There are three levels of expression skills: rhetoric method, expression method (expression method, literary expression method) and text structure.
Topic type: What kind of expression is used in this poem?
Variant: What kind of artistic technique (skill) is used in this poem? How do poets express their feelings? Or ask specific questions about one aspect.
Key points: analytical expression skills are to analyze the way poets express their thoughts and feelings. First of all, we should distinguish the requirements of appreciation, that is, we should ask questions from the perspective of rhetoric, expression, text structure or both.
(1) Need to point out exactly what expression or skill is used. Secondly, it is the specific appreciation of related expression skills.
(2) Talk about the content of this technique and its specific application in poetry.
(3) Talk about the reasons why the author adopts this technique. Explain again
(4) How does this technique express the poet's feelings and convey his theme? Advantages of using this technology. The language expression in the process of appreciation must be a smooth and beautiful appreciation that combines the interpretation of poetic artistic conception with the appreciation of formal skills.
Problem solving format:
Appreciating rhetorical methods: revealing skills+analyzing and expressing functions (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
Appreciate expression: how to say (describe)+what to say (describe)+what to express.
Appreciate the expression technique: technique+expression function (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
Common mistakes: When answering such questions, a common mistake is to elaborate the rhetorical devices of a certain part of the poem. This is not right. However, when expounding a specific poem, we can talk about the use of rhetorical devices.
Example 1. Read [Tang]' s Ascending the Mountain in Nine Days in the Middle of Shu, and analyze the artistic features of this poem.
On September 9, at Wangxiangtai, he sat in a farewell cup.
Human feelings hate south suffering. Is Hongyan from the north?
[Note] ① That: Why, why.
Answering, guiding and analyzing the artistic characteristics or expressive skills of poetry generally starts from these aspects to see what characteristics the language has (easy to understand; Elegant and solemn; Tragic; Fresh and simple; Euphemism and vividness; Satire, humor, etc. ). See if there are any brave words. See if there are any special expressions and structural features. With these outlines, you can check the poems one by one. Linguistically, the spoken word "Na" appeared, and this poem is simple and friendly in the form of approximate daily spoken language. Rhetorically, three or four sentences are compared, and the last sentence is also rhetorical. In terms of expression, the third sentence is straightforward and the fourth sentence is euphemistic and chic. After such analysis and screening, we can basically grasp the artistic characteristics of this poem, and there is a way to answer it. Say what you say before you answer. You must be clear-headed and clear-headed. If the idea is not very clear, it is best to use a point method and say it in turn. It is also necessary to analyze it in combination with poetry, so that it is justified.
A reference answer This poem uses everyday spoken language, such as "He is sitting in a foreign land" and "That cluster", which is simple and cordial. In terms of techniques, the three sentences of "human feelings are tired of suffering in the south" directly express the pain in the chest, thinking about their loved ones and not returning to the north, while the fourth sentence uses the rhetorical question of "Where did Hongyan come from?" In sharp contrast to the previous sentence, the seemingly "unreasonable question" makes the poet's homesickness feel particularly real and moving.
Example 2: Li Bai's Song of the Plug
The mountains in May are still full of snow, only cold, and the grass can't see the grass. Spring can only be imagined in the flute "Folding Willow", but it has never been seen in reality.
The soldiers fought the enemy in the golden drum during the day and slept in the saddle at night. I hope that the sword hanging around my waist can quickly pacify the border and serve my country.
Note: folding willow: that is, "folding willow", the name of ancient music, is mostly a word that hurts spring and leaves sorrow. Loulan: A king of Loulan in the Western Han Dynasty sent people to stop and kill Ambassador China many times, and was later killed by General Huo Guang.
Q: Talk about the beauty of the expressive skills of this poem. (4 points)
A: The forehead is combined with the code, and the contrast technique is also used. "The flute smells the broken willow" and hearing someone play the tune of "Broken Willow" naturally reminds people of the spring scenery in their hometown and their loved ones, but there is no spring scenery in front of them, so distant relatives can't meet each other; It is under such circumstances that soldiers actively participate in the war and kill the enemy bravely. The concise words of the forehead couplet strongly show the loyalty and courage of the soldiers to the country. (To be in the same strain as the original poem, there are opinions and analysis. )
1, rhetorical method:
Metaphor-comparing one thing or situation with another. It has the function of highlighting the characteristics of things and visualizing abstract things, which is more vivid and touching.
Analogy-people are called anthropomorphic things, or crops are called simulacra. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.
Ask questions-ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable.
Rhetorical questions-express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
Metonymy-borrowing something related, not what you want to express. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.
Duality-using a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two opposite or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
Exaggeration-an enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly.
Allusions-Allusions are a common expression in ancient poetry, which can play the role of suggestion, refinement, euphemism and association. It can not only refine the language of poetry, but also increase the richness of content, increase the vividness and implication of expression, receive concise and interesting effects, enhance the expressive force and appeal of works, enhance the meaning of works, and also have a certain impact on reading. There are several situations in the use of allusions in ancient poetry: ① pointing out the predecessors' statements; (2) reference fairy tales; ③ Use historical stories.
Huadian (Application)-Re-processing and re-creating the previous written works and the language created orally by the masses, giving them new content and artistic conception. It can be divided into three types: word articulation, content sublimation and artistic conception development.
Intertextuality-"Intertextuality" means that the words used in adjacent sentences of ancient poetry complement each other and combine to express a complete meaning. It is a special rhetorical device in ancient Chinese. There are generally two forms of expression in the use of ancient poetry: a. In order to avoid monotonous repetition of words, synonyms are used alternately in writing. This intertextuality is characterized by the mutual explanation of words in the same or basically the same phrases or sentences. In this way, we can infer another unknown word meaning from the known word meaning. B is out of the constraints of words and rules or the need of expression art, so it is necessary to express rich content with concise words and implicit and concise sentences, so only one of them appears in the context, and the other is omitted, that is, "two things are one side, and the text is saved", so as to achieve the effect of simplifying the complex. When understanding this intertextuality, we must combine the words preserved in the context to make them complement each other and set each other off to show the original intention, so it is customarily called intertextuality.
Repetition-overlapping, overlapping words, overlapping words: There are only two functions: to enhance the sense of rhythm or emphasis of the language and make it more vivid. The expression of thoughts and feelings is more dense and tortuous, and the syllables are beautiful, which enhances the musical beauty and rhetorical beauty of the language.
Parallelism-Say several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone in succession.
Pun-In some poems, especially in folk songs, the author often uses argot and pun to express a euphemistic and implicit emotion.
Jin Lie —— The so-called Jin Lie is a rhetorical device in which all nouns or noun phrases are skillfully arranged together through selection and combination to form a vivid and sensible image, so as to set off the atmosphere, create artistic conception and express emotions. The artistic effects that can be achieved by using this rhetoric are as follows: ① simplicity and beauty. Poetry sometimes deliberately leaves incomplete elements, thus achieving concise results. Jane is far from beautiful. The so-called simplicity refers to the selection of general things, which are skillfully handled by the writer and condensed into rich and profound ideological content and emotions. 3 implicit beauty. Implicit means not to say the meaning directly and completely, but to say it euphemistically, thus receiving good expression effect.
2. Expression skills:
(1) Performance: narration, discussion, description and lyricism.
The imagery and lyricism of poetry should be expressed through various artistic techniques, and some common artistic techniques should be known. Poetry mainly uses narration, description, discussion and lyric, among which description and lyric are the key points.
The relationship between emotion and scenery: the poet writes poems to express his thoughts and feelings. In order to achieve this goal, he needs to write scenes-natural or surrounding scenery, to arouse feelings and convey feelings to readers. The handling of feelings and scenes is very important. If handled properly, he will arouse the feelings of readers and let them sing with him. Such a poem is well written and touching.
Lyrics can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism.
Express one's mind directly-express one's mind directly means that a poet exposes his heart in his poems and expresses his passion, joy or sadness unabashedly. This way is more intuitive.
Indirect lyric-poets often express their thoughts and feelings euphemistically with the help of various rhetorical arts. Divided into borrowing scenery to express feelings, supporting things to express feelings, and blending scenes.
Lyric by borrowing scenery: When a poet has a feeling about a scene or an objective thing, he puts his feelings and thoughts to be expressed in this scene and expresses them by describing this scene and this thing. This lyric way is called borrowing scenery to express emotion or borrowing things to express emotion.
Scenery blending: This way integrates feelings into specific natural scenery or life scenes, and expresses feelings by describing these natural scenery or scenes, which is an indirect and implicit lyric way. Scenery blending includes three forms, one is the emotion in the scene, the other is the emotion in the scene, and the third is the emotion in the scene. In China's ancient poems, pines, bamboos, Meilan, rock streams, ancient desert roads, sunset at the border, jathyapple breeze, drizzling grass, banana residue, phoenix tree drizzle, duckweed, swan goose crane, roadside kiosks, etc., are often used by poets to express their feelings. These scenes are no longer purely natural things, but carry and convey people's extremely rich and complicated thoughts and feelings.
Pay attention to the relationship between happy scenery and sad scenery: as long as there are landscape words in poetry, they must be related to the author's emotions, that is, all landscape words are emotional words. The key to the appreciation of scene blending lies in what is emotion, which actually requires us to taste what is scene-sad scene, happy scene and sad scene? In general, it is the happy scene of Syaraku's feelings, and the sad scene expresses the sadness, but it is also useful to express the sadness with the happy scene or sad scene of Syaraku's feelings. Writing mourning with music scenes or writing mourning with Syaraku can double the effect of mourning.
The difference between expressing feelings with objects and scenery: expressing feelings with scenery is to express feelings through the description of scenery. Poets express implicit feelings in their poems, so they have joys and sorrows, but we will never regard this feeling as an idea. The "feeling" of borrowing scenery to express emotion refers to feelings such as love, hate, praise, joy and sadness. More importantly, the poet should express his heart, attitude and understanding of life through what he describes. Expressing one's will with the help of the characteristics of things can refer to feelings, ambitions, sentiments, hobbies, wishes, demands and so on.
Description skills: contrast and contrast, dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination, point and surface combination, light and shade combination, positive and negative combination, sound and emotion combination, rough drawing, meticulous painting and so on.
Rendering and contrast-Rendering and contrast are both techniques of Chinese painting. Rendering refers to a technique of drawing a picture with ink or light color where it needs to be emphasized to show the image of yin and yang, thus enhancing the artistic effect. Poetry refers to the active description of the environment and scenery in many aspects to highlight the image. Contrast is to use ink or color to render and set off the outline of the object image, so that the object image is obviously prominent. Used in poetry creation, refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, so that what is needed is obviously prominent. In other words, don't say the original intention, just say other things related to it, so as to achieve the purpose of highlighting the original intention. The same thing can be rendered from the front or set off from the side.
Contrast and contrast-contrast is the use of similar or opposite conditions between things, with some things as a foil, highlighting the expression of things to be expressed. It can make the things that are set off more prominent and vivid. Divided into positive lining and negative lining. Positive contrast is to use the similar conditions of things to highlight the subject. Contrast means that the subject is opposite to the lining, and the lining sets off the subject from the opposite side as the background. Contrast is to compare two different things or two different aspects of a thing, so that the good looks better and the bad looks worse. In contrast, it reveals contradictions, sharp and strong, and has shocking power.
The combination of reality and fiction-definition: in poetry appreciation, emptiness and reality are relative, if there is something, it is true, and if there is nothing, it is empty; Evidence is truth, and false support is empty; Objective is true, subjective is virtual; Concrete is real, hermit is empty; Actions are true, but words are empty; The present is true and the future is empty; The known is true, the unknown is false, and so on. In the traditional techniques of Chinese painting, emptiness refers to the part with sparse strokes or blank parts in the picture. It gives people room for imagination and endless aftertaste. Poetry and painting are the same, and poetry draws on this method of Chinese painting. The emptiness of poetry means that you can't touch it intuitively, but you can appreciate the ethereal images and ethereal realms between the lines. Specifically, the "emptiness" in poetry includes the following three categories: the world of immortals and ghosts and dreams. Poets often use this nothingness to contrast reality. This is the so-called representation of reality with virtual images. Second, the realm of the dead. This kind of virtual scene is a scene that the author has experienced or happened in history, and now it is out of sight. Imagine the future. This virtual environment has not happened yet, and its feeling will continue to extend into the future. Therefore, writing funeral music will double its funeral music; Syaraku will have more fun. "Reality" refers to the real images, facts and reality existing in the objective world. Simply put, the "virtual" method is actually the way the author imagines association. Judging from the works we have seen, there are mainly two kinds: one is dreaming and the other is dreaming. And what's in front of you is real. "The combination of the virtual and the real" refers to the mutual connection, mutual penetration and mutual transformation between the virtual and the real, so as to reach the realm of the coexistence of the virtual and the real, thus greatly enriching the images in the poem, opening up the artistic conception in the poem, providing readers with a broad aesthetic space and enriching people's aesthetic taste. The relationship between virtual scene and real scene sometimes forms a sharp contrast, thus highlighting the center; Sometimes the two complement each other to form a rendering contrast, thus highlighting the center.
Dynamic and static combination-In ancient Chinese poetry, poets pay special attention to dynamic description in order to create artistic conception. Dynamic and static combination is a commonly used method of scenery description. In the use of this technique, it is unique, with "every word is the best" and "the realm is the best". As a combination of dynamic and static scenery, it often depicts the dynamic and static in an artistic conception, and it is mainly static, with the dynamic setting static (the "dynamic" here includes dynamic and sound, such as "the sound of bamboo in the Qing Dynasty, the sound of lotus leaves in front of fishing boats", "noisy" is sound, and "dynamic" is dynamic), forming a harmonious unity of artistic conception and image. Therefore, the combination of dynamic and static scenery writing techniques can not be completely separated from the foil
Positive combination-a positive and direct description of the object of description is a positive description; Describe the things around the object to make it more vivid and prominent. The way of profile description leaves more imagination space for readers.
Combination of point and surface-everything is interrelated, not isolated, and the scenery described is the same. They are always inextricably linked with the surrounding scenery. Therefore, when we write about landscapes, we should not write about the subject in isolation and stillness, but also write about the relationship around the subject, combining point with surface, so as to make the subject image fuller and more distinctive. It is often pointed out that it has a comprehensive function.
Detail description-China's classical poems are generally short and pithy, and don't have too much detail description like narrative works. However, even a short chapter, even a lyrical sketch, can not ignore the description of details. This requires special attention. Real and vivid details in literary works can also achieve the effect of "seeing the micro-knowledge".
Observe the change of angle-description should be hierarchical-from far to near or from bottom to top. Looking at the same scene, the observer's position is different and the angle is different. Looking down, looking up, looking far away and looking closely, the visual image will be varied and varied. Describing from different angles will make readers have a more comprehensive understanding of the scenery described and get a more perfect feeling.