Song Wenzhi and Shen Quanqi were both famous poets in the early Tang Dynasty. Shen Quanqi, a native of Xiangzhou Neihuang (present-day Henan), is called in the biographies of Tang Shu. Song Wenzhi was called "Hongnong (now Nanguolue Town, Lingbao County, Henan Province)" in the Biography of Song Wenzhi in the Old Tang Dynasty, and "Fenzhou (now Fenyang, Shanxi Province)" in the Biography of Song Wenzhi in the New Tang Dynasty. The question calls itself "Xihe Songmou". According to the textual research of Mr. Fu Xuancong, he was born in Hongnong, Zhou, and his ancestral home is Xihe (now Fenyang, Shanxi).
Their main activities were in the period of Wu Zhou and Zhongzong. Because of the similar style and achievements in poetry creation and the influence on later generations, it is called "God Song" in the history of literature. The two men are not particularly similar in age and experience, but there are many similarities and even similarities in their career ups and downs and life experiences.
one
First of all, they were born in the same year, both in the year of Xianqingyuan in Tang Gaozong (AD 656). There is no exact record about this year of birth in the history books. Mr. Wen Yiduo's "Tang Poetry Series" was born this year according to the relevant records of their weak crown (AD 20). Nowadays, many people keep their words.
Secondly, in the second year of Emperor Gaozong (675), they were all admitted to Jinshi. As for the year of their graduation, the two biographies of Shen Quanqi in the Tang Dynasty only mentioned Shen Quanqi's graduation, but did not remember the year. However, Song Wenzhi never mentioned the first thing in his two biographies of Tang Shu. However, Volume I of Biography of New Tang People in Yuan Dynasty and Biography of Shen Quanqi contained: "Zheng Yibang was a scholar in Shang Yuan for two years". The Biography of Song Wenzhi, with the same book and volume, contains: "Jinshi in the second year of Shangyuan". Vae's Examination of Deng Keji (Volume II) refers to Shen Quanqi as a scholar in the second year of Shang Yuan according to Biography of Talented Scholars in Tang Dynasty. Song and He are also said to be like Cordendi.
Similarly, they are all bachelors in Zhu Ying. Tang Yaohui's Revision 36 records Wu Houchao's revision of Three Religions and Zhu Ying: "At the beginning of the holy calendar, books such as Yulan and Yao Bo were published, so many things were not prepared, so twenty-six people including Li Qiao, Shen Quanqi and Song were called to write them together. In addition to old books, Dofo Road and its relatives, names, regions, etc. " In the holy calendar, that is, AD 699. Shang is Wu Zetian. "Three religions" refer to Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Editing books is objectively a good thing. But Wu Zetian has ulterior motives. The "foremen" who wrote books were Toy Boy, Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, brothers of Wuhou. Wuhou is a temple dedicated to the emperor for the Zhang brothers, but it has no actual position. In the first year of Jiushi (2006), Zi Tongzhi Jian (700) contained: "In June, Crane was changed to Chen Feng House, and Zhang Yizhi was appointed as Chen Feng. Every time Empress Dowager Cixi holds a banquet in the inner hall, all the military commanders, Zhiyi and his younger brother's secretary, Jian Changzong, are attracted to drink and amuse themselves. Empress Dowager Cixi wanted to hide her eyes and ears, so she ordered Zhiyi, Changzong and the scribe Li Qiao to write "Three Religions and Zhu Ying" in the temple. " It can be seen that editing books is also to cover the facade for these pets. Shen and Song heard about it from beginning to end, and it was not until 1300 that "Three Religions and" was completed on November 12th, the first year of Dazu. (See Don Yao Hui, Volume 63)
Fourth, both of them flattered Wu Zetian's brothers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, and both of them were implicated and demoted to Lingnan. Biography of the Song Dynasty in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty: "At that time, people were very fond of him, and their titles were attached to Yan, Shen Quanqi and Liu ..." Volume 78 of the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Biography of Zhang Xingcheng and Biography of Zhang Yizhi Changzong: "In the first month of the Year of the Loong (705), the weather was very sick. On the 20th of that month, Zaichen Cui Xuanwei and Zhang Jianzhi took off their feathers, welcomed the Prince to Xuanwu Gate, cut off the entrance, suppressed Yizhi and Changzong in Yingxian Courtyard, died in the south of Tianjin Bridge, and toured Yang Palace the day after tomorrow. -Chao Guanrong, Cui, Li Qiao, Song, Du, Shen Quanqi, Yan, etc. There are two people sitting, and there are dozens of people. " (ditto) That spring, Wen Zhi was expelled from the imperial court and relegated to Longzhou (now Luoding South, Guangdong) to join the army. Shen Quanqi was banished to distant Korea (now Yeongju, Vietnam).
Fifth, however, it didn't take long for them to be forgiven and returned to the north, and they were awarded new posts. Yuan Guijuan, a bookstore, pardoned the emperor for three years: the first year of Shenlong (705). "In November, at noon, (Zhongzong) visited the ancestral temple, thanked Qirong, and after the ceremony, he pardoned the world: those who flew back and forth, did not sit against their orders and were released, and those who had been assigned by Zhang Yizhi disciples, paid attention to it and stayed away. (There is also a record of "Amnesty for the world" in "Old Tang Shu Zhong Zongji". ) Shen and Song are obviously "non-fate sitters", but not all of them can return to Chang 'an and Luoyang, and they can only be "far officials". Therefore, Shen Quanqi has a poem "Forgive me for not returning to Heshi". According to the first issue of "Su Mei Zhou cries for Cui He", there is a cloud: "In the autumn and August of the third year of Shenlong, I returned to the North with gratitude." "The New Tang Book Shen Quanqi Biography": "Moved to Taizhou to join the army. If you count, you can summon, worship Huolang, a straight bachelor from the Literature Museum. " It can be seen that the date of forgiveness should be in the autumn of the third year of Shenlong (707). He has successively awarded bachelor's degrees to Taizhou Sima, Juyilang and Xiuwenguan. As for the Song Dynasty, both new and old books in the Tang Dynasty all said that after being demoted, Song "fled back in a few days". However, there is a line in the poem "Good Morning: Returning to the Boat": "Once you are kind, Wan Li will not give up. Going to Yunnan is stagnant, and returning home is northward. Tears greet today's joy and dream of changing yesterday's sadness. From soul to soul, drought can't stay. " . The provable problem is also forgiveness. According to the topic, he was later exiled to Yuezhou (now Shaoxing), returned to Qinzhou (now Guangxi), and finally died in Guizhou (now Guilin). When there is no "return". It should be the autumn of the second year of Shenlong (706), after the first descent to the state or a little earlier. However, it seems that he did not become a "distant official" after being pardoned. Two books in the Tang Dynasty said that he became an official of the capital. Yakumo in Zi Jian (Volume 20) said: "Asking, being disappointed, talking, being brave and being brave are not only Beijing officials, but also doctors." .
Sixth, both of them have worked as bachelors in Zhongzong Xiuwen Museum. According to "New Tang Book Li Shichuan", "In the second year of Qianlong (708), there were four bachelor's students, eight bachelor's students and twelve straight bachelor's students in Xiuwenguan." Shen Quanqi and Song are both bachelors. What is a bachelor? "Every emperor can travel to Henan, but the prime minister and the bachelor can write poems from there ... The emperor feels something, and the bachelor belongs to harmony." It can be seen that they are all literary courtiers and court poets of Zhongzong Dynasty.
Seventh, both of them have contributed to the examination of foreign workers. In the first year of Chang 'an (70 1), Shen Quanqi was appointed Foreign Minister of Kao Gong. Biography of Shen Quan in Old Tang Dynasty: "In Chang 'an Middle School, I moved to someone else's house and prepared Three Religions and Zhu Ying. ..... and then transfer to the exam. "... I'm afraid the records here are not accurate. I should have been appointed Foreign Minister earlier. Yan Zhenqing's "Tombstone Inscription of Doctor Yi Chao to Governor Xu Fujun of Liangzhou (Revision)" was published in the volume of "Literary Offering in the Whole Tang Dynasty" in 343, and there is a saying: "In fifteen years, you should be promoted to be a Chongwen student and try Yuan Wailang's" East Tang Mural Fu "again. When public assistance to Li Han was successful, Shen Gong was shocked, so he was promoted to the highest position. "With volume 440, there is Xu Hao's Tombstone of Tang Shangshu's Right Prime Minister Zhong Shuling Zhang Gong (nine years old)": "The weak-crowned provincial examination scholar, Kao Gong Shen Lang is all excited, and he is the highest. "..." I studied the book Volume 177: Zhang Jiuling in Xian Zhizhai and worked as a scholar in Chang 'an for two years. "In the second year of Chang 'an, that is, in 702 AD, I knew that I had been serving as foreign minister that spring. According to the article "Revision" in volume 36 of Tang Yao Hui: "On November 12th, the first year of Dazu, Lin Taige and Zhang Changzong wrote 1,300 volumes of Three Religions and Zhu Ying, which were published and engraved." 70 1 in the first year of Dazu. "According to historical records, the minister who wrote this book (according to" Three Religions and Zhu Ying ") was moved to the official position ... Then the lost period should be in the winter of the first year of Dazu (70 1) (changed to the first year of Chang 'an in October of that year), and moved from the general manager to the foreign minister who took the exam. In the spring of the second year of Chang 'an (702), he was awarded the examiner, Wailang. " (See Fu Xuancong's "Shen Quanqi, Tang Caizi Textbook").
Later, in the second year of Jinglong (708), Mr. Yuan Wailang of the Song Dynasty moved to Kao Yuan Wailang. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty in Song Dynasty: "Jing Longzhong (708) moved to be a foreign minister to flatter Princess Taiping, so it was useful." It seems that the problem is that I was promoted to be foreign minister for the exam because I was flattering Princess Taiping. In addition, the title of "Du Shiyan" reads: "In the second year of Wei Datang Jinglong, Du Junzhi, a foreign minister, paid tribute to the old scholar's museum." There is a cloud in the article: "Meng Dong October Xi * * * belongs to the king." I know this question was in the examination of being appointed as foreign minister in 10 this year. In the third year of Yue Jinglong (709), he made tribute. "Biography of the Old Tang and Song Dynasties": "In Jinglong, I will take the test again. ..... and the classic example, after the introduction, there are many celebrities. " . According to Mr. Fu Xuancong's textual research, it is like this: "The examination is scheduled for the autumn and winter of Jinglong two years, and the tribute is scheduled for Jinglong three years." (Biography of Talented Persons in the Song Dynasty).
two
Due to similar life experiences, resorting to poetry creation has also formed some similarities in subject matter content and even artistic achievements. This is mainly manifested in the creation of poetry in exile and its outstanding contribution to modern poetry.
In the early Tang Dynasty, Wuhou was very popular in the middle and late period. Shen and Song are both highly respected literati. It is inevitable to be ordered to write poetry and get some "obedient literature". According to statistics, there are 27 poems that Song should write today, accounting for about one seventh of all his poems. There are thirty-five poems by Shen Quanqi, accounting for about one-fifth of all his poems. Because these poems echo the emperor's will, it is inevitable that they are irrelevant and frivolous. There is a saying in "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty Li Shichuan": "The son of heaven feels things, writes poems, and the bachelor returns to peace. At that time, people were upset, but they were all sick and embarrassed. They forgot the ceremony of the monarch and the minister, but they took advantage of Mandarin. " But "people who resigned at that time were generally rich, but their income was also considerable." (Biography of Shangguan Waner in the New Tang Dynasty) Shen and Song are outstanding. Especially in skill, charm and style. "Their poems should represent the highest achievement of similar poems in the early Tang Dynasty, and there are many readable works. Even the tribute is ingenious, skillful, flowing and charming, which reflects the grandeur of the Tang Dynasty to some extent. " (Tao Min Yi Shuqiong's Preface to Shen Quanqi's Collation of songji) Qing Weng Fanggang once said: "The exquisite beauty of all kinds of works made by Shen and Song is self-evident, but it is especially elegant. This yuan has changed the demeanor of the six dynasties, so you can't try it later. " ("Zhou Shi Shi Hua" Volume 1)
In addition to the poems they should write, they also wrote a considerable number of poems about banishment. According to statistics, Shen Quanqi wrote 32 poems during his imprisonment and exile, accounting for more than one-fifth of all his existing poems. During his relegation to Lingnan and Yuezhou, Song Wenzhi wrote as many as 72 poems. It accounts for two-fifths of all his existing poems. Because of the sudden change of the poet's life experience and situation, these poems are deeply experienced and felt. Therefore, it is possible to get rid of lead and change it. Most of the writing is really touching and full of historical vicissitudes. Imagine that one was once a "three-year-old province, five-year-old Shang" (Shen Quanqi), and the other was once a "three-year-old literary and historical forest, two-year-old immortal mansion" (Song Wenzhi). In the cruel political dispute, suddenly fell from the peak of glory to the deep valley of humiliation, how not to arouse emotional waves? Therefore, in these works, the hardships of the journey, the inner anguish, the memory of Lao Yu and the impressions of different customs and ways are all touching. As Liu Changbai said, it is really a situation of "moving customers to chase ministers."
What is particularly commendable is that they have painstakingly explored the poetic art of regular poetry and finally achieved almost perfect results. Their poems have become turtles of metrical poetry and pioneers of modern poetry, and have made great achievements in China literature and even cultural history. Yuan Zhen's "Tomb Inscription of Du Yun, a member of the Tang Dynasty": "Shen Song's stream, which is carefully studied and stable, is called the law poem." Dugu and Preface to the Collection of Tang Zuoque: "After more than a thousand years, by the time of Shen Zhanshi and Song Kao Gong, it was cut into six methods, and all the five colors were obvious, making the words harmonious, melodious and wonderful." . Jiao Ran's "Poetic Style": "Since the Tang Dynasty, people in the Song Dynasty have asked questions, and Shen has been mourning during the period, and it has also been covered with a turtle mirror of regular poetry." Song Qi's Biography of the Book of the New Tang Dynasty and Song Wenzhi: "If you ask about it, you will be all right, but if you are beautiful, you will avoid getting sick, and your sentences will be accurate, such as splendid writing." Scholar Zongzhi, posthumous title' Song Shen' ". The main contribution of Shen Songti is to shape the system of metrical poems in Tang Dynasty. On the Yongming style initiated by Shen Yue and Xie Tiao in the Southern Qi Dynasty, Shen Song developed from emphasizing four tones to only distinguishing flat tones, and realized affirmation of flat tones from denying the theory of "eight diseases", thus forming a complete metrical poem with strict rules on flat tones. Their poetry is rigorous, flat and harmonious, which makes all the systems of metrical poetry mature and stereotyped, and clearly draws the boundary between ancient poetry and modern poetry. Let the younger generation follow suit and let excellent works appear again and again. In the history of China's poetry development, it is a bridge connecting the past and the future.
Nie Yonghua, in his textual research on the romantic changes of palace poems in the early Tang Dynasty, thinks that Ode to God is "the symbol of modern poetry stereotypes". And demonstrate from three aspects (the general idea). First, as the key to the maturity and stereotype of modern metrical poems, the law of "sticking" or "reciting children" may have been put forward by Shen Songming. The second word of five-character metrical poem is the key to the formation of metrical form. Song Shen not only realized something in his long-term writing. Moreover, because the Tang Dynasty used poetry to select scholars, and Shen Song was a foreign minister, they had to formulate a set of strict standards in terms of format and rhyme in order to unify the "grading standards" when they made contributions. "Nian Er", that is, sticking rules, should be one of them. Secondly, the establishment of Shen Song's position in the poetic world mainly lies in their outstanding performance in the creation of regular poems. According to Mr. He's statistics, there are 235 five-character poems written by Shen Song, of which 203 are harmony poems, accounting for 87%. It is higher than the "four friends of the article" (Cui Rong, Su Weidao, Du, Li Qiao) who contributed to the finalization of regular poems at that time. Moreover, Shen Song's long method is particularly eye-catching. Among their 203 poems, 57 rhymes. It accounts for 28%, much higher than the "four friends of the article". Shen Song not only made full use of the techniques of "changing the head" and "drawing the word" in short chapters of five words and eight sentences, but also made strict laws and regulations in long poems with more than four rhymes, which showed his mastery and application of the style of rhythmic poems. Wang Fuzhi, a scholar in A Qing, said: "Those who win the fame of Shen and Song are better than five characters." (Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty, Volume III). Third, Song Shen and his wife have complete categories, each with its own characteristics. Shen Song and his wife not only made outstanding achievements in five-character poems, but also successfully introduced the rules of "changing the head" and "drawing two words" into seven-character poems and put them into practice. There are 23 seven-character poems in Shen Song (Shen 17, Song 6). ), article harmony. It is almost the sum of all seven-character poems since the Tang Dynasty. Song Shen's successful practice marks the final maturity and finalization of metrical poems. Before Shen Song's public election of dragons, there was no such thing as "orthodox poetry". Zhang Song's coral hook poem: "Su, Li went up, noble and ancient, called ancient;" Shen and Song fell, which is also called the law. " . Later, the differences between regular poems and ancient poems, present poems and future poems are often recorded. Liang Qian, a Qing Dynasty man, chose "Tang Shen Yin Ti" as the saying goes: "Since Shen Song, people in the Tang Dynasty should do their best to write poems." . It can be inferred that the name "Yun" was given by Shen Song. Mr. Zheng Zhenduo said: "Their initiative (that is, Song Shen) is more important than their creation." (Illustrated History of China Literature, p. 320)
three
Shen Quanqi and Song are the same age and live in the same dynasty. They are not only similar in life and official career, but also comparable in poetic orientation and literary achievements. However, when they come to the end of their lives, one of them can die naturally, and the other one dies suddenly, with a very different ending. Why is it so far? Investigate its reason, cannot but say their similarities and differences. This "difference" is mainly reflected in their perception of reality and their attitude of settling down. In the brutal political competition, they were all enthusiastic at first. However, after being expelled from Lingnan to the north, Shen Quanqi realized the real political struggle, accepted the lesson and became indifferent to fame and fortune. Stay away from the political vortex of intrigue. However, Song was stubborn and unchanging. I've always hoped to get a piece of the Vanity Fair feast. As a result, he was soon involved in a more intense political struggle. In the struggle between Wuwei Group and Li Tang Imperial Clan, they took refuge in Wuwei Group. As a result, after the imperial clan of Li Tang came to power, this problem became a disaster. "He was reduced to Yuezhou, then to Qin Zhou, and finally he was given a tragic end in Guizhou." (Notes on Collating the Works of Tao Min, Yi Shuqiong and Shen Quanqi).
In addition, it should be pointed out that poetry creation has different styles and achievements. Mr Ma Maoyuan said:
Shen and Song also said that their poems are often confused with each other, and some of them are difficult to identify. Their life experiences are similar and their styles are similar. However, there is no difference between them. Gai's questioning and thinking are meticulous, graceful and elegant, and his five words are good at playing. His "Kunming Pool" should be written, which has overshadowed the period. Shen magnanimous, seven words will win. His "single chapter" and "singing high, covering ancient songs far away" (Yao Nai's "Today's Poetry Talk", Volume I) are also beyond his power. Wang Shizhen's Yi Yan Yuan Yan has four clouds: "Shen Zhan's Seven Laws, Gao Hua wins the Song Dynasty." Old Books (according to Old Tang Books) are called "You Chang's Seven-character Works". When asked, he called it "five-character rhyme, which was unparalleled at that time." Short in size and long in length, the article is divided into two parts. Shen and Song do five-character arrangement together, but the problem is still more than one hundred words; "The Demon Answers Home" is 48 rhymes long. Its arrangement and description have begun to flourish in the Tang Dynasty. (Collection of Essays on Night Shooting, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, April edition, 198 1)
From this, it is not difficult to see that the strengths of Shen and Song poetry are both shortcomings.