The peak of China's feudal dynasty was the Song Dynasty, not the Tang Dynasty. Song Dynasty is the dynasty with the most prosperous economy, the most advanced science and technology, the most prosperous culture, the deepest art and the richest people's living standard in the history of China. Song Dynasty was the most brilliant dynasty in China, and it was also the country with the most inventions in the world at that time. The Song Dynasty was also the period when China made the greatest contribution to the world. More than half of the important inventions in China's history appeared in the Song Dynasty. At that time, three of China's so-called four great inventions were invented or began to be applied on a large scale, including gunpowder, compass, printing, paper money, vertical textile and important reforms in porcelain-making technology. In the Song Dynasty, navigation, shipbuilding, medicine, technology and agricultural technology all reached unprecedented and unparalleled heights in ancient times. The Song Dynasty also developed a new science, technical science. These brilliant achievements are directly related to the overall civilization of the Song Dynasty. The GDP of Song Dynasty accounts for 50% of the world. The comprehensive strength of a country, both in quality and quantity, was the largest in the world in Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty has reached the peak of the feudal dynasty, and the seeds of capitalism have emerged.
I. [Economy and Commerce in Song Dynasty]
Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in ancient China that didn't implement the policy of "restraining business" for a long time. Since the Song Dynasty, it has been managing pits and organizing the development of tea salt. As a result, a large number of farmers liberated from the land invested in commercial handicrafts, and the private economy was stimulated and developed by leaps and bounds. Created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu Zhao Boxin called on people to "accumulate more money, live in a city house to bequeath their children and grandchildren, and sing and dance until the end of their lives". Song Taizong also wrote a letter "Let the two systems know how to discuss politics and prosperity", so that officials can learn how to manage money and seek wealth. Song Shenzong, on the other hand, believed in "managing money first" and promulgated the imperial edict of "managing money first". These policy orientations led to the vigorous development of the commercial tide, the rapid development of commerce and the rapid development of banking, which prompted the earliest paper money and banks in the world history to appear for the first time in the Song Dynasty. Banks can make loans and pay in different places. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of mineral deposits such as gold, silver, copper, iron and coal were mined, and the earliest manufacturing plants and processing plants in the world history also appeared all over the country. Such as shipyards, firearms factories, paper mills, printing plants, weaving factories, official kilns and so on. The workers in this factory are paid on time. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were seven or eight thousand craftsmen in the Military Equipment Institute. There are more than 1200 apprentices in the branch of the association. Jin Ling College has more than 400 weavers. In addition to public factories, some private factories have also appeared and flourished in large numbers. Due to the unprecedented economic prosperity, the number of coins minted in Song Dynasty was very large, such as 5.06 million coins minted in Song Shenzong. At the peak of the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan minted 320,000 coins.
The forms and types of money in Song Dynasty were too rich. Copper coins and silver ingots were the standard currencies in the Song Dynasty. Copper coins and iron coins were used together in the Song Dynasty, and some of them contained alloy components. Besides, there are some silver coins. The coins of the Song Dynasty were the highest and best coins in the ancient history of China in terms of variety, quantity and quality. The exquisite calligraphy engraved on the coins of the Song Dynasty was mostly written by famous artists and emperors, and the seals were covered with grass, ancient seals and thin gold seals. All kinds of exquisite coins make people fondle them, and the art of coins in Song Dynasty is the highest. At that time, Song Qian was the favorite and strongest currency of neighboring countries. Song's money became a treasure of the national treasury. Although there are imitations of Song coins in Liao countries, Jin countries and other countries, Song coins are the most widely circulated in Jin countries. Up to now, the most Song money has been unearthed. Today, it has been unearthed in many areas, as far away as Japan and as far west as Europe and Africa. It serves to show the prosperity and strength of the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying a lot of copper coins, the earliest paper money "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan around 998 AD (the first year of Xianping). This is the earliest paper money in China and the world. But this kind of paper money is only equivalent to a guaranteed token. There are several kinds of banknotes printed and issued by the Song government, such as Jiaozi, Yin Qian, Guanzi and Huizi. 1023 (the first year of Tiansheng), the Song government opened the first official institution in charge of issuing paper money-Yizhou Jiaozi Department, which was the earliest central people's bank in the world. In A.D. 1024, the Song government began to print and distribute "Jiaozi". This kind of "Jiaozi" copper plate, with birds and animals, patterns, patterns or stories in color printing, is extremely exquisite. This kind of paper, like public debt, is issued at different levels. The jiaozi was originally divided into two years, and the old jiaozi was abolished and recycled when the new jiaozi was issued. Since A.D. 1072 (the fifth year of Xining), although it still occurs every two years, the circulation period of each crossing has increased to four years. Jiaozi face value is a fixed face value from consistent to consistent, based on iron money, with issuance reserve, which has basically the characteristics of modern standard currency. Its application is more and more extensive. The use of bills provides convenient conditions for commercial prosperity. In the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty, a new type of paper money called "Yin Qian" was issued in Jiangbei and North China, but it was printed only once, and it stopped printing because of poor circulation. 1 107 (the first year of Daguan), Sichuan Jiaozi was renamed Yin Qian, and Jiaozi service was also renamed Yin Qianyi. A large number of banknotes were printed and issued, resulting in a serious devaluation of Yin Qian. 1 1 10 years (the third year of Daguan), the circulation is limited to1250,000, and the circulation areas are also limited to Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hedong, using iron money. Later, various methods were adopted for exchange, and the old coins were stopped and the reserves were increased, so that the value of the currency was restored. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song government set up Huiji in Hangzhou to manage its printing. One thousand, two thousand, three thousand, two hundred, three hundred, five hundred and six denominations were printed. The meeting takes three years as the "boundary", which expires when it expires, and the old and the new alternate. From A.D. 1 17 1 to A.D. 1240, * * * issued the 18th Society. Later, the government stipulated that the 17th and 18th clubs could circulate permanently. This is pure paper money issued by the government in the true sense. Paper money has gradually replaced copper coins as the main medium of exchange. The rapid development of commerce has played a driving role.
In Song Dynasty, the traditional practice of heavy punishment and light people was adjusted, and both justice and benefit were paid equal attention, and economic legislation was attached great importance. Laws and regulations cover all aspects of social and economic activities, and specially set up monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law, tea law and so on. The Song Dynasty became the most active period of economic legislation in ancient China, with frequent legislative activities. The content of laws and regulations involved all aspects of social and economic activities, and the formulation and implementation of laws and regulations had unprecedented imagination. Song's economic laws and regulations pay attention to the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, which accords with the law of commodity economy. The huge financial revenue in Song Dynasty was the result of the rapid development of national economy, the extremely prosperous industry and commerce and the improvement of productivity. Abundant social and financial resources enable the government to ensure government revenue without imposing excessive taxes on the people. This eased social contradictions and entered a virtuous circle of governing the country. In Song Dynasty, the economy, especially the secondary and tertiary industries developed greatly, and people's living standards reached an unprecedented height. In A.D. 1077, the total tax revenue of the Northern Song Dynasty was * * * 70.7 million yuan, including 21620,000 yuan for agricultural taxes, accounting for 30%, and 4911000,000 yuan for industrial and commercial taxes, accounting for 70%. It is no longer agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue, but industry and commerce. By the Song Dynasty, China's agricultural society was already moving towards the industrial and commercial society. There were also advertisements for copperplate printing in handicraft industry in Song Dynasty. It is more than 300 years earlier than the advertisements printed by western capitalism. Su Dongpo, a great scholar, once wrote an advertisement poem for an old woman who cooked oil, and her business improved greatly. Shen Kuo's theory of money circulation speed has reached the level of modern money theory. In addition, "tabloids" similar to modern newspapers appeared in the Song Dynasty. The earliest seeds of China capitalism in the world were born in the prosperous commercial tide of the Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty was the period when the citizen class in China was formally born. A large number of craftsmen, businessmen and small business owners formed the middle class in the Song Dynasty. They are rich in economy and have their own independent value pursuit. The rich and leisurely life, aesthetic taste and life taste of the citizens contributed to the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty culture, and opera, acrobatics, music, poetry and novels all prospered and developed in the Song Dynasty. Large-scale urbanization began in the Song Dynasty. For the first time, there appeared a big city in China, which was dominated by commerce rather than administration. The traffic development in Song Dynasty was the highest in the feudal history of mankind. In the Song Dynasty, there was a postal kiosk every ten miles and a post station every thirty miles. Official roads are scattered all over the country, extending in all directions. The Song government attached great importance to postal services and ensured their normal operation. "By the Baita Bridge, selling land classics, the pavilion is short and appropriate." The Tibetan scriptures are maps, and the maps of the Song Dynasty are quite accurate. The four capitals in Song Dynasty were Kaifeng in Tokyo, Luoyang in Xijing, Daming in Beijing and Yingtianfu in Nanjing. The population of big cities in Song Dynasty was concentrated, and the capital city of Bianliang in Northern Song Dynasty and Lin 'an in Southern Song Dynasty were both big cities with a population of more than one million. In the Song Dynasty, there were six people with a population of more than 200,000, such as Quanzhou. The number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from a dozen in the Tang Dynasty to 46. Venice, the largest and most prosperous city in the west at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, had a population of only100000. The clock is hung on the towers of all the main roads in this city. Every clock is watched. He knocked on the bronze bell, which echoed even in the narrow alley, and then he showed people the time in words. The Northern Song Dynasty was rich and powerful 160 years. The capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan province) is "ten times the capital of Han and Tang dynasties". The capital of song dynasty is not only developed by dry road, but also by water transport. "Every year, the title is clear" and "Lianpian Cao Ge walks into China". "There are millions of households on the side, and no one burns wages." In the Song Dynasty, the capital of song dynasty used coal (called burning stone in the west) instead of wood to make a fire for cooking and heating. At that time, the west used wood to chop firewood for cooking and heating. 1949 After liberation, all major cities in China did not reach this point. The birth of the new citizen class and the rich and comfortable life made the Song people have a strong sense of consumption, which greatly stimulated the prosperity and development of the tertiary industry such as teahouse, wine market and entertainment industry. Unlike the cities in the Tang Dynasty, the cities in the Song Dynasty were dark at night, and Song Cheng was a bright city in the dark. Because the Song Dynasty did not impose a curfew like the Tang Dynasty, the Song people had a nightlife. In the evening, the Song people lit lights in their rooms, homes and yard doors, so there were lights everywhere. People who walk at night carry all kinds of lanterns. So the whole city is flashing at night. At night, the whole city is brightly lit and sold until dawn. Hundreds of operas and performances were staged in fixed entertainment places such as "Wazi" and "Goulan", which were watched by the public. In the evening, the restaurant business is booming until the sun rises again and the streets are crowded with people. "One or two noodle restaurants on the street and noodle restaurants in the west of the city have been buying and selling all night and have been making friends." "In the rest of Qiaodaofang Lane, there are also night markets selling fruit candy and other things, and some people sell divination on the street, such as selling food on a stretcher above the table until midnight." Although it rains and snows heavily in winter, there are also night markets to sell. "."Wine is full of miscellaneous songs, and every night is like the first half of the first month. ","Liangyuan romantic singing and dancing, wine like a knife. "I remember how happy I was when I was a teenager. I lit up Fan Lou at night. Suddenly looking back, the man was in the dim light. " When will the West Lake Dance stop outside the Qingshan Building outside the mountain? "Warm winds make tourists drunk, and Hangzhou has become a Bianzhou." Tourists are not only a few Song people such as royalty, dignitaries, but also the general public and most Song people in the city. Song lived such a rich and happy life. In the Song Dynasty, there was no poverty of "frozen bones on the road" and "although the country was torn apart, mountains and rivers lived forever, and vegetation came back in spring". Pessimism and despair. When will the West Lake Dance be optimistic and prosperous?
The development of the South in the Song Dynasty was actually a territory. In order to make southerners more like China people, they have made unparalleled contributions in previous dynasties. Although it was developed in ancient times, the south is still a wilderness compared with the north of the Central Plains. This development is not the development of war, but the infiltration and aggression of culture and economy. The prosperity of the Song Dynasty made Renye Fang a real China native. The ethnic minorities in the south gradually merged into the Chinese nation. After the Song Dynasty, there was no distinction between the north and the south in China. People from the Central Plains, the north and the south in China gradually kneaded into a whole in the prosperous Song Dynasty. Northern Song Zhenzong and Renzong broke the tradition that southerners don't work for each other. Linjiang Wang Yinruo and Suzhou Ding Wei served as prime ministers. In the ninth year of Kaibao, Yuelu Academy, the first of the four academies, was built in Changsha, Hunan, which was once the hometown of Sanmiao. Song Zhenzong personally inscribed the four characters "Yuelu Academy" on the front door of the book, which has been handed down to this day. Scholars in the Song Dynasty, such as Zhu and other literary thinkers, came here to give lectures and teach Confucian classics, build the country and enrich the people, and value the people over the monarch. 1autumn of 2024-1spring of 2028, Fan Zhongyan personally led more than 40,000 migrant workers to build and complete the seawall defense project in Taizhou 150. Since then, salt fields and farmland have been guaranteed, enabling thousands of families affected by disasters in previous years to return to their homes. To commemorate Fan Zhongyan's contribution, this seawall is called "Fan Gongdi". When Fan Zhongyan was demoted to Suzhou, together with the vast number of migrant workers, after more than a year of hard work, he completed the Suzhou water conservancy project. Suzhou, which is relatively barren, has become a big granary for drought and flood protection. Su Dongpo was demoted to Hangzhou on 1085. At that time, Hangzhou was still a relatively backward area. Su Dongpo drilled six wells to solve the city's water use. And comprehensively improve the West Lake, dig out a lot of silt at the bottom of the lake and use it to build a willow embankment connecting the north and the south. People commemorate Su Dongpo with "Su Causeway", and "Xiao Chun on Su Causeway" is still one of the scenic spots of the West Lake. Su Dongpo traveled all his life to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou, Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Yingzhou, Huizhou and other places, and reached Hainan Island in the south. It can be said that along the way, he advised the people to plant crops, build water conservancy projects and solve problems for the people. Officials who made mistakes or were demoted because of political disharmony in the Song Dynasty were generally exiled to backward areas in the south. In this way, they will have the opportunity to serve the country, prove themselves and benefit the people there.
The Song Dynasty is a crucial period for the socio-economic development level of Taihu Lake Basin to leap to the forefront of the country. Before and after Yongxi (984-987 AD), the cultivated land in Suzhou did not exceed 1.40 million mu at most, and Suzhou paid taxes of 3.4 million mu during the Jingyou period (AD 1.034- 1.037). In the past 50 years, the amount of cultivated land has increased by nearly 1.5 times. In the second year of Duanping (AD 1235), the total cultivated land in Suzhou was about12 million mu, which was 3.5 times that of Jingyou and 8.5 times that of Yongxi. Song government attached great importance to dredging and weir engineering, and often carried out large-scale water conservancy projects, which greatly improved productivity. Created a successful experience. First of all, dredge the water conservancy projects in rivers, lakes and harbors, so that the vast farmland can be flooded and benefit from irrigation. For example, in A.D. 1055 (to the second year of Harmony), the civilian workers156,000 people were mobilized to dredge Zhujing 64, Pu44 and Tang6 and build a harmonious pool. "There is no place to store, and the people are not involved in the disease." Millions of hectares of fertile land on both sides of the strait have benefited from it. In A.D. 1 19 (the first year of Xuanhe), Zhao Lin employed more than 2.78 million laborers, which lasted for 1 9 months, and managed1mouth,1mouth, 4 Pukou and 58 blasphemies. In A.D.11/5 (the fifth year of Zheng He), after the reclamation of Henghe River, Shidun River, Dongxinhe River and Daihong Port in Jiangyin, the nearby "fields of ten townships suffered from repeated droughts and floods, and all of them were extinct", benefiting 6,573 hectares of farmland. 1 167 (the second year of the main road), the Guhuipu River was dredged, "so tens of thousands of acres of farmland destroyed by water are still fertile." The opening of the dredging port not only ensures that the Taihu Lake water system can smoothly flow into the rivers and seas, but also enables local farmland to effectively fight floods and droughts. Under the comprehensive action of various water conservancy projects, the farmland construction in Taihu Lake Basin benefited a lot, and it was the most intensive water conservancy area in the country in Song Dynasty. Some people have made statistics on various water conservancy projects, water conservancy fields and their total cultivated land in Xining period of the Northern Song Dynasty. The two Zhejiang roads where Taihu Lake Basin is located both rank first, with 2,294 water conservancy projects and water conservancy fields10,484,842 mu, accounting for 28.8% of the total cultivated land. Around Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were more than 2 100 water conservancy projects in West Zhejiang Province, with Taihu Lake basin as the main body, which was close to the sum of the two places in Xi 'ning period. "History of the Song Dynasty, Records of Food Goods" said: "After crossing the south, the Central Plains was a field of water conservancy, so water conservancy flourished." Taihu Lake water conservancy makes "low fields often have no floods, high fields often have no droughts, and Fiona Fang often has a bumper harvest within a few hundred miles". After treatment, the Taihu Lake Basin has different veins and scattered original fields. Between mounds, irrigation by machinery; The noisy shore is surrounded by shackles; Then the diarrhea is true, and it becomes a field of cream; Flat algae and reeds, cultivated as rice fields, became the first fertile fields for intensive cultivation in the Song Dynasty.
After the Song Dynasty passed through Hangzhou as its capital, a large number of people from the north and the Central Plains moved south. National elites gathered in Hangzhou. Make the south more prosperous. People who migrate are afraid that future generations will not know where their ancestors came from, and ancestral temple culture has developed. The population of Hangzhou was only 200,000 in 1 102, and reached1240,000 in 1274. Most of the population in Hangzhou is from outside. The development and management of the Song Dynasty in the south laid the foundation for the prosperity of the south. Since then, the South has been the most economically developed area in China.
Five [Military Martial Arts in Song Dynasty]
Song Jun was not weak in the early days. By 979, all the Koryo Nuzhen were dedicated to the Song Dynasty. Zhao Boxin, a pioneer in the Song Dynasty, was born in the nobility and was a senior general. He himself does not pay attention to abstract theory, but attaches great importance to practical technology and science and technology. After he proclaimed himself emperor, he seldom discussed Confucian classics with civil servants. On the contrary, he often personally conducted scientific research or personally built shipping, supervised water wars, and rectified the military and political affairs. Zhao Guangyin himself attached great importance to the construction of military forces ... After some painstaking efforts, he eliminated Houshu and Nantang, and initially achieved reunification. He didn't give much power to the military commander because he was afraid of warlordism and national instability ... after his death, he passed it on to his brother. Song Taizong and Zhao Guangyi destroyed wuyue, Northern Han and other countries. According to Zhao Guangyin's last wish, he recovered sixteen states and launched two wars of invading Liao. Song Jun took the initiative to attack the Liao army, showing that Song Jun was no less powerful than the Liao army. Song Jun didn't succeed, but it didn't fail either, because he was aggressive and lost the property of the front headquarters. Song Jun stopped the war against Liao, because Song needed adjustment after a long war and shortly after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).
A.D. 1004 (the first year of Jingdezhen), Song Zhenzong personally crossed the Yellow River, and Song Jun fought fiercely with the Liao army who repeatedly invaded the border for more than ten days. Little Talan, commander-in-chief of Liao army, was shot dead by an arrow, and many Liao soldiers fled. Finally, the Liao army could not resist, so please make peace. Although Kou Zhun disagreed with the peace proposal, he advocated the pursuit of 56 points. However, Song Zhenzong yearns for peace and doesn't like war. It doesn't want to continue wasting people's money and lives. In the case of victory, Dasong signed the "Temple League" with Liao. In the case of victory, Dasong and Liao signed the "Brotherhood", which made the two countries become. At the same time, the Song Dynasty agreed to give Liao Baiyin100,000 taels and 200,000 silks (equivalent to 300,000 kronor) every year. In A.D. 102 1 year, the total national income of the Song Dynasty was1500,000. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the average annual fiscal revenue of the Song government should be above1100,000 yuan. One or two pieces of silver are equal to ordinary copper coins. 300,000 yuan is not worth mentioning for the huge annual financial revenue of the Song Dynasty. In the first year of Renzongbao, Shaanxi was the only place to pass, and the military expenditure was 20 million in peacetime and 33 million in wartime. In Shaanxi alone, the war military expenditure is130,000 yuan higher than that in peacetime. The most important thing is that the "alliance of single sources" made the Song Dynasty still occupy Yingzhou and Mozhou, the land of southern Liaoning. The alliance of Buddhist monasteries is an agreement to reward losers with property, and it is by no means an agreement to make losers pay tribute and compensation. "New Year's Coin" didn't put any pressure on the Song government and people at all. The "alliance of Chanyuan" made the Song and Liao countries enter a friendly period of peaceful communication for more than 100 years, restored the stability of northern China, promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between Han and Qidan, and promoted the sinicization of Qidan people. In Yeluhongji, there is no difference between the Khitans and the Han people, and they can't even speak Khitan. When the obituary of his death was sent to Liao country, "the border people of Yan country cried no matter how far or near", and the emperor Hongji of Liao country also held the hand of the messenger and cried. "Military revolution has not been learned for 42 years." From then on, the Song Dynasty took developing economy, improving people's living standards and cultural construction as its national policy, which kept China away from the primitive barbaric stage of military expansion and financial plunder. The Northern Song Dynasty took a little money for long-term stability, peaceful and stable development. Commerce, economy, science and technology, technology, etc. Great progress and development were made in the Song Dynasty. As a result, the Northern Song Dynasty became a powerful country, and the country rose peacefully, and the whole country was filled with auspicious atmosphere. It also makes people stay in a state of abundant leisure for a long time. Long-term peace also made the Song and Liao countries gradually degenerate their ability to fight savagely. It also kept the Song Dynasty away from the primitive and backward world. In A.D. 1040, Fan Zhongyan went to northern Shaanxi many times to repel the Xixia army, and Xixia never dared to offend him. Fan Zhongyan took the initiative to introduce Qiang leaders to strengthen good-neighborliness and friendship, which is in line with the century-old plan of stabilizing the frontier. The people praised him for "having tens of thousands of armour soldiers in his chest". According to historical records, when the bad news of his death reached the frontier, "hundreds of Qiang chiefs cried like fathers." The government of the Northern Song Dynasty opened more than 3,000 miles to the west, and 200,000 Tibetans joined China. And cultivate the land and give it to the Tibetans for cultivation. Wang Anshi: "Today, the Qingtang River and Taohe River are more than 3,000 miles long, giving Rong Qiang a land of 200,000 people because of their familiarity." Tibetans who have been recruited and resettled are called familiar households. The reason why the Song Dynasty didn't pour the power of the whole country, and the wealth of the whole people countered Liao and Xixia, was to learn the lessons of Emperor Yangdi and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. What you got from the war aggression is far less than what you created. The enlightened policy made the people of Song Dynasty get rid of the three "disasters" of war, military service and exorbitant taxes for a long time. Make the Song people live a rich and comfortable life for a long time. For example, Qin died of tyranny, Han died of war, Sui died of military service, and Tang died of separatism. So Song died of ease.
Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in China history that insisted on the recruitment system. Before and after the Song Dynasty, China still carried out the policy of compulsory conscription. Recruitment system means that the state does not force you to be a soldier, but you are willing to be a soldier. When you are a soldier, of course, the state gives you money. The soldiers in the Song Dynasty were all recruited mercenaries, and these mercenaries all had very heavy salaries, and the military expenditure paid by the state for this was also amazing. The huge fiscal revenue of the government sometimes makes ends meet. 1065 (the second year of Pingping), national income116.138405, expenditure 120.343 170, and fiscal deficit of 4.2 million. This move was satirized by some modern scholars as "redundant soldiers" and "poor and weak". "Redundant soldiers" and "accumulation of poverty and weakness" are the result of the democratic and enlightened national policy of the Song Dynasty, not the pressure from foreign enemies. Over-democratic policies and long-term peaceful and prosperous life have also weakened Song Jun's fighting capacity.
The Song Dynasty made some progress in the military system, the separation of military and political organs from the command system, and the separation of the mobilization system from the command system, all of which are the characteristics of modern military. The Song Dynasty insisted on enriching Qiang Bing for more than 300 years without relying on the defense facilities of the Great Wall. It cannot be said that the Song Dynasty was too weak and the Song Army was too weak. Song is not an attack, but a matter of national policy. The total strength of Song Dynasty far exceeded that of Liao, Jin, Mongolia and other countries. However, Song's mobile troops and frontline troops were not as good as other countries. The cost of war in Song Dynasty was much higher than that in backward countries. Song Junbing dispersed. Because Song Jun has a vast territory and a large population, there is a lot of wealth to be kept. These are all Song Jun's burdens. The invading army has no burdens and can go wherever it wants. After the capture, there will be a lot of wealth and beauty. The best defense is attack, and the long-term national policy of peace has made Song Jun lose its ability to attack.
In the era of cold weapons, the more brutal, the stronger, the more backward and the more ferocious. If you are backward and poor, you have the motivation to plunder people who are richer than you. Liao was more savage than Song, so Song gave Liao money and silk. Jin is more savage than Liao, so Jin destroyed Liao. Mongols are more savage than Jin people, so Mongolia destroyed Jin. Mongols are much more savage than Song people, and Song certainly can't beat Mongolia. Throughout the history of the world, all ancient civilizations in history were wiped out by backward and barbaric nations.
The richer a person is, the more he fears death, the happier he is and the more he loves life. The poorer a person is, the less afraid he is of death. A hungry man will be more cruel than a full man. A person who worries about food and clothing will be braver than a carefree person. A robber will be better than a scholar. Song people are too civilized and used to a comfortable and rich life. Song Bing is very weak. There is a song that says: "When my parents gave birth to me, they taught me to plow mulberry;" If you don't know how strict the government is, you can do things with peace of mind! Holding a gun can't solve the thorn, and holding a bow can't shoot; What's the point of uniting with me? It's no use. "Song was born for production, for creation and for peace. Mongols are born to ride horses, plunder and fight. The human nature of Song people is mostly good, while that of Mongols is mostly evil. How is it possible to fight against the primitive and fierce Mongolian iron hoof that ran out on the spot with blood spatter?
The terrible thing about Mongols is that they not only have the savage fighting power of primitive nomadic people, but also have the advanced and superb technology of civilized people. When the Mongols captured a city, the people left behind were not young and beautiful women, nor naive children, nor elderly people, but craftsmen and artists in the city. Like modern times, the ancient Mongols not only possessed the spirit that the Taliban in Afghanistan were not afraid of death, but also possessed high-tech armed technologies such as American atomic bombs.
The Battle of Song and Yuan Dynasties was the biggest national war in the history of China. Because one is the feudal peak civilization that is developing towards capitalism, and the other is the civilization in which the newly formed nation is in the primitive period.
In the late Song Dynasty, although the military force was relatively weak, with its strong comprehensive strength, the economy and culture affected neighboring countries such as Liao and Jin. Promoted their sinicization. It promotes the development and progress of the world. Liao gradually abolished slavery and discriminated against Han people. Jin was an admirer of Song civilization. Jin Guo's palace in Beijing is completely modeled after the palace in the capital of Song Dynasty. The emperor of Jin wore the imperial clothes of the Song Dynasty, and the rank of civil servants was the same as that of the Song Dynasty. The rulers adopted the imperial examination to select scholars, and the forty-ninth grandson of Confucius was also made a duke by the gold master, who personally saluted Confucius. From astronomical measurements to the compilation of calendars and court music, Jin people imitated and used the Song system. Jin Guo also prints paper money countries. Su Dongpo's new book, just published in the Song Dynasty today, may be popular in the streets of Jin State tomorrow. As can be seen from the copper coins left by the Jin Dynasty, money is a typical China copper coin with only Chinese characters. Judging from the architectural style and technology of Lugou Bridge, Jin people have completely become "China" people. In just a few decades, Jin plundered, absorbed and borrowed a lot of wealth and culture from Song Dynasty. From backward primitive civilization to feudal civilization. By the early days of the demise of the Jin State, there was no difference between the Jin State and the Southern Song Dynasty. Jin became the second richest country in the world after Song Dynasty. However, Jin Guo also lost its once barbaric fighting power in the rich and powerful life.
A large number of intellectuals like Zhu were originally staunch anti-Japanese factions, supporting the government's attack and recovery of the country. But then I saw peace between the two countries. Gradually become a conservative, and do not advocate solving problems by force. I don't want the two countries to fight and destroy the stable and peaceful life of the two peoples. Not fighting is not a "peaceful coexistence" of a few people, but the will of the people, in line with the interests of the whole people.
The demise of a country and dynasty is not necessarily due to its own decay and internal chaos, the fatuity of the monarch and the poverty of the people. A prosperous country may be caused by a strategic decision-making mistake or a war failure in the face of external barbaric forces. The emperors of the Song Dynasty and their rulers were more enlightened and successful than the rulers of other dynasties. The demise of the Song Dynasty was not inevitable, but accidental. There are many reasons for the demise of the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was not defeated by one nation or one dynasty at a time, but by many nationalities and dynasties. Mongolia attacked the most prosperous and powerful Song State in the world only after it wiped out Western Liao, Western Xia, Huaci Mozi and other countries, wiped out the Middle East, conquered more than half of Europe, ruled more than half of the world and conquered all the neighboring countries in the Song Dynasty. Song people were too civilized, but they used advanced technology, gunpowder and warships to muzzle the powerful Mongolian Coalition forces for decades. Song dynasty was the country that persisted for the longest time under the brutal iron hoof of Mongolia. Song is the creator of civilization, while Mongolia is the plunderer of civilization. The failure of the Song people was because they were too civilized, and the demise of the Song Dynasty was due to the rapid development of the Song Dynasty, which was incompatible with the barbaric world at that time. ......