Lu Xun (188 1- 1936), formerly known as "Zhou Zhangshou", later renamed as "Zhou Shuren", named Yushan and Yuting, and later renamed as Yucai. In the seventh year of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty, he was born on the third day of August (18865438+ September 25th) in Dongchangfangkou, Huiji County, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. China is a great modern writer, thinker and revolutionary. At the age of 38, he began to use "Lu Xun" as his pen name. A native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province (a native of Zhengyang County, Henan Province), is a great founder of Chinese culture. Lu Xun's spirit was called the soul of the Chinese nation by President Mao Zedong, and he was one of the founders of modern literature in China. Mother Lu Rui and father Zhou Boyi. In this life, he wrote 100 novels, essays and essays.
Lu Xun was born in a declining scholar-bureaucrat family. 1898 went to Nanjing to study. He entered Jiangnan Naval Academy first, and was admitted to the Mining and Metallurgy School affiliated to Jiangnan Lushi College the following year. During this period, I came into contact with the "science" and "democracy" of the western bourgeoisie. 1902 went to Japan to study and entered Hongwen College in Tokyo. 1904 went to Sendai medical college to study medicine. Later, because two things happened there had a great influence on him, he gave up medical research.
His works are mainly novels and essays, and his representative works are: The Scream, Wandering, New Stories, etc. Recalling the collection of essays "Flowers in the Morning and Picking Up in the Evening" (formerly known as "Coming Back to Life"), the collection of essays and poems "Weeds", "Essay Grave", "Hot Wind", "Hua Gai Ji Xu" and "Southern accent and Northern tune".
Dozens of novels, essays, poems and essays by Lu Xun have been selected into Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools and become well-known artistic image novels, such as Blessing, The True Story of Ah Q and Medicine, which have been adapted into movies. Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Tianjin and other places have successively established Lu Xun Museum and Memorial Hall. At the same time, his works have been translated into more than 50 languages such as English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, French and German, and have a wide audience all over the world.
Lu Xun is known as "soul of china" because he took the place of Ge with pen and struggled hard all his life. Mao Zedong commented that he was the commander-in-chief of China's Cultural Revolution. "Bowing one's head and being a willing ox" is a portrayal of Mr. Lu Xun's life. The original poem is "Self-mockery":
What do you want from the delivery of the canopy, but you dare not turn over and meet each other.
A broken hat covers the downtown, and a leaky boat carries wine.
Fierce-browed, I coolly defy a thousand pointing fingers, Head-bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children.
Hiding in the small building into a unified, regardless of winter Xia Chunqiu.
Social Drama was written in 1922 10. The work was written when I was watching a drama in Beijing, saying it was "twenty years from the bottom". Twenty years after the publication of the work is about ten years before the Revolution of 1911. At that time, the Chinese nation was in dire straits, such as the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1898, the Reform Movement of 1898 and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China in 1900 ... The reactionary rulers of the Qing Dynasty were "evaluating China's material resources in order to win the favor of the country" and collaborating with imperialism to enslave and exploit the people of China. Mr. Lu Xun 1902 studied in Japan with the idea of saving the country and the people. 1909 to191taught in Hangzhou and Shaoxing at the end of the year. The Revolution of 1911 led by the bourgeoisie overthrew the autocratic Qing Dynasty and established the provisional government of the Republic of China on 19 12 September 1 day. In this regard, Mr. Lu Xun was very excited, warmly welcomed and supported, and went to Nanjing as a member of the Ministry of Education at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, then director of the General Administration of Education, and then moved to Beijing with the Ministry of Education. Since then, Yuan Shikai has proclaimed himself emperor, and zhang xun restoration ... He said, "It seems that I am suspicious when I look at it, so I am disappointed and depressed." Finally, he realized that after the Revolution of 1911, the social situation in China "changed a lot, but the goods remained the same" and nothing changed.
The October Revolution gave a strong shock to Lu Xun, who was meditating and exploring, and made him see the "dawn of the new century" and the hope of the people's revolution. The outbreak of the May 4th patriotic movement made Lu Xun's revolutionary spirit more exciting, so he mercilessly exposed the feudal system and the cannibalism of Confucius and Mencius, and issued a call to "save the children" and overthrow the feudal "iron house". From then on, he threw daggers and machine guns at the enemy with a thorough anti-feudal thought, showing a clear revolutionary stand.
It is under such circumstances that she published the novel "Social Drama", which shows that if people cannot be liberated from the shackles of feudal ideology and culture and remain numb, then all innovations will be empty reading. But where is the hope? Childhood friends who live in the promised land are not bound by feudal ideology and culture because they have a beautiful spiritual world. In order for our descendants to stop living a "hard life" or a "hard and numb life" and live a "new life that they have never lived", we must fight. If not, "tolerate it blindly, then the present chaotic state can be endless." This is the intention of writing this work.
The main characters in this paragraph of the editor's education edition:
I (this is the character in the novel, not Lu Xun, and the "I" in the text is also the clue character of this article), Shuangxi, Guisheng, Afa, and Father-in-law on June 1st.
Main plot:
I live in the countryside of Pingqiao village. I experienced twists and turns before the play. I went to see the play by boat on a moonlit night, watched the play at the bow, and went home to steal beans at the end of the month.
About the time of watching social drama
"Social Drama" wrote: "This is the custom in our town of Lu. Every married daughter will go back to her family for the summer if no one is in charge. At that time, although grandma was still in good health, her mother had already shared some housework, and she couldn't go home for many days in summer. After sweeping the grave, she had to take time to stay for a few days. At this time of the year, I am at my grandmother's house with my mother. " He also said that Zhao Zhuang wanted to act. "Now I think it's either the Spring Festival Evening or the social drama." Text annotation cloud: the spring competition is "a competition held in spring". Accordingly, it is generally believed that the time to watch social dramas is in spring. In fact, this is not accurate. The time to watch social drama should be in early summer. There are three reasons for this:
One reason
According to "Social Drama", I went to my grandmother's house after "sweeping the grave". So, when will Shaoxing, Zhejiang sweep the grave? According to the "Yue Yan Customs Department", there are three times a year. First, there are several children and grandchildren who use incense sticks to pay homage to the grave. The second is "going to the grave, that is, sweeping the grave. Before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, there were big ships and drums, and men and women's children and grandchildren went to the grave to help sacrifice Luo Bai, which was called "the city of going to the grave"; The third is "sending cold clothes, in the name of offering sacrifices to the tomb in October, only a few people." The author of Yue Proverbs, Zibian, is from Huangfuzhuang, Shaoxing. Lu Qingxuan, Lu Xun's grandfather, moved to Huangfuzhuang after winning the bid and rented a house in Fan Xiaofeng. His words are credible. According to Zhou Zuoren's memory, "the custom of the Zhou family's grave-sweeping sacrifice is that only men go to the grave and send cold clothes", while "Tomb-Sweeping Day's grave-sweeping will be much bigger, not only because women go together, but also because there are three ceremonies to be done and some old ostentation and extravagance." Comprehensive analysis of all these materials, there is no doubt that "social drama" in the grave, is to visit the grave in Tomb-Sweeping Day. According to Gu Tieqing's Jia Qinglu Volume III, the so-called Tomb-Sweeping Day does not only refer to the day of Tomb-Sweeping Day, but "the day before Qingming Zhixia". Then, of course, the "after sweeping the grave" mentioned in the novel should be in early summer.
Reason two
Judging from the natural scenery described by social drama, it is also in early summer. "Mung bean wheat field" and "Podocarpus in full bloom", the broad bean known as "Podocarpus" is a wintering plant in eastern Zhejiang, which will not bear fruit until Tomb-Sweeping Day, and will not be harvested until summer. When you can peel and cook, of course, it is in early summer. In addition, the novel also writes that the local rich families who watch social dramas "mostly come down to the stage to eat cakes, fruits and melon seeds", and fruits can only be found in summer.
Reason three
Zhou Shuren clearly wrote in "Characters in Lu Xun's Novels: Local Opera": "This article (referring to" Social Opera "-the citation note) said:' At that time, I didn't think why they had to act every year. Now I think it was either a spring match or a social opera.' This is a description of the topic, but in fact this kind of acting is probably in summer. "
According to the above reasons, the time to watch social drama should be late spring and early summer, not spring and summer.
Overall grasp
The full text of "Social Opera" has two parts. The text is excerpted from the second half, which describes the author's past experience of watching social operas as a child and shows his memories and nostalgia for his childhood.
Childhood is a happy and wonderful experience for many people. When I recall the past as an adult, I have a romantic feeling about the people and things at that time. The author of this paper has created a group of simple and lovely images of rural children, such as Double Happiness, A Fa and Gui Sheng. These friends are smart and lively, bold and cautious, warm and friendly. "I" can't see the play, "they all sigh and express sympathy"; When sailing, "the little one will sit in the cabin with me and the big one will gather at the stern" just in case; Guisheng bought soybean milk in the theater and politely scooped water for "me"; On the way home, Afa suggested "stealing" his own beans on the grounds that "ours are much bigger". These are the outstanding manifestations of their innocence and childlike innocence.
Double happiness is the cleverest of his friends. Like his friends' little leaders, his personality is also the most prominent: cautious and smart. When "I" can't see the play and "I want to cry", Shuangxi can immediately come up with a "good idea" and give the reason that "my grandmother and my mother believe"; I was disappointed that the steel-toed old man didn't do somersaults at night. Shuangxi comforted "me" with "who wants to show his skills in vain", showing kindness and thoughtfulness like a big brother; He can make up his mind. When Lao Dan sang endlessly, everyone was tired of going home. It was he who proposed to go home. On the way back, everyone stole Afa's beans. After the double happiness, they advised everyone to "steal more, if Afa's mother knows, she will cry and scold", which shows that he is very considerate of others. Besides, he is good at handling affairs. When he came back, before the boat entered the flat bridge, he shouted, "Everyone is back!" " "Comfort the people on the bridge. Especially the conversation between June 1 and my father-in-law after stealing beans. When his father-in-law accused him on June 1, he boldly admitted that he was "yes", which showed his bravery and innocence. It's clever to block my father-in-law's mouth with the legitimate reason of "it's our treat". Then he said, "We didn't want yours at first. "Immediately from defense to attack. Finally, he gave an order to evict the guests and said, "Look, you scared my shrimp away!" " "Four sentences show that other children can't compare with wisdom.
Shuangxi is a clever, understanding, thoughtful and decisive boy.
The scenery description in this paper is very distinctive. Using freehand brushwork, the author describes the pictures of sailing on a moonlit night, watching a play at the bow and returning home at midnight from the aspects of color, smell and sound, which is full of water town characteristics. The color is like the green of beans and wheat, the light black of distant mountains, the bright moonlight, the red of fishing lights and the white of ships. Smells such as the "fragrance" of beans, wheat and aquatic plants; The sound is like the "gurgling" sound of a ship, the laughter of children, and the "swaying and melodious" sound of a flute. It is written simply, cleanly and vividly. The author also uses various metaphors, personification and other techniques, such as expressing the speed of the ship and setting off the distant mountains. "The light black undulating mountains, like the passionate iron beast ridges, all run far to the stern"; Direct description of the ship, "the ship is like a big white fish carrying a group of children in the waves", enhances the effect of scenery description.
Problem research
1. Why does the author say that Pingqiao Village is my paradise?
The country with simple folk customs is indeed a happy and free paradise for a child who grew up in a feudal family and was bound by various rules. As a guest, the author "gets preferential treatment here" and catches shrimp as usual, and my friends take good care of me. This kind of love and care is vividly shown in the section of "watching social dramas". Here, "I" can avoid reading those old and useless classics, and there are not so many rules to follow. Even if I hit the squire, no one in the village would come up with the word "guilty"
2. What is the image of Father June 1st?
The father-in-law of June 1 day is an image of a simple villager. On June 1, my father-in-law only blamed the children for stealing his beans, saying that they "didn't want to pick them well, and they broke a lot." When he heard that picking beans was for a treat, he immediately said "of course". He is not a stingy person. Later, he personally delivered beans, which shows his warm and hospitable personality. "I" praised him and "I am grateful", which reflected his honest and kind nature as a farmer. As for his boasting that "I have studied" and "I will definitely win the first prize in the future", it is just like his boasting that a child is smart today and will definitely be admitted to a good university in the future. There are also views that although Father June 1st is a good man, he has the limitations of farmers. His admiration for "I" shows that he was deeply influenced by feudal ethics, which was inevitable at that time.
Father June 1st is a generous, kind, simple, hospitable and enthusiastic person.
3. Why, in my feeling, the drama I saw that night was the best in my life, and the beans I ate that night were the best in my life?
From the full text, the key to why I miss the drama and beans I watched that night lies not only in watching the drama and eating beans, but in the whole process of watching the drama and eating beans with the children in Pingqiao Village. I miss not only good plays and beans, but also the simple, sincere, harmonious and intimate interpersonal relationship in Pingqiao Village.
Practice note
1. At the end of the article, it says, "Really, until now, I really haven't eaten good beans like that night, and I won't watch the drama like that night any more." How to understand this ending? Have you ever had such an experience in your life?
This question is intended to let students know the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author in the article.
In fact, the play that night made people yawn and swear, and it was really common to eat beans that night the next day. The so-called "good beans is like that night" and "Drama is like that night" represent the author's fond memories of his innocent, free and interesting childhood, full of romantic ideals, and show his desire and pursuit for the ideal realm of life.
Second, sailing on a summer night and returning home on a moonlit night are wonderful descriptions of the scenery. What did you see, hear and feel, sailing on a summer night to set off my urgent mood? What's the difference between going home on a moonlit night and going to the theatre?
The purpose of this question is to let students know the writing characteristics of this article.
What you can see: the moonlight is hazy in this steam. The light black rolling mountains, like the iron ridges of animals, ran far to the stern. ..... gradually vaguely see Zhao Zhuang, ... there are still some ignition, ...
What do I hear: I seem to hear the song floating ... the sound is probably the flute, dancing and melodious. ...
I returned to China the following month and wrote an interesting story about all my friends "stealing" Podocarpus. I was in a hurry when I went, always thinking that the ship was slow. At this time, my friends and I are in a very happy mood.
Try to find the following words and answer the questions in brackets.
1. My heavy heart suddenly relaxed, and my body seems unable to express it in words.
What kind of mood do "relaxation" and "stretching" express "me"? )
2. The faint black rolling hills, like warm iron ridges, all ran to the stern.
Why does the mountain say "enthusiastic"? )
3. Looking back at the stage under the light, just like the first time, it is as ethereal as a castle in the fairy mountain, covering Xia Hong.
("Looking back" shows the feeling of "I"? What kind of situation does the cover show? )
Unexpectedly, my father-in-law was so grateful on June 1. He gave a thumbs-up and proudly said. ...
(Why should Father June 1st be "grateful" when someone steals beans? )
1. "Relaxation" and "stretching" are in sharp contrast to the previous article, showing the joy and lightness of "I".
2. Write mountains with the verb "enthusiasm" to bring still life to life. The meaning of this word is different from now. The author creatively endowed the word with new meaning.
3. The word "looking back" shows the attachment to "I". The "mask" vividly expresses the fantastic scene on the stage and echoes the coming time.
4. Because I, a student in the city, praised his beans. It shows the simple and honest character of father-in-law Liu Yi.
separate into parts
Part I (1-4): Pingqiao Village is my paradise.
Part II (5-23): The whole process of going to see social drama in Zhaozhuang.
The third part (24-39): June 1 day stealing beans and praising my father-in-law.
Part IV (40): I recall the play that night and Luo Hansong.
Through the description of "I" and my friends sailing in the summer night, watching a play at the bow and returning home under the moon, "Social Drama" shows the cultural life experience of "I" in Jiangnan water town, shapes the images of a group of farmers and teenagers, and shows the beautiful character of simple, kind, friendly and selfless working people. Because this article was included in Scream, it criticized and exposed the author's dissatisfaction with the darkness of society at that time to some extent.