During the Warring States Period, after Shang Yang's political reform, Qin became powerful. After the rise of Qin State, it gradually invaded the territories of six Shandong countries and won many victories, such as the wars of Yi Que, Yan Guo, Huayang and Changping. Of course, Qin's pressing step by step also caused the tension of the six countries in Shandong, prompting the six countries in Shandong to unite to contain Qin. Among them, as far as the fourth battle of attacking Qin is concerned, it is also called the war outside the river.
In the 30th year of Wei Anli (247 BC), Wei Xinling led the allied forces of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu and Yan to defeat Qin Jun in the vertical attack on Qin.
In this campaign, Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu and Yan formed a coalition, and attacked the State of Qin under the command of Wei Xin's Ling Junwei Wuji. They defeated Qin Jun outside the river (now south of the Yellow River in western Henan) and retreated after the Hangu Pass. Victory in the fourth attack on Qin. Regrettably, however, after the victory, the five-nation allied forces headed by Wei Wuji and Xinlingjun dispersed separately, that is, they did not continue to attack Qin, or even took this opportunity to destroy Qin.
Then the question is, after Xin led the five-nation army to defeat, why didn't he go all out to destroy Qin? In other words, isn't this a waste of opportunity?
one
First of all, after the Battle of Handan, Zhao turned the corner. The new Ling Junwei mowgli saved Zhao Yougong, but stole Wang Wei's tiger charm and killed General Jinbi. Afraid of Wei Anli's crime, he dared not return to Wei, and ordered the lieutenant to lead the troops back to Wei and lead the guests to stay in Zhao. After learning the news, Wang Xiang of Qin Zhuang heard that Xinlingjun had left the State of Zhao and thought it was a great opportunity to attack Wei, so he led his army eastward to attack Wei. Wei Bing has been defeated repeatedly, unable to resist Qin Jun's attack.
Therefore, King Wei An sent an envoy to see Zhao, demanding to return to China and refusing the State of Qin. After Xin Lingjun returned to China, Wang Wei exempted him from the crime of stealing and killing, and awarded him to General Yin.
In 247 BC, Xin wrote to various countries, requesting to send troops to help Wei. The monarchs of Zhao, Han, Yan, Chu and other countries have always respected Xin and sent troops to Wei to listen to his restraint. Only Qi refused to send troops. In the same year, Wei Wuji, the king of Xinling, led the allied forces of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu and Yan to attack Qin in the west, and Qin Jun was defeated. The allied forces chased the river and surrounded Qin Jun. In this battle, Wei Wuji, the king of Xinling, took the lead in charging. The morale of the five-nation allied forces was greatly boosted and they followed the charge.
Qin Jun camp chaos, between Scylla and Charybdis, forced to withdraw from the west. Allied forces attacked Hanguguan (now Lingbao North, Henan Province). Qin Jun closed the door, don't hold on.
two
In this regard, the five-power allied forces held a stalemate with Qin Jun for more than a month, and the allied forces withdrew. In recognition of Xin's contribution in defeating Qin State and recovering lost territory in Kanto, King Wei Anli worshipped him as a photojournalist and sealed five cities. In this regard, in my opinion, the reasons why the five-nation allied forces failed to destroy Qin in one fell swoop are mainly divided into the following points. On the one hand, it was because Qin Jun retreated to Hangu Pass and chose to stick to it with the help of mountains and rivers, which made the five armies led by Xinlingjun Wei Wuji almost helpless.
Hanguguan is located in Wang Duo Village, which is 0/5km north of lingbao city, Henan Province (according to the records of the county annals of the end of Han Dynasty, "Gucheng" surfaced and Hanguguan existed. Gucheng is under the jurisdiction of Yin, Henan Province, and the site should be near Chaiwan Village, Cijian Town, northwest of Luoyang City, while Hanguguan in the Eastern Han Dynasty should be 3.5 kilometers east of Xin 'an. ), about 75 kilometers away from Sanmenxia City, is located in the "Chang 'an Ancient Road", close to the Yellow River. Named after being locked in a canyon, it is as dangerous as letters.
During the Warring States period, the reason why Qin frequently attacked the six countries in Shandong was undoubtedly because it had the Hangu Pass, and one person kept it, and ten thousand people could not defeat it. In other words, Qin is not afraid of the defeat of the Six-nation Battle in Shandong, because even if it is defeated, it can retreat to Hangu Pass and resist the Six-nation Allied Forces in Shandong through Hangu Pass. After the fourth attack on Qin, Qin Jun lost the first battle and retreated to Hangu Pass, Wei Wuji, the king of Xinling, was at his wit's end.
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To some extent, the Hangu Pass of Qin can be compared with the Jian Pass of Shu and Han in the Three Kingdoms period. In the battle of Wei destroying Shu, Zhong Hui led 65,438+10,000 troops to attack, but was blocked by Jiang Wei in Jiange area. Although Jiang Wei has only tens of thousands of troops, Zhong Hui is helpless because the sword door is easy to defend but difficult to attack. On the other hand, in the battle outside the river, Wei Wuji, the king of Xinling, withdrew his troops because the five-nation allied forces at that time did not have the strength to destroy Qin.
At that time, Zhao suffered heavy losses in the battle between Changping and Handan, and there were not many elite teachers left. If it is the peak of Zhao, it can compete with Qin without the help of other vassal States.
By the same token, after Shang Yang's political reform, Wei and South Korea were repeatedly attacked by Qin, which not only lost their troops, but also lost a large territory. It is worth noting that in the fourth battle of attacking Qin, although Yanchu sent military forces, the two vassal States were relatively far away from Qin and were less threatened, so they were more inclined to work without making efforts in the battle of attacking Qin.
Therefore, in my opinion, it's not that Wei Wuji, the king of Xinling, didn't want to destroy Qin, but that the five Shandong countries didn't have the strength at that time.
four
Finally, at the end of the Warring States period, the overall strength of Qin had crushed any of the six countries in Shandong. Of course, for the six Shandong countries, if they can unite as one, they can still compete with Qin. However, due to the different interests of the six countries in Shandong, even if they form an alliance, it is difficult to destroy Qin in one fell swoop. Because at the end of the Warring States period, if we really want to destroy Qin, it means that the six Shandong countries should do their best to take out all their military forces.
In this regard, in my opinion, it is relatively easy for Wei, Han and Zhao to send troops, because these three countries are very close to Qin and are deeply threatened by Qin.
More importantly, once Qin was defeated, the three countries could easily seize territory from Qin. However, for the three countries, the situation is obviously different. Among them, as far as Qi State is concerned, it is separated from Qin State by the three kingdoms of Wei, Zhao and Han, that is, it is not directly threatened by Qin State, so it is naturally unwilling to participate in the war of six Shandong countries attacking Qin. As for Yan and Chu, although they sent troops.
However, they didn't really contribute. After all, at that time, the main attack object of Qin State was not Yan Chu, but Wei, Zhao and Han. To sum up, after the fourth attack on Qin and the retreat to Hangu Pass, Xin Lingjun and the allied forces led by him were at loggerheads for several months, so they could only choose to retreat. For these vassal States, they have neither the strength nor the luxury to destroy Qin at once. This of course gave A Qin a breathing space and urged it to continue to carry out the plan of reunifying the six countries.