1. Metaphor
Compare one thing or situation with another. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. It can highlight the characteristics of things and visualize abstract things.
For example: "Looking at the Dongting landscape from a distance, there are green snails in the silver plate." (Liu Yuxi's "Looking at the Dongting") The poem skillfully compares the "snail" and compares the mountain under the bright moon Yin Hui to a green snail in a silver plate. The color is elegant and the landscape is integrated.
2. Metonymy
Borrow something relevant, not what you want to express. Metonymy can replace the whole with parts, the abstraction with concreteness, and the person with features. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.
For example: "You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " (Li Qingzhao's Dream) The words "green" and "red" are used instead of leaves and flowers respectively to describe the luxuriant leaves and the withering flowers.
exaggerate
An enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly.
Such as "white hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is like a long beard." (Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pu) Worrying gives birth to white hair, and the poet exaggerates to write white hair as long as "three thousands of feet", which shows the depth of worry.
4. Duality
Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
For example, "leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward." (Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain" "Boundless Falling Trees" makes the artistic conception of the poem appear broad and far-reaching, and the rustling leaves make people feel more colorful about the rolling water. More importantly, I feel the pain of the poet's ambition from here.
compare
It is anthropomorphic to say things are adults, and simulacra to say things are people. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.
For example, "the frost bird wants to get a glimpse first, and the butterfly seems to know each other." (Lin Bu's "Xiao Mei in the Mountain Garden") This couplet adopts anthropomorphic techniques. "Steal a glimpse first" wrote that the white crane loves plum blossoms very much. Before it could fly down, it couldn't wait to peek at the plum blossom first. The word "broken soul" describes that butterflies are fascinated by their love for Mei, exaggerating their love for Mei to the extreme.
Step 6 be parallel
Say several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone in succession.
For example, "the old vines are faint, the bridges are flowing, and the old roads are thin." (Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si") Pure noun combination constitutes a typical environment, which renders a lonely and sad atmosphere and sets off the sadness of wanderers.
ask a question
Ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of questions led to the whole article; Ask questions in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following; Ask questions at the end, deepen the theme and make people memorable.
For example, "Who is a hero in the world?" There is wine on the river, to Cao Gongheng. "(Moon Landing Song) starts with a question, points out the theme, and leads to the following hierarchical description of the heroic achievements of the Three Kingdoms.
8. rhetorical question
Express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
For example: "Although the children of Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to make a comeback with the king?" (Wang Anshi's Diewu Jiangge) uses a rhetorical sentence with a cold tone, emphasizing the inevitability of history.
9. Use allusions
There are two kinds: quoting useful things and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words.
For example: "In those days, Jin Ge Tiema swallowed Wan Li." (Xin Qiji's "Jingkou Meet Forever, Gu Beiting Nostalgia") tells the heroic deeds of Emperor Wu of Song in the Northern Expedition against the enemy. By praising Emperor Wu of Song and satirizing the shameless behavior of the pacifists in the Southern Song Dynasty, the author showed his determination to oppose Jin Zhuzhang and restore the Central Plains. "After ten miles of spring breeze, the wheat is green." (Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow) Spring Breeze Ten Miles quotes Du Mu's poem, which shows the prosperity of the ten-mile long street in Yangzhou in the past, but it is empty writing; Let the Wheat Green, the bleak situation that the writer saw today, is the real writing. These two contrasting pictures convey the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
10. Huadian
Huadian is also called chemical use. It is a creative way to integrate the wonderful sentences of predecessors into your own language.
For example, Wang Shifu's "The West Chamber" is full of yellow flowers. The west wind is tight, and wild geese fly south. Whoever gets drunk in the frost forest at dawn always makes people cry. " It is to point out the phrase "blue sky and yellow leaves" in Fan Zhongyan's Su Mu Man. In Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, "If she just turns her head and smiles, it will be doomed, and the makeup of the sixth palace will go up in smoke", which embodies the artistic conception of "beauty smiles and everyone is at ease" in Wei's poems.
1 1. Pun
By virtue of its own phonetic or semantic conditions, a word has double meanings in a specific language environment, which is pun. This rhetorical device can make the language implicit and interesting.
For example, Wei Zhuang's "Memories of Time Past" "In previous years, I traveled to Wuling, and midnight songs filled the building to clear the moon. In front of the tree, there is a light on the tree, such as day, and you can't forget the spring and autumn in the beauty group. The young man sitting in the seat is called Wuji, and the beautiful girl is called Mochow. Today is like a dream, and the sunset only sees water flowing eastward! " The poet does not take "unbridled" as his proper name, but takes its meaning of "unbridled" and "unbridled", which is a pun; The poet's use of the name "Mochow" to express his sadness is also a pun, intended to be ironic.
12. Intermediate text
Equivalence, also known as equivalence, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry. The old saying goes like this: "It refers to writing in the other party, but it refers to writing in the text." Specifically, it is a form: the upper and lower sentences or two parts of a sentence seem to say the same thing, but in fact they echo, explain and complement each other and say the same thing.
For example, "smoke cage cold water moon cage sand" (Du Mu's "Bo Qinhuai"), we should understand it this way: smoke hood cold water sand; Moonlight is covered with sand and cold water.