition, the latest foreign research reports show that children's language development is related to family environment, living environment and other factors. Now the living conditions of families have improved and the housing area has increased. It is often that everyone does his own thing in his own space, and TV also reduces your chances of communicating with children to some extent. The child's chance to speak is greatly reduced, which hinders his language development.
In this case, you should try to increase the chances and time of contact with your children and communicate with them in words.