First, how to read poetry
1. Understand the superficial meaning and you can translate the general idea: time, place, people, things and scenery.
How to understand shallow meaning?
Fill in the contents-omit the subject, object, adverbial, transitional language, etc.
Adjust the word order-verb inversion, adverbial postposition, prepositional object, etc.
Integrating the meaning of sentences-conjunctions before and after are generally translated into sentences with relatively complete meaning.
Clear themes-farewell poems, wandering poems, frontier poems, in my heart forever poems, pastoral poems, nostalgic poems, hermit poems, etc.
Example 1:
The Hanjiang River is flooding (Wang Wei)
Three branches in the south reach Chu territory, and nine branches flow to Jingmen. The river crosses heaven and earth, where the colors of the mountains are yes and no.
Human habitation seems to float on the ripples in the distant sky. These beautiful days in Xiangyang have fascinated my old mountain! .
General idea:
(I was boating on the river, and I saw it from a distance.) The vast land of ancient Chu was connected with the water of "Sanxiang" rushing from Hunan (rushing into the Han River) and merged with the nine schools of the Yangtze River.
The Han River (surging away, as if it had been flowing in) has passed the heavens and the earth, and there are many green mountains on both sides, (misty, sometimes hidden), as if nothing had happened.
The wall floats (in the distance) on the water in front; The waves are rough, flapping and shaking the sky (in the distance).
Xiangyang has beautiful scenery. I seem to want to stay and get drunk with Shan Weng.
2. What skills are used to understand the deep meaning? What artistic conception (image, atmosphere) did you write?
What emotions (emotions, moods) are expressed and what thoughts (attitudes, opinions) are reflected.
(1) What are the characteristics of the scenery in the third and fourth sentences? (2 points)
A: The rivers and waters are always flowing, and the green hills on both sides of the strait are shrouded in clouds, sometimes hidden and sometimes present.
(2) Which two words are used well in the neckline, find out and analyze them. (4 points)
A: "Floating" and "moving". On the surface, the word "floating" means that battlements float on the water, but in fact, the ship is fluctuating up and down. On the surface, the word "move" means that the sky is shaking, but in fact it means that the waves are beating on the shore.
(3) From the perspective of the whole poem, what are the feelings revealed by the author? (4 points)
A: The love of Xiangyang scenery is full of positive and optimistic emotions.
Second, the methods and skills of reading poetry
1, title
Title is the starting point of poetry appreciation. Because the title is rich in a lot of information (time, place, people, events, the mood of the poet, the artistic conception of the poem, the theme of the poem, etc. Title is the eye of poetry, which often directly reveals the time, place, event and theme of poetry creation. It can be said that the title of a poem is a guide to poetry appreciation. It either indicates the theme or indicates the poet's emotional tone.
Example 2:
Handan is homesick from winter to day and night (Bai Juyi)
Every winter solstice, I am accompanied by the shadow in front of the knee lamp.
If you want to sit at home late at night, you should also talk about travelers.
Interpreting "winter solstice" in this poem means time and "Handan" means place, and pointing out the specific background with "winter solstice", which means that I still stay in Handan on the winter solstice, revealing the main idea of this poem.
Example 3:
On the eve of the government examination, Zhang (Tang) asked his secretary Zhu Qingyu
Last night, the candles in the bridal chamber were lit all night, waiting for dawn to worship the parents-in-law.
After putting on makeup, I asked my husband in a low voice: Is thrush deep and fashionable?
Thinking: What is the theme of this poem?
Interpretation: This is a poem that gives advice to Zhang Ji. It means that the exam is coming, will my work meet the examiner's mind? According to legend, Zhang Ji praised it after reading it, and presented poems to each other. Zhu got his name. Poets compare themselves to "brides", "aunts" to examiners and "thrushes" to their own poems. "Husband" refers to Zhang Ji, a doctor from the Ministry of Water Resources. He is famous for his poems and is willing to be promoted. Implicit expression of pre-test worry that the work may not suit the examiner's mind, ask for advice. Through beautiful poetic rhyme, it skillfully expresses a candidate's unique anxiety and expectation before facing an exam related to his career.
Function 1: The content (object) of the topic reveals Zhu's "reading comprehension". If you only look at the text of the poem, you think it is the scenery of a small lake, but after reading the title, you will know that this poem is about the author's feeling of reading. Half an acre square pond is a book, the sky is high and the clouds are light, which means that there are beautiful scenery in the book. The source of living water means that reading can make the mind clear and the mind fresh forever.
Role 2: Headlines express emotions. The word "hi" in Liu Changqing's Happy Li Han expresses the surprise of not seeing friends for many years.
Function 3: Title display ideas. Zhang Jiuling's "Looking at the Moon and Thinking of a Distant Man" is entitled "Looking at the Moon and Thinking of a Distant Man". "Looking ahead before thinking" is the theme of this poem.
Step 2 know the author
To truly understand a poem, we must know people and discuss the world. "To discuss poetry by knowing people" means to understand the poet's ideological character, life experience, style and genre, creative background and purpose. When reading poetry, we must pay attention to the poet's experience and situation, and pay attention to the national conditions and political affairs of the dynasty in which the poet lived. Only by knowing people and the world can we accurately grasp the thoughts and feelings of poetry. Some poems will provide relevant annotations, while others have no annotations, which need to be recalled and refined from accumulated knowledge.
Example 4:
Queqiaoxian smells azaleas at night (1) (Lu You)
The eaves are quiet, the window lights are dim, the Spring Festival Evening is stormy, and the warblers are always silent. But day and night, I often cry cuckoo, tears clear, dream, pick up deep branches and fly away. Therefore, the mountain (3) is unbearable, and it can live for half a life.
Note (1) At the beginning of the eighth year of the main road (1 172), Lu You served as the aide of Sichuan ambassador Wang Yan in Zheng (now Shaanxi Province) and actively participated in the War of Resistance Against Gold, with remarkable achievements. Just as Chang 'an was about to recover after the victory on the front line, Wang Yan was transferred to the Privy Council of Lin 'an, the capital city, and Lu You was also transferred to the appeasement department of Chengdu Mansion to participate in the discussion, leaving the front line of the Anti-Japanese War. This work was written after he arrived in Chengdu, and it is a "fable of taking advantage of the situation". Shock and disability: wake up. 3 Laoshan: that is, hometown.
Thinking: How does this poem express the poet's feelings?
Interpretation of Lu You's life in an era of extremely serious national crisis. He lived in the era of the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. Influenced by his wandering life in childhood and his father's patriotic spirit, Lu You set up his ambition to join the army to resist gold and swear to kill the enemy to recover lost ground, and formed his thoughts and feelings of worrying about the country and the people. He went to the front line of national defense at that time in middle age and wrote many combative poems. However, he was always suppressed by capitulationists, and his belief in retiring from his hometown and recovering the Central Plains remained unchanged in his later years. Therefore, the main line of his poetry creation is the determination to resist the enemy and save the country and the patriotic spirit; Because of the eager desire for victory and the inevitable belief in the future, my feelings are passionate, my realm is magnificent, and my imagination is rich and strange. This poem expresses the poet's infinite emotion and lament over the years, his old hero and his career failure.
Step 3 read notes
Some notes of the poem introduce the writing background and hint at the ideological content of your poem; Some introduce related poems, implying the allusions or artistic conception of your poems; Some introduce the author, which implies your writing style of this poem. You must not ignore this content when reading poetry.
Example 5:
Li Mi-Xun is in spring.
Light rain is looking forward to spring, and falling flowers are near dusk.
The car dust can't reach the ground, and the door is covered by the sound of birds singing.
[Note] ① Li Mi-xun (1085- 1 153), a native of Wuxian (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province), has served as a Sheren official of Zhongshu and assistant minister of the household department. He was dismissed because he strongly opposed Qin Gui's surrender policy. (2) Layout: refers to the empty place at the door.
In the interpretation of the poem, there are one or two sentences about the dusk in late spring, drizzling and falling flowers. From these bleak scenery, we can see the author's loneliness and sadness after political frustration. There were several birds in front of the house where the poet wrote poems, and he had to close the door in the sound of birds, from which we can see the poet's sigh about the cold world. This is the true expression of the author's inner feelings after he was dismissed for opposing Qin Gui. The poet was really moved by this scene.
4. Image analysis
"Meaning" is the poet's thoughts, feelings and ideas. "Image" is the image and image of the object. "Image" is an image in the mind and a unique image created by objective images through the poet's emotional activities.
Example 6:
Yan Wen (Wei) Han and Tang Dynasties (Zhao Wei)
Where is your hometown? It's leisurely to think about it. Xiaofa combs the water and sits in the cold pond to watch autumn.
In autumn rain in Huainan, geese came from Gaozhai. The heart of the country is endless, and a wild goose crosses the South Tower.
Thinking: Why are these two poems about geese?
Answer: Goose is a migratory bird, which migrates in spring and autumn. In autumn, geese seem to be trying to fly back to their nests. This scene often affects the homesickness of wanderers. Therefore, poets often use geese to express their feelings and express their deep homesickness.
5. Ming allusions
The use of allusions can enrich the content of poetry, decorate the facade of poetry and improve the quality of poetry. There are too many literary allusions in Qi and Liang Dynasties, which are difficult to understand, but proper allusions are really conducive to the expression of the ideological content of poetry.
Example 7:
Qing 'an Temple Peach Blossom [Southern Song Dynasty] Xie Fangde
In order to avoid the chaos of the Qin dynasty, Taoyuan people found such a beautiful weaver girl this year, but they didn't have a calendar record. Only when they saw peach blossoms did they know that the New Year was coming.
If I live in the Peach Blossom Garden, I won't let the petals of peaches fall into the water and go out with the water, because I am afraid that fishermen will find holes with the water when they see peaches in the water!
[Note] Xie Fangde, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, still fought the Yuan soldiers by means of summoning in Jiangdong and summoning in Jiangxi after the death of the Song Dynasty, making them know about Xinzhou. After the defeat, he sneaked into the mountains, lived in seclusion for 12 years and refused to be an official. After being forced to go north, he went to Yanjing, the capital of Zhiyuan, and died of hunger strike. This poem was written in seclusion.
Interpret the poet's clever use of allusions, lead to the story of Taoyuan through peach blossoms, and replace the Peach Blossom Garden with Qing 'an Temple; Write "avoid Qin" and "avoid Yuan"; Use "fear of fishermen visiting" to express their determination to be peerless; Just four poems, with rich connotations. The whole poem is thought-provoking, and the image of a hermit who will never cooperate with the Yuan rulers comes to the fore.
6. Grasp the last sentence (grasp the emotion)
Poetry often describes the scenery first, and then expresses feelings and aspirations, so grasping the end of the poem is conducive to grasping the main idea of the poem. In addition, grasping the words and sentences that directly express emotions in poetry also helps to grasp the main emotions of poetry, such as sadness, bitterness, hatred, jealousy, memory, pregnancy, joy and tears. ...
Example 8:
Renchen Cold Food Wang Anshi
The guest thinks like a willow, and the spring breeze is thousands. It's even colder to eat tears, but when I think of it, I smell the city tide.
The towel is covered with snow, and the mirror face is faded early. I don't know about Xuan Ming, but I want to be an old fisherman.
Thinking: What kind of pursuit does this poem reflect?
The interpretation of the whole poem expresses the anxiety of missing guests, cold food and being an official, and expresses the author's envy of Yu Qiao's free life.
Third, summarize the steps of poetry appreciation.
1, depending on the title and author;
2. Read the poem silently twice and feel the whole;
3. Find out the nouns that describe the scenery, things and people, capture and understand the image in the poem, and find out what it is written about;
4. Find out the verbs or adjectives that reflect the poet's feelings and find out the feelings expressed by the poet;
5. Read notes to reflect on the topic of poetry and think as a whole.
6. Carefully examine the questions and standardize the answers.
Special reminder
1, to truly understand poetry, the method is not fundamental, but reading more and understanding more is the key.
2. Reading comprehension is a comprehensive intellectual activity. You must first learn to read step by step, and then rise to comprehensive reading.
3. Do poetry appreciation questions during this time, don't be busy answering questions, and consciously put reading poetry first.