The main ways to determine effective teaching objectives
Knowing the connotation and value of teaching objectives, we need to find a way to determine effective teaching objectives, so as to truly understand our teaching and make teaching design more effective. With the deepening of curriculum reform, the requirements for teachers' literacy are getting higher and higher, among which the most concerned are the understanding and excavation of teaching materials and the respect and guidance for students, which are the basis for doing a good job in teaching, so the teaching objectives that play a central role in teaching effect must also be established from these two aspects.
1. Grasp the teaching materials as a whole-tap the essence of teaching
The knowledge structure of mathematics is chain and spiral. As a teacher, only by grasping the basic context of teaching content, the connection between the preceding and the following, and the causal relationship can we grasp the mathematics teaching materials as a whole and grasp the essence of mathematics teaching. This is a requirement for teachers' mathematical literacy and basic skills, and it will also directly affect the formation of students' mathematical thinking methods and mathematical thinking structures, which must be paid attention to by teachers. This paper takes the lesson "The Quantity of Change", the second volume of the sixth grade textbook in the new century, as an example to illustrate the important role of teachers in grasping the textbook as a whole in determining teaching objectives.
When I first came into contact with the textbook, the section "Variation" did not attract much attention, but simply regarded the teaching content as.
In the process of teaching, we adopt the way of presenting scenes one by one and discussing them one by one. Students have no difficulty in understanding the presentation of each scene. They also recognize the number of changes in their lives and can give examples. The class ended smoothly and quietly. Reflecting on the teaching of a class after class, I always feel that something is missing. Do students have demand-based inquiry? Do students really have no difficulty? Is the value of this class limited to this? With such questions, I studied this lesson again.
In the classroom, teachers constantly use the method of classification, so that students can discover the characteristics of things through gradual stripping in relatively complex situations. Classification and generalization, constantly looking for connections, focusing on the characteristics of changes in the classification process, finding out the essential things, and guiding students to observe the whole, explore deeply, build models independently and form a structured understanding when facing new things. Students establish mathematical ideas in exploration activities, which in turn help students understand and solve mathematical problems. Mathematical thought is the "soul" of mathematical knowledge, which is invisible in the process of knowledge formation and a rational understanding of the inherent laws of mathematics. Through the overall grasp of the teaching materials, teachers have grasped the essence of teaching: First, both positive and negative proportions are the study of laws, and the study of laws should be based on the study of factors affecting the change of laws. Secondly, from the perspective of teaching practice, students' intuitive experience shows that more children stay in the changing trend, and teachers should also guide students to pay attention to the factors that affect the change. It is this kind of learning and comprehensive grasp of teaching materials that can better grasp the essence of teaching and make students' learning more effective.
2. In-depth investigation of students-identify the growth point of knowledge.
Learning activity is an active construction process based on students' existing knowledge and experience. Teachers must attach importance to students' life experience and let students learn new knowledge from existing knowledge and experience. Every student has the potential to analyze, solve problems and create. Because there are certain differences among students, their development needs are also different. Different students can gain different experiences with their own wisdom and strategies, so that different students can get different development in mathematics. Only by investigating students deeply, understanding their learning process and paying attention to their foundation and level of learning mathematics can teachers grasp the growing point of knowledge more effectively and realize the effectiveness of teaching. To explore; Learn to imagine and dare to imagine. This gain goes far beyond learning mathematics ... >>
Question 2: How to understand the source of teaching objectives and the steps to determine teaching objectives Section 1 determines learning objectives.
Teaching objectives are the soul of teachers' professional activities, the direction of each class and the direct basis for judging whether teaching is effective or not.
As we know, the teaching goal is the result or standard expected by teachers and students through teaching activities, and it is a clear and concrete expression of what learners will do after teaching, mainly describing the expected behavior changes of learners after learning. Teaching objectives are instructive to teaching and can guide and control the teaching process. In the process of teaching, the teaching and learning activities of teachers and students should be carried out around the teaching objectives, and students should organize corresponding autonomous learning and cooperative learning as the main body to achieve the objectives. It can be said that the higher the goal is achieved, the better the classroom teaching effect will be. In other words, accurate and scientific teaching objectives are the premise and foundation of effective classroom teaching.
1. The effective classroom teaching of the new curriculum should realize the teaching objectives uniformly and completely in the whole teaching activities.
The new curriculum should realize students' all-round development and lifelong development; Advocate to create conditions for the all-round and free development of personality; Give students a lively development space. In terms of values, the new curriculum is all about the all-round development of students; Morally, students are highly respected; In terms of behavior, it depends entirely on students.
This value orientation of the new curriculum determines that the new curriculum is a multi-dimensional curriculum goal of "knowledge and skills, process and method, emotional attitude and values".
Here, knowledge and skills, process and method, emotional attitude and values are an interrelated and interpenetrating whole, which is the three aspects of a complete person's quality construction in learning activities.
Take mathematics as an example.
When describing the objectives of mathematics curriculum, the mathematics curriculum standards have properly infiltrated and integrated these three aspects and refined them into four aspects: knowledge and skills, mathematical thinking, problem solving, emotion and attitude. The following is a description of the objectives of the mathematics curriculum in the mathematics curriculum standards.
"Through mathematics learning in compulsory education, students can:
Obtain important mathematical knowledge (including mathematical facts and experience in mathematical activities), basic thinking methods and necessary application skills necessary to adapt to future social life and further development;
Initially learn to use mathematical thinking to observe and analyze the real society, solve problems in daily life and other disciplines, and enhance the awareness of applied mathematics;
Understand the close relationship between mathematics and nature and human society, understand the value of mathematics, and enhance the understanding of mathematics and confidence in learning mathematics well;
Have a preliminary spirit of innovation and practical ability, and can be fully developed in emotional attitude and general ability. "
In actual teaching, we can't design the objectives of subject courses as three independent parts: "knowledge and skills, process and method, emotional attitude and values". In fact, the acquisition of any knowledge and ability requires students to go through a series of learning activities, to feel and understand the emergence and development of this knowledge, to learn the thinking methods of disciplines and the strategies of solving problems with mathematics, so that they can learn to learn, understand the relationship between disciplines and life, and develop their intelligence. These activities enable students to understand the meaning of knowledge and skills, experience positive emotions and the joy of success, acquire a correct attitude, receive values education, and understand the importance of learning. At the same time, the goal of process and method, emotional attitude and values lies in knowledge learning and students' knowledge construction process.
In the design and operation of specific teaching, teachers must change the behavior of paying too much attention to the realization of knowledge and skills goals in the implementation of traditional courses. Teachers should pay attention to the realization of multi-dimensional goals such as knowledge and skills, process and method, emotion, attitude and values when designing and operating teaching. In the process of implementing the new curriculum, teachers should pay special attention to further understanding the educational value of the subject, transform and infiltrate the values of * * * into the values of the subject, and expand the educational value of the subject. When discussing the realization of the curriculum objectives of the new curriculum, many educational experts emphasize paying more attention to the subject and people and their lifelong development. We should consciously strengthen the educational consciousness of subject course teaching, strengthen the educational nature of subject course teaching, firmly establish the concept that subject course has the function of educating people, and to some extent eliminate the phenomenon of teaching without educating people and teaching without passing it on in China's current education.
The educational function of subject courses should be firmly based on teachers' profound grasp of professional knowledge. The educational function of specialized courses is to guide people's value in the process of conquering people with the power of truth. Without the power of truth, the educational function of subject curriculum will lose its reliable carrier, which is an important feature of the educational function of subject curriculum. There is no unified model and method for subject courses to play their educational functions. It is necessary to ... >>
Question 3: How to determine the learning objectives and activity themes according to the teaching content? How to design the theme of the activity in order to accomplish the teaching goal?
In order to achieve the required teaching objectives in the classroom,
We must first make clear what teaching is.
Goals, what are teaching activities, and how to make teaching activities serve the goals.
One,
Teaching goal refers to the expected final result of teaching activities.
It is people's understanding of teaching activities.
Subjective desire for fruit,
After the teaching activities,
Details of the behavior state that learners should achieve.
Specific description.
Second, teaching activities include organizing teaching, checking and reviewing, teaching new textbooks, consolidating new textbooks and arranging classes.
Extracurricular homework, etc. A general guide to the arrangement of teaching activities:
1
Get attention.
2
Tell learners the goal.
three
、
* * * Memories of previous studies.
four
, presenting * * * data.
five
Provide study guidance.
six
, induce behavior.
seven
And provide feedback.
eight
, evaluate behavior.
nine
Enhance memory and promote migration.
Third, the principles of teaching activity design:
1
Give full play to the leading role of teachers, reflect the main role of students and optimize the media. Give full play to the leading role of teachers.
It should be reflected in guiding learners to acquire knowledge independently and cultivate their abilities.
Instead of instilling knowledge;
Learner's theme
It should be reflected in giving full play to learners' learning enthusiasm,
Give them more opportunities to participate,
Really do it
Use their brains, language and hands to make them not only learn, but more importantly, change from passive acceptance of knowledge to
Actively acquire knowledge; Various media should have their own strengths and complementary advantages to form an optimized media group.
Shut down the system.
2
Follow learners' cognitive rules and learning psychology. The cognitive rules and characteristics of learners depend on him.
Psychological characteristics of children's age. The younger you are, the less knowledge and experience you have, the worse your perception, the stronger your dependence and the less you have.
Intention and attention dominate, with concrete image thinking as the main factor. With the continuous growth of age, knowledge and experience.
Increase, improve perception, and be able to concentrate on learning activities through certain will.
His thinking also has concrete thinking, which gradually transits to abstract thinking.
In the process of instructional design,
Must follow
Only when these cognitive rules meet learners' unique cognitive requirements can we achieve satisfactory results.
three
And embody certain teaching methods. For junior high school students, we should put forward some interesting and in-depth quotations.
Guiding method stimulates students to learn actively,
In other words, teachers will encourage students to find ways.
In the teaching process,
We can't ignore it either.
The phenomenon that students' foundations are mixed,
Combined with key training,
The way to help each other,
Promote students to improve synchronously.
Classroom is the main position of teaching,
It is very important to set the teaching objectives of each class.
Combine oneself
Based on years of teaching experience and the above principles, we should grasp the following points in daily teaching.
three
Key points:
First of all,
The setting of goals should be based on the development of students.
According to the content of teaching materials and the actual situation of students
Design teaching objectives from students' point of view and organize students to carry out various classroom activities.
Knowledge and skills, processes and methods, emotions, attitudes and values are designed as goals.
Secondly,
Setting goals should proceed from reality,
Combine textbooks with students,
This shows that students should study.
Something.
In order to make students feel a sense of accomplishment after class,
You'll get nothing.
Target design should be for everyone.
Learn, you can't make a knife cut.
Say it again,
Teachers should delve into textbooks,
Use some materials to supplement the existing textbooks.
In goal setting,
It should be scientific and interesting, attract students' attention and entertain and educate. The goal setting should be heavy.
It depends on the continuity of the whole, and students can't lose sight of one thing and lose sight of another, leaving them at a loss. Embody the article
Reason. And the difficulty should be moderate.
In the teaching of information technology course,
Students should grasp the key points,
Especially in
Presentation document
Highlight the key points in the book,
Convince people
Must produce clear visual effects.
Presentation document
Advantages of teaching and fundamental purpose of learning ... >>
Question 4: How do teachers determine the teaching objectives in the process of preparing lessons? How do teachers determine the teaching objectives in the process of preparing lessons?
First, pay attention to the comprehensive fields covered by the objectives, including "knowledge and skills, processes and methods, emotional attitudes and values" (the unit teaching objectives should all be covered, and the teaching objectives of a specific lesson can focus on one or two aspects according to the content);
Second, pay attention to hierarchical requirements (such as memorization, understanding, understanding and application) when formulating goals in various fields;
Third, the expression of teaching objectives should be as clear and specific as possible, not too general. It expounds the learning results of students rather than the teaching behavior of teachers, that is, the subject is students rather than teachers.
Question 5: How to set a reasonable teaching goal? Teaching goal is the premise of a good class and the basis of ensuring the quality and benefit of classroom teaching, because it points out the main direction of teaching, stipulates the teaching content, key difficulties and learning level of a class, affects the choice of teaching strategies and the depth and breadth of teaching, is the soul of teaching activities and restricts the whole process of teaching activities. Teaching reform, no matter how to change or innovate, should have a clear goal and direction, that is, to continuously improve teaching quality and efficiency and promote students' active and all-round development. Whether the teaching objectives are set reasonably or not is directly related to the success or failure of teaching, and affects the teaching content, teaching methods, teaching media, teaching evaluation and teaching effect. Second, the factors that should be considered in the formulation of teaching objectives 1. Curriculum standards National curriculum standards are programmatic documents of curriculum reform, which have a statutory, core and guiding position and function, and are also the direct basis for teachers to teach and students to learn in the process of implementing the new curriculum. It can be said that teachers' understanding of curriculum standards will directly determine the quality of classroom teaching and the effect of students' learning. If "curriculum is the heart of education", then "curriculum standard is the core of curriculum". As the concrete embodiment of curriculum standards, teaching objectives, no matter how teaching is designed, must closely focus on the basic quality requirements stipulated in the curriculum standards and cannot be separated from this center. 2. Analysis of Teaching Material Content The new teaching material itself is designed according to the three-dimensional goal. In addition to knowledge points, methods and emotional factors are also considered, which requires teachers to carefully appreciate and fully explore. Compared with the old textbook, the new textbook is richer in content and more in columns. Teachers must process it when using it, and teachers need to conduct in-depth analysis to determine the key points and difficulties of teaching. Only in this way can we better understand and master the teaching materials, and then put forward appropriate and accurate teaching objectives and give full play to the due role of the teaching materials. 3. The analysis of students' learning situation mainly starts from three aspects: first, fully consider students' preparation and thinking characteristics in knowledge and skills, master students' cognitive level, and thus determine the double-base goal; Second, fully consider students' adaptability in emotional attitude, understand students' life experience, and examine and formulate teaching objectives from the need of promoting students' all-round development; Thirdly, we should fully consider students' learning differences, personality characteristics and standard gaps, determine teaching objectives and starting points according to curriculum standards, and provide teaching conditions suitable for students of different States and levels to develop optimally. At the same time, teachers should always take the initiative to communicate with students, listen carefully to their opinions and suggestions on teaching work, get to know students from the heart and be close to them, so as to make the teaching objectives more targeted and effective. Clear teaching objectives can make our classroom teaching effective within the control of teachers. If students have goals in their studies, they will not get lost in their studies. Through the accumulation of a certain period of time, we can improve some knowledge, skills and emotional literacy.
Question 6: How to determine the teaching objectives, teaching emphases and difficulties (1). Determining the teaching goal is a task that can be completed urgently, and it can also be said that it is the purpose of a class. According to the three target dimensions of the system, namely, knowledge and ability, process and method, emotional attitude and values. In each goal, we can completely add these contents to the formulation, using some verbs like: feeling, sorting out, trying to figure out, understanding, knowing, cultivating, understanding, appreciating, learning, tasting, accumulating, grasping, guiding, inspiring, knowing, comprehending, perceiving, being familiar with, experiencing, remembering, expressing and so on. These words can also be classified as follows: words: memory keywords, keywords, taste keywords, and accumulation of classical Chinese words. Sentences: Understand the meaning of key sentences, ponder related sentences, ponder the meaning of key sentences, taste the poetic language of the article, understand the meaning of key sentences, taste the expressive language of the work, taste the fresh and simple language of the work, accumulate relevant poems, taste the lyrical language, and appreciate the description of characters, environment, plain and natural language features and the wonderful language of Beijing flavor. Full text: 1. Grasp the content and theme of the article, sort out the ideas and clues, perceive the content of the article, sort out the context of the article, repeat the content of the article, understand the ideological content of the work, understand the ideological connotation of the article, feel and understand the viewpoint of the article, and understand the content of the article. 2. Feel the thoughts and feelings of the article, learn from the author's lofty qualities and strong patriotic feelings, feel the beautiful feelings of loving others, understand the author's feelings, understand the author's rich and profound spiritual world and life pursuit, appreciate the author's thoughts and feelings, cultivate a beautiful ideal and the spirit of daring to fight against difficulties, cultivate the spirit of optimism, and cultivate the qualities of courage, tenacity, optimism and self-confidence and a positive attitude towards life. Cultivate scientific rationality and humanistic care spirit, improve the consciousness of caring for nature, understand the philosophy contained in the article, understand the profound philosophy in the article, enhance the consciousness of caring for nature, understand the author's strong sense of hardship, cultivate students' feelings of caring for animals, explore and appreciate national customs, love national culture, cultivate students' thoughts and feelings of loving national culture, and appreciate the charm of national culture. Cultivate students' concern for life, stimulate their feelings of loving the broad culture of the motherland, urge them to consciously pay attention to the surrounding art and culture, feel the author's homesickness, feel the beauty of local customs in the text, enrich the spiritual world, gain ideological enlightenment, experience the author's inner feelings caused by watching natural scenery, and experience the author's hard-working learning experience, and motivate students to study hard. Cultivate the spirit of hard work, learn from the author's attitude of hard study, experience the beauty of music and artistic conception of poetry, feel the brilliance of China's poetry culture, improve aesthetic taste and cultural taste, cultivate students' spirit of cooperation, experience the tolerant, kind, docile and rigid personality of their mothers, experience deep love and unique educational methods, and cultivate a positive attitude towards life. Ability: 1, listening. Cultivate students' listening ability, develop good listening habits, and be able to hear the implication of others' paintings; 2. Go ahead. Cultivate students' ability to retell stories, answer questions according to teachers' requirements and be fluent in Mandarin. Step 3 read. Read the text with emotion, focus on reading, be familiar with the text, read the text repeatedly in various forms, read the text quickly, retell the story, read the article affectionately, read the text with music, read the text silently, recite the text skillfully, read the text with emotion and recite the whole text, read it repeatedly, read it in contrast, repeat the main idea of the text, and talk about your own understanding of things. 4. write it. Learn how to choose typical cases, grasp the main characteristics, show the noble qualities of characters, learn how to describe the words and deeds of characters delicately, learn how to describe details, understand the role of portrait description, learn symbolic techniques, understand symbols, contrast and contrast in the text, cultivate students' expression ability, understand the role of contrast and rhetorical questions, and learn how to explain data through imitation writing. Understand their functions, compare the writing methods of explanatory articles, learn the description methods emphasized by the author, and understand the writing ideas of the author's superb organizational materials, so as to organize things with more contents in an orderly manner, cultivate students' imagination, understand the basic characteristics of biographies and autobiographies, understand the writing methods of implications, learn the ability to observe and describe natural scenery carefully, and be able to express them with the help of rhetoric. These are the three new curriculum standards >>
Question 7: How to determine the teaching objectives of a class? When we get a text, we usually think about the following questions: What did we write? How to write? Why is it arranged in this volume and this unit? What possible factors are hidden in this text to cultivate students' Chinese literacy? With the relatively in-depth thinking on these issues, we will formulate practical teaching objectives. In the process of setting the goal of the text, we should consider the following aspects: First, the characteristics of the text. What are the characteristics of the text? This is the first thing I have to do when preparing lessons. Because only by studying the text deeply can we profoundly grasp the laws of the text and formulate teaching objectives suitable for the characteristics of the text. Second: the starting point of learning sets the teaching goal, which has an important dimension, that is, grasping the learning situation. We teachers must always know where our children start, where they usually arrive, and where they will continue to move forward. Therefore, we should have a clear understanding of what students have mastered and will master, what skills children have possessed and what skills they will practice. Third: the basic points of editing. There is a very important dimension for us to formulate teaching objectives, which is the logical starting point of studying editing. When an article is selected into a textbook, it is no longer an independent individual, but an organic part of the whole language building. The style "I am the master of words" is very important. Only by carefully analyzing these contents can teachers understand the basic points of editing thinking. Fourthly, the orientation of curriculum standards. When setting teaching objectives, we should also fully consider the foothold of curriculum standards. The formulation of teaching objectives should be closely related to curriculum standards. The concept of new Chinese curriculum is put forward on the basis of summarizing the experience of traditional Chinese teaching and the requirements of modern Chinese teaching. It embodies the unity of humanity and instrumentality, ideology and aesthetics of Chinese curriculum, emphasizes the students' dominant position in Chinese learning, highlights the new requirements of modern society for Chinese ability, highlights the practicality of Chinese curriculum, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of teaching work. We should fully consider the comprehensiveness of Chinese literacy when setting teaching objectives. Chinese literacy includes Chinese ability and knowledge, language accumulation, thoughts and feelings, thinking quality, aesthetic taste, learning methods, learning habits and so on. Therefore, in the formulation of the whole teaching goal, we should give full consideration to both the dominant goal and other goals, and strive to make the study of a class reflect the personality of this paragraph and highlight the * * * nature of this period. At the same time, the curriculum standard particularly emphasizes "building a dynamic and open Chinese curriculum". Therefore, efforts should be made to create an open, dynamic and vivid situation in the teaching process. Use all possible means (such as multimedia and network technology) to meet the needs of students to develop Chinese literacy, so that students can continuously improve their ability to collect and process information, find and solve problems and comprehensively use Chinese knowledge during in-class and out-of-class learning. In the goal setting, I put forward "feeling the charm of myth", aiming to lead children to the road of happy language close to myth and feel the charm of myth through classroom. Of course, different people deal with different teaching materials, and the determination of goals is more branded with the teacher's personality. It is hard to say that the goals I set are standardized and reasonable, let alone scientific.
Question 8: How to set your own teaching goals in teaching? When preparing lessons, one of the questions I have been thinking about is: how to set my own teaching goals? In a class, no matter who the audience is, these should not be the pressure of teachers. We should dig our brains in the design of teaching plans and pursue the so-called perfection. The real class teacher is a student. No matter what the teaching plan is, students should learn something in this course. They should know more than before class and have a deeper emotional experience ... In short, students have changed, which is the standard to test whether a class is really effective. How to set your own teaching goals? I think, first of all, grasp the curriculum standards and study hard. Second, thoroughly understand the content of the textbook and pay attention to the analysis of the content of the textbook. Third, contact the students' reality, analyze the learning situation and prepare enough students. On the basis of reflecting the three-dimensional framework of the overall goal, the teaching objectives are formulated according to the age characteristics of students. According to the age characteristics of primary school students, they can be divided into the lower grades of grade one and grade two and the middle and high grades of three to five years. So what's the difference between the unit goal and the class goal? Teachers need to understand the requirements put forward in the overall goal and stage goal when formulating unit goals and class goals. For example, the overall goal of Emotional Attitudes and Values requires "interest". The first and second grades are "the ability to learn music initially" and the third and fifth grades are "interest in learning music". Therefore, when making teaching objectives, we should be close to the age characteristics of students. In a word, no matter how to set music teaching objectives, we should conform to the principles of science, standardization, clarity and clarity, so as to improve the quality of the whole teaching design and provide a strong standard for the evaluation of classroom teaching.
Question 9: Then why should we join the WTO? How can there be more trade frictions after joining this organization? In fact, there are more reports about trade friction now, not the current trade friction. To put it simply, China's accession to the WTO can achieve "economy belongs to economy and politics belongs to politics". There was no WTO negotiation framework before, and many economic and political issues were mixed together. Under the background of China's thinking, economy only exists as a vassal of politics. Now that there is a legal framework for negotiations, the economy has got rid of political burdens, so there are more reports on the economy.
Simply put, joining the WTO can have the following benefits:
First of all, joining the WTO will help to expand China's exports. After China's entry into the WTO, more than 100 members of the WTO will grant China MFN treatment, without being criticized by the United States once a year, and China's exports will increase substantially.
Secondly, China's accession to the WTO is conducive to China's equal participation in world competition and the development of China's socialist market economy. After granting national treatment to foreign businessmen, it will help improve China's investment environment, introduce foreign capital and improve the management level, technical level and vitality of enterprises.
Third, after joining the WTO, China, as a full member of the WTO, will be able to directly participate in the decision-making process of international trade rules in the century, get rid of the unfavorable situation that others make rules and China passively accepts them, and participate in the formulation of rules, which is conducive to reflecting China's legitimate rights and interests; At the same time, international trade disputes can be submitted to the arbitration institution of the WTO without being unfairly punished.
Fourthly, after China's accession to the WTO, the major trading powers among WTO members will have to reduce or cancel trade discrimination measures against China's textiles and other commodities to varying degrees.
Fifth, after China's entry into the WTO, China's import tariffs will be reduced, which will help people improve their living standards. Of course, joining the WTO will also bring some pressures and challenges, such as bringing greater competitive pressure to some domestic enterprises. However, experts pointed out that these pressures will prompt enterprises to speed up technological transformation, improve management, improve product quality, and constantly improve their competitiveness in the global economic environment, thus entering a virtuous circle.