The Book of Songs is my country's first comprehensive collection of poems. It contains 305 poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period about 500 years (another six are included in "Xiaoya"). The "Sheng Poems", which have a purpose and no words, are not included), so it is also called "Three Hundred Poems", and together with "Shangshu", "Book of Rites", "Book of Changes" and "Spring and Autumn" are collectively called the Five Classics. "The ancient "Poetry" contains more than 300 chapters, all related to Confucius, minus the emphasis..." ("Historical Records: The Family of Confucius"), it is said to have been compiled by Confucius. It was originally called "The Book of Songs", but was regarded as a classic by Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty. He created the excellent tradition of realism in ancient Chinese poetry creation. The content in the Book of Songs is, by its original nature, the lyrics of songs. "Mozi Gongmeng" said: "Three hundred odes, three hundred string poems, three hundred song poems, and three hundred dance poems." This means that more than three hundred poems in "Poetry" can be recited, played with musical instruments, Singing and dancing. "Historical Records: The Family of Confucius" also says: "Three hundred and five chapters, Confucius sang them all with strings, in order to combine the sounds of Shao, Wu, Ya, and Song." Although these statements may still be explored, the "Book of Songs" has a strong relationship with music in ancient times. There is no doubt that it is closely related to dance. The Book of Songs is not only the earliest collection of poems, but also an encyclopedia reflecting the society at that time. It is the source and representative work of my country's "realism" poetry tradition.
The "Six Meanings" of "The Book of Songs"
The "Six Meanings" of "The Book of Songs" refer to Feng, Ya, and Song. These three refer to content, Fu, Bi, and Xing. ,, these three are talking about techniques, these are the "Six Meanings".
The division of "Wind", "Ya" and "Song" into three parts is based on the difference in music. "Wind" consists of 15 parts, most of which are folk songs from the Yellow River Basin, called "Winds of the Fifteen Kingdoms". There are 160 chapters.
"Ya" is divided into "Xiaoya" (31 chapters) and "Daya" (74 chapters), which are palace songs with 105 chapters.
"Song" includes "Zhou Song" (31 pieces), "Lu Song" (4 pieces) and "Shang Song" (5 pieces), which are music songs and dance songs used for sacrifices in the ancestral temple, ***40 articles.
The meaning of "wind" is tone. It is relative to "Wang Ji" - the area directly ruled by the Zhou Dynasty. It is music with local color. The ancients called it "Qin Feng", "Wei Feng" and "Zheng Feng", just like now we talk about Shaanxi Diao, Shanxi Diao and Henan Diao.
Guofeng·Zhou Nan Guofeng·Zhao Nan Guofeng·Bei Feng Guo Feng·Yuan Feng Guo Feng·Wei Feng Guo Feng·Wang Feng Guo Feng·Zheng Feng
Guo Feng·Wei Feng Guo Feng · Tang Feng Guo Feng · Qi Feng Guo Feng · Qin Feng Guo Feng · Chen Feng Guo Feng · Huifeng Guo Feng · Cao Feng Guo Feng · Bin Feng
"Ya" is the joy of "Wang Ji", and the Zhou people in this area called it "Xia" , "Ya" and "Xia" were commonly used in ancient times. Ya also means "righteousness". At that time, Wang Ji's music was regarded as Zhengsheng - a model of music. People in the Zhou Dynasty called Zhengsheng Yale, just like people in the Qing Dynasty called Kunqiang Yabu, which has a sense of respect. Zhu Xi's "Collected Poems" says: "Ya means Zhengye, and the song of Zhengle. There are differences in the size of its chapters, and there are differences between Zhengxiao and Zhengbian in the early Confucianism. Based on today's test, Zhengxiaoya, Yanxiao The joy of it; Zhengdaya, the joy of court gatherings, is also the result of Li Chen Jie's speech...The tone of speech is different, and the syllables are also different." Therefore, the difference between Da Ya and Da Ya lies in its content.
"Song" is music specially used for worship in ancestral temples. "Preface to Mao's Poems" says: "The person who eulogizes is a description of his beauty and virtue, and he is the one who tells the gods about his success." This is the meaning and purpose of the ode. Wang Guowei said: "The sound of the song is slower than that of wind and elegance." ("Shuo Zhou Ode") This is the characteristic of its music.
According to Zhu Xi’s "Collected Poems", "Fu" means "the person who writes Fu is the one who expresses the story and speaks directly." That is to say, Fu directly lays out the narrative. It is the most basic expression technique. For example, "The bond between life and death is broad, and it is said to the child. Hold the hand of the child, and the child will grow old with him." This is a direct expression of one's feelings.
"Bi", according to Zhu Xi's explanation, means "comparing that thing to this thing", which also means metaphor. There are many places where metaphors are used in the Book of Songs, and the techniques are also varied. For example, "Meng" uses the change of mulberry trees from flourishing to withering to describe the rise and fall of love; "Crane" uses "stones from other mountains can attack jade" to describe the need for wise men to govern the country; "Shuo Ren" continuously uses "catkins" The word "congealing fat" is used to describe a beautiful woman's hands, "congealing fat" is used to describe a beautiful woman's skin, "hu rhinoceros" is used to describe a beautiful woman's teeth, etc. These are all good examples of the use of "bi" in the Book of Songs.
"Fu" and "Bi" are the most basic expression techniques in all poetry, while "Xing" is a unique technique in the "Book of Songs" and even Chinese poetry. The original meaning of the word "Xing" is "rising", so it is often called "rising". "Xing" in "The Book of Songs", according to Zhu Xi's explanation, means "preface other things to trigger the words to be chanted", that is, to use other things to pave the way for the content of the chant. It is often used at the beginning of a poem or chapter. Sometimes when a sentence in a poem seems to be Xing, you can judge whether it is Xing by whether it is used at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph. For example, in Wei Feng·Meng, "the mulberry trees have not yet fallen, and their leaves are like woruo", which means they are prosperous. . Probably the most primitive "Xing" is just an origin and has no meaningful relationship with the following text. It shows that thoughts wander and associate for no reason. Just like Qin Feng's "Morning Wind", it is difficult to find the meaningful connection between the beginning of "The morning breeze and the gloomy northern forest" and the following "I haven't seen the gentleman yet, and I am worried about him".
Although in this case, it may be that it is incomprehensible due to the age gap, this situation must exist. Even in modern ballads, we can still see this kind of "xing".
Furthermore, "Xing" also has more practical uses such as metaphor, symbol, and foil. But precisely because "Xing" is originally caused by the wandering thoughts and associations for no reason, even if it has a more practical meaning, it is not so fixed and rigid, but ethereal and subtle. For example, at the beginning of "Guan Ju", "Guan Guan Ju dove, in the river island", the poet originally used the foreground to create the following "A graceful lady, a gentleman is fond of hunting". However, Guan Ju's harmonious singing can also be used as a metaphor for male and female courtship. Or the harmonious love between men and women, but its metaphor is not so clear and definite. Another example is the poem "Peach Blossoms", which begins with "The peach blossoms shine brightly", describing the beautiful atmosphere when the peach blossoms bloom in spring. It can be said to be a realistic writing, but it can also be understood as a metaphor for the beauty of the bride. , it can also be said that this is to set off the warm atmosphere of the wedding. Because "Xing" is such a subtle technique that can be used freely, later generations of poets who like the implicit and euphemistic charm of poetry are particularly interested in it. They each show off their skills, revise the old and bring out the new, and so on. , constituting a special flavor of Chinese classical poetry
Yuan opera is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation. It embodies unique characteristics in both ideological content and artistic achievements, and is similar to Tang poetry and Song lyrics. Together they have become three important milestones in the history of Chinese literature.
Yuan opera originally came from the so-called "Fan opera" and "Hu music". It was first spread among the people and was called "market Xiaoling" or "cunfang minor".
As the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty and took over the Central Plains, it spread in the vast north and south areas centered on Dadu (today's Beijing) and Lin'an (today's Hangzhou).
Yuan music has a strict metrical formula, and each piece of music has fixed format requirements in terms of sentence structure, word count, equivalence, etc. However, although there is a fixed pattern, it is not rigid. It is allowed to add lining words in the fixed pattern, and some qupai can also add sentences. The rhyme is allowed to rhyme with flat and oblique rhymes. Compared with the quatrains and Song lyrics, it has greater flexibility. Therefore, readers can find that two songs of the same "qupai" sometimes have different number of words, which is why (among the same tune, the one with the least number of words is the standard fixed format).
Yuan opera combines traditional poetry, folk songs and dialects to form a humorous, free and straightforward artistic style, which has a very important impact on the innovation and development of Ci style.
Yuan opera, which became a literary flourishing after Tang poetry and Song lyrics, has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuan opera inherited the elegance and elegance of poetry; on the other hand, the society of the Yuan Dynasty placed scholars in the "eighth The status of "prostitutes, nine Confucians and ten beggars", political dictatorship, and social darkness made Yuan Qu radiate an extremely dazzling battle brilliance and reveal a mood of resistance. It pointed directly at the social ills and denounced "Not reading is the highest, and illiteracy is the worst." Well, the society in which people praise their beauty even if they don’t know anything directly refers to the world trend in which “everyone feels embarrassed about their life, and no one has money to marry them”. The works describing love in Yuan opera are also more vigorous and bold than the poems of previous dynasties. All these are enough to make Yuan opera retain its artistic charm forever.
Yuan opera can be divided into Zaju and Sanqu. Sanqu can be divided into Tao Shu, Xiao Ling, and Dai Guo Qu.
In ancient Chinese music, the regulator style was called Baozhong Gong Diao. The Gong tune of the song comes from the Yan music of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The four strings of the pipa are designated as Gong, Shang, Jiao and Yu. Each string constitutes seven tunes. The seven tunes of the Gong tune are called "Gong", and the others are called tunes.* **It must be attuned to the twenty-eighth house. However, there are only twelve types commonly used in Yuan opera: Xianlu Palace, Nanlu Palace, Huangzhong Palace, Zhenggong, Dashi Diao, Xiaoshi Diao, Banshe Diao, Shang Diao, Shangjiao Diao, Shuang Diao and Yue Diao. Each palace tune has its own musical style, so there are often certain habits in choosing the tune. For example, Wang Jide said in "Qu Lv": "The use of palace tunes must describe the joys and sorrows of things. For example, for traveling and rewards, Xianlu, double tunes, etc. are used; for sorrow, there are Shang tune, Yue tune, etc. To adjust the mood. , easy to move."
Each palace tune has a different tune. The number of sets is composed of two or more different tunes of Zhou Gong Tune.
Wang Guowei, a famous scholar in modern times, juxtaposes Yuan opera with "the poetry of Chu, the poetry of Han, the parallelism of the Six Dynasties, the poetry of the Tang, and the poetry of the Song", calling it "the literature of a generation".
The Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) was the heyday of the development of classical poetry in my country. Tang poetry is one of my country's outstanding literary heritages and a brilliant pearl in the world's literary treasure house. Although it is more than a thousand years ago, many psalms are still widely circulated by us.
There were many poets in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi are certainly world-famous great poets. Besides them, there are countless other poets, like the stars in the sky. More than 2,300 of these poets are famous today. There are more than 48,900 of their works preserved in the "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty". The subject matter of Tang poetry is very wide. Some reflect the class situation and class contradictions of the society from the side, exposing the darkness of feudal society; some praise the just war and express patriotism; some describe the beauty and beauty of the motherland's rivers and mountains; in addition, some express personal ambitions and experiences There are some that express the love of children, some that talk about friendships, the joys and sorrows of life, etc. In short, everything from natural phenomena, political dynamics, working life, social customs, to personal feelings cannot escape the poet's keen eyes and become the subject matter of their writing.
In terms of creative methods, there are both realist and romantic schools, and many great works are examples of the combination of these two creative methods, forming the excellent tradition of Chinese classical poetry.
The forms of Tang poetry are diverse. There are basically two types of ancient poetry in the Tang Dynasty: five-character poems and seven-character poems. There are also two types of modern poetry, one is called quatrains and the other is called rhymed poetry. Quatrains and rhymed poems are different in five words and seven words. Therefore, there are basically six basic forms of Tang poetry: five-character ancient poetry, seven-character ancient poetry, five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains, five-character rhymed poems, and seven-character rhymed poems. Archaic poetry has relatively broad requirements for rhyme and rhythm: in a poem, the number of sentences can be more or less, the chapters can be long or short, and the rhymes can be switched. Modern poetry has stricter requirements on rhyme and rhythm: the number of sentences in a poem is limited, that is, four quatrains and eight lines in rhymed poetry. The rhythm and oblique tones of the words used in each poem have certain rules, and the rhyme and rhyme cannot be changed; rhymed poetry also requires middle lines. The four sentences become a counterpoint. The style of ancient poetry was handed down from previous generations, so it is also called ancient style. Modern poetry has a strict rhythm, so some people also call it metrical poetry.
The forms and styles of Tang poetry are colorful and innovative. It not only inherits the tradition of folk songs and Yuefu of the Han and Wei dynasties, but also greatly develops the style of the song; it not only inherits the five- and seven-character ancient poems of the previous generation, but also develops into a lengthy narrative romance; it not only expands the five-character and seven-character poems The use of verbal forms also created modern poetry with a particularly beautiful and neat style. Modern poetry was a new style poetry at that time. Its creation and maturity were a major event in the history of poetry development in the Tang Dynasty. It has pushed the artistic features of syllable harmony and word refinement of our country's ancient poetry to unprecedented heights, and found the most typical form for ancient lyric poetry. It is still particularly popular among the people today. However, the rhythmic poetry in modern poetry has strict metrical restrictions, which easily restricts the content of the poem and prevents free creation and development. This is a big flaw brought by its strengths.
Song poetry is another literary genre after Tang poetry. It is basically divided into two categories: graceful school and bold school.
Representatives of the graceful school: Li Yu, the late master of the Southern Tang Dynasty, poets of the Song Dynasty: Li Qingzhao, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, etc.
Representatives of the Bold School: Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Yue Fei, Chen Liang, etc.
Song Ci is a dazzling diamond in the crown of ancient Chinese literature. In the Langyuan of ancient literature, she is a fragrant and gorgeous garden. With her colorful and diverse works of beauty, she competes with Tang poetry for wonder, and with Yuan opera for beauty. She has always been considered as one of the best in Tang poetry, and both represent the success of a generation of literature. He drew nourishment from the "Book of Songs", "Chu Ci" and "Poetry of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties", which also provided organic ingredients for later Ming and Qing drama novels. To this day, she is still cultivating people's sentiments and bringing us high artistic enjoyment.
In the early days, Ci was extremely gorgeous and flashy, and it was popular among restaurants and bars in the market. It was a popular art form. The "Flower Room Collection" of the Five Dynasties period clearly showed the beautiful and gorgeous literary talent of Ci. However, the themes of poetry during this period were limited to describing love affairs, singing, drinking and banquets, etc. It can be said that they were still "stingy". Although the artistic achievements have reached a considerable level, the level of ideological connotation is not enough. The poetry of the early Song Dynasty also followed this style of poetry from the beginning, pursuing gorgeous words and descriptions of delicate emotions. For example, Liu Yong, who once offended Emperor Renzong by writing "I endured the fame and sang in a low voice instead of a shallow cup of wine", was depressed and frustrated, and spent his whole life wandering among the singing houses and brothels, writing lyrics for the singing girls. As the saying goes, "Wherever there is a place to drink from a well, one can sing willow lyrics." Ci at that time was considered to be a vulgar folk art and not elegant, so much so that after Yan Shu of the Song Dynasty became prime minister, he did not admit that any of his previous Ci poems were written by him. There were many prostitutes in the Song Dynasty, and their level of prostitution was rare in other dynasties. Together with the talents of the Song Dynasty, they promoted the widespread spread of Ci, an emerging art form, among the people.
However, as Ci occupies an increasingly important position in the literature of the Song Dynasty, the connotation of Ci is constantly enriched and improved. "When a man is sleepless, the general's gray hair and husband's tears will be revealed." This established the status of frontier fortress poetry in Song poetry, refreshing the world's people who had only heard of songs and banquets, palace wealthy families, urban customs, and lovesickness. By the time Su Ci began to develop a bold style of poetry, Song Ci was no longer limited to literati and officials' playthings for entertainment and expressing the love of their children. It also reflected the literati and officials' perceptions and thinking about the times, life, and even social politics at that time. Song poetry completely jumped out of the nest of singing and dancing, and was sublimated into a cultural form that represents the spirit of the times.
Words can also be divided into Xiaoling (under 58 characters), Zhong (59~90), and Long (above 90).
Ci, a type of poetry. Because it is the lyrics of Hele, it is also called tune lyrics, Yuefu, music, long and short sentences, poetry, Qinqu, etc. It began in the Sui Dynasty, took shape in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and flourished in the Song Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the music of various ethnic groups introduced from the Western Regions gradually merged with the old music of the Central Plains, and Yan music, mainly Hu music, emerged. The original neat five- and seven-character poems were no longer suitable, so words with unequal words and more lively forms were produced.
Ci first originated from the folk. Later, literati wrote new words according to the rhythm and rhythm of the music score, which was called "filling in lyrics" or "according to the sound". From then on, words and music were separated, forming a kind of metrical poetry with sentences of varying lengths. 5. The seven-character poems are well-proportioned and dualistic, showing the beauty of order; while the lyrics are mainly long and short sentences, showing the beauty of jaggedness.
Ci has a word card, which is a melody. Some lexical tones have different "styles" depending on the number of words or sentence structure. There are about 100 commonly used word cards. The structure of the word is divided into pieces or columns. If it is not divided into pieces, it is monotonous. If it is divided into two pieces, it is called double tone. If it is divided into three pieces, it is called triple. According to music, there are differences between leading, leading, approaching and slow. "Ling" is generally short, and early literati's poems often filled in Xiaoling. Such as "Sixteen Character Order", "Ru Meng Order", "Tao Lian Zi Order", etc. "Yin" and "Jin" are generally longer, such as "Jiangmei Yin", "Yangguan Yin", "Zhu Yingtai is near", and "Reporting the sincere feelings are near". "Man" is longer than "Yin" and "Jin", and it became popular after the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. There is a saying that Liu Yong "began to develop Man Ci". Poems such as "Magnolia Slow", "Yulin Ling Slow" and so on. According to the number of characters, it can be divided into "small tune", "middle tune" and "long tune". According to Mao Xianshu's "Explanation of the Names of Filled Ci" of the Qing Dynasty, the characters within 58 are Xiaoling, the characters 59-90 are Zhong, and the characters beyond 90 are Long. The longest poem, "Preface to the Song of Orioles," has 240 words.