Problems related to Qinling Mountains

The Qinling Mountains are also called Qinling Mountains or Qinling Mountains. East-west mountain range across central China. It starts from the south of Gansu in the west and passes through the south of Shaanxi to the west of Henan, which is the watershed between Weihe River, a tributary of the Yellow River, and Jialing River and Hanshui River, a tributary of the Yangtze River. The western part of the Qinling Mountains in Gansu Province is relatively low, with the highest peak at an altitude of about 2,000 meters (6,562 feet). There are basins such as Chengxian, Huixian and Liangdang among the mountains. The East Qinling Mountains to the east of the upper reaches of Jialing River are east-west, with dense folds, huge mountains and narrow valleys, with an average height of about 20,003,000 meters (65,629,843 feet). Taibai Mountain, the main peak, is 3767 meters (12359 feet) above sea level. It is one of the few peaks in the east of China with a height of over 3,000 meters, and there are ancient glacial remains on the top. The northern foot of the Qinling Mountains is adjacent to the Weihe Plain, and there is a big fault between them, which is a fault block structure with a north dip and a south dip. The main ridge is located on the north side, the north slope is steep and short, and the south slope is slow and long. The water system is also asymmetrical. There are many valleys in the mountain, which is a north-south traffic tunnel. Baoji-chengdu railway passes through the mountains in the Jialing River basin. Qinling Mountain has obvious blocking effect on airflow operation. Summer makes it difficult for humid marine air to penetrate into the northwest, making the climate in the north dry; In winter, the cold wave is prevented from invading southward, which makes Hanzhong basin and Sichuan basin less affected by cold air. Therefore, Qinling Mountain becomes the dividing line between subtropical zone and warm temperate zone. The rivers south of Qinling Mountains are not frozen, the vegetation is mainly evergreen broad-leaved forest, and the soil is acidic. To the north of Qinling Mountains is the famous Loess Plateau. The average temperature in 65438+ 10 is below 0℃, the rivers are frozen, the plants are mainly deciduous broad-leaved trees, and the soil is rich in calcium. The Qinling Mountains and Bailong River basins still preserve continuous forests and precious animals and plants. Foping is one of the producing areas of giant pandas. Walnut in Shangluo area and Angelica sinensis in Minxian county are famous for their high yield and high quality. The Qinling Mountains in a broad sense is a huge east-west mountain range across the central part of China, starting from Baishi Mountain in the north of Lintan County in Gansu Province in the west and bounded by Dieshan Mountain and Kunlun Mountain. Enter Shaanxi eastward through McKee in the south of Tianshui. At the junction of Shaanxi and Henan, it is divided into three branches, the northern branch is Xiaoshan, and the remaining veins extend eastward along the south bank of the Yellow River, commonly known as Mangshan; The middle branch is Xiong 'er Mountain; The south branch is Funiu Mountain. A small part of the southern part of the mountain range extends from Shaanxi to Yunxian County, Hubei Province. The Qinling Mountains are 1600 km long and tens of kilometers to two or three hundred kilometers wide from north to south, covering a vast area. According to legend, Taibai Mountain in Qinling Mountains was the territory of Qin State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it was also the highest mountain range in Qin State, hence the name Qinling Mountains. In a narrow sense, Qinling refers to the middle part of Qinling, which is located in the middle of Shaanxi Province. It was called "Qinling Mountain" in the Han Dynasty, and it was named "Nanshan" because it was located in the south of Guanzhong. The altitude is 2000 ~ 3000 meters. The fault in the north collapsed. The mountain is majestic, like a shadow wall. "Historical Records" said: "Qinling Mountain is a great obstacle in the world." Therefore, it is called "the danger of Kyushu". The Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi are distributed like the waist of bees, and there are several mountains on the east and west wings. The three branches of the west wing are Dasanling (2819m above sea level), Fengling (2000m above sea level) and Baizishan (2538m above sea level). From north to south, the east wing is Huashan (elevation1997m), Mangling, Liu Ling and Xinkailing. Mountains and basins are staggered, and many rivers in deep mountains develop. The middle Qinling Mountains mainly include Taibai Mountain (3,767 meters above sea level), Aoshan Mountain (3,476 meters above sea level), shouyangshan Mountain (2,720 meters above sea level), Zhong Nanshan Mountain (2,604 meters above sea level) and Caolianling Mountain (2,646 meters above sea level). Mountains have obvious blocking effect on the East Asian monsoon, which is the dividing line in climate, and also the dividing line between Weihe River, a tributary of the Yellow River, and Jialing River and Hanjiang River, a tributary of the Yangtze River. There are obvious differences in natural landscapes between the northern and southern slopes of Qinling Mountains. The northern slope of the Yellow River Basin is a warm temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest. Due to the long-term agricultural development, most of them are secondary forests. The flora and animal species in Qinling Mountain area are obviously transitional, mixed and complex. Wild animals include giant panda, golden monkey, antelope and other precious species, and birds include national first-class protected animals such as crested ibis and black stork. There are now national Taibai Mountain Nature Reserve and Foping Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains. The cultural landscapes in the north and south of Qinling Mountains also have their own characteristics. The Guanzhong Plain in the north is called "Qinchuan in 800 Li" in history. Since the Neolithic Age, human farming and settlement have appeared, and it is a famous gathering place of cultural relics and historic sites in China. The deep valley in the north-south direction between the Qinling Mountains has been a communication channel between the north and the south since ancient times, among which the famous ones are Chencang Road, Ziwu Road from Xi 'an to Ningshan, Baoxie Road near the water, Luo Luo Lu Road and Zhouyang Road. There are many cultural relics and historical stories on the northern slope of Qinling Mountains and the southern edge of Guanzhong Plain. There are Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and many imperial mausoleums, Zhou Fenghao Site, Qin Epang Palace Site, Louguantai, Zhangliangmu and Cailun Tomb. Zhong Nanshan, located more than 40 kilometers south of Xi, has beautiful scenery since ancient times. There is a poem in The Book of Songs Qin Feng: "There is nothing in the south, but a plum blossom". In the Tang Dynasty, officials and gentlemen built villas here, of which Wangchuan Villa of Wang Wei was the most famous. Most of Wang Wei's beautiful landscape poems describe the scenery here. In the Tang Dynasty poet Zuyong wrote in "Seeing the Snow Peak in the South": "Looking at the South, the clouds are white, the snow line is warm, and the small town in the valley is getting cold." There are also beautiful peaks such as Cuihua Mountain, Nanwutai Mountain and Lishan Mountain nearby. There are more than 40 large and small temples, such as Taiyi Palace and Laojun 'an, which have been built since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is a good place to visit Guanzhong for summer vacation. There are Maijishan Grottoes in the west of Qinling Mountains, and the cliffs stand like wheat. Since the late Qin Dynasty, there have been 194 caves, more than 7,000 Buddha statues and 1300 square meters murals, which are a treasure house of ancient sculpture art. In the alpine forest of Qinling Mountains, there are countless gazelles, impala, wild boar, black bear, forest musk deer, muntjac, hedgehog, bamboo rat, squirrel and so on. With so many herbivores, I believe no carnivore will worry about the food here. Therefore, based on the identification of leopards, clouded leopards, jackals, yellow-throated minks, leopard cats and other carnivores, zoologists have never given up hope of finding South China tigers in Qinling Mountains. Animals are still like this, let alone plants. As the ancients said, there is no idle grass on Taibai Mountain. The plants in Qinling Mountains are not only diverse, but also unique. Qinling Mountain has such unique biological resources. What is the reason? This should start with the unique geographical location and distinctive features of Qinling Mountains. In the middle of Chinese territory, Qinling Mountain is the highest mountain range to the east and the only east-west mountain range. In the eyes of geographers, the Qinling Mountains are the dividing line between the north and the south, and the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. In the eyes of zoologists, Qinling divides the fauna into Palaearctic realm and Oriental realm, where two completely different animals meet and merge; In the eyes of climatologists, Qinling Mountain is a transitional zone between the north subtropical zone and the warm temperate zone. In the writer's eyes, Qinling Mountain and Yellow River are both called the father mountain and mother river of the Chinese nation, and Qinling Mountain is also regarded as the Long Mai of Chinese civilization ... Weihe River is the largest first-class tributary of the Yellow River north of Qinling Mountain; To the south is the Hanjiang River, the largest first-class tributary of the Yangtze River. The largest first-class tributary of the two largest and most important rivers in China is surrounded by such a strange mountain range. More precisely, it is this vast and deep mountain range that breeds two rivers of great significance. Because of the climate barrier and water source nourishment in Qinling Mountains, there will be good weather in Qinchuan for 800 miles, and there will be peerless elegance in Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties. The most proud ancient civilization of the Chinese nation really benefited from such an unpretentious mountain range composed of huge granite blocks. Only in the 13th Dynasty did Chang 'an, the imperial capital, flourish. Beautiful Hanzhong, Ankang and Shangluo are all in Qinling Mountains. Qinling-Huaihe River North-South Comparison Table Area Project Qinling-North of Huaihe River-Latitude position 32 N ~ 34 N The main landforms in the north and south of Huaihe River are plains and hills. 1 month, the average temperature is below 0℃, and the annual precipitation in warm temperate subtropical areas is between 400 mm and 800 mm above 0℃. The rainy season is long and rainy. The seasonal variation of precipitation is very small. Under dry and wet conditions, the river flow in humid areas is small, seasonal changes are great and the flow is rich. Seasonal variation: small sediment concentration, large sediment concentration, small flood season, short flood season, freezing in winter with long glacial period, and not freezing in winter. The main types of agricultural cultivated land are dry land, paddy field, grain crops, wheat crops, rice crops, peanut crops, sugar crops, beet crops and sugarcane crop systems: three crops a year to two crops a year to three crops a year. Qinling-Huaihe Line-China's North-South Boundary Line We should make clear the direction of Qinling-Huaihe Line and what is its important condition as our North-South Boundary Line. Know what geography this dividing line is. First of all, it has become an important geographical dividing line in China, which must be due to the landform differences on both sides of this line. There are many factors that cause different landscapes, such as temperature and precipitation, and topography. Generally speaking, the difference between different regions is often due to more factors caused by climate, such as more precipitation in the south, less precipitation in the north, more precipitation in the eastern coastal areas and less precipitation in the western inland areas. Needless to say, it can be inferred from the above introduction that this line must be the dividing line of climate. From this, we can understand the differences of temperature, precipitation, dry and wet conditions on both sides of the Qinling-Huaihe boundary, as well as the differences of river hydrological characteristics, agricultural conditions and soil vegetation under this climate difference. According to the related geographical atlas, the Huaihe River line in Qinling Mountains runs east-west, and it is the passing place of 1 month 0 degree isotherm and 800 mm annual precipitation line. In addition, the Qinling Mountains can prevent the cold wave from going south in winter and the humid sea breeze from entering the northwest in summer, which leads to the differences in climate, rivers, vegetation, soil and agriculture between the north and the south of this line, so it naturally becomes an important dividing line in eastern China. The dividing line between Qinling Mountain and Huaihe River plays an important role in dividing: 1, subtropical zone and warm temperate zone. Reason: China's 1 month 0-degree isotherm passes through the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, and the average temperature north of the 1 month 0-degree isotherm is below 0, which belongs to a warm temperate zone. South of 0℃ isotherm 1 month, the average temperature is above 0℃, which belongs to subtropical zone. 2. The dividing line between the humid area and the semi-humid area. Depending on the amount of precipitation. 3. According to the differences of ice age, flood season, discharge, sediment concentration and shipping, the dividing line with obvious differences in river conditions is obtained. 4. The boundary between different soils and vegetation depends on different plants on both sides, such as coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest in the north and evergreen broad-leaved forest in the south. And the characteristics of black soil in the north and red soil in the south. 5. The dividing line of agricultural production is different. Agriculture in the north is mainly dry land, usually one or two crops a year, mainly wheat and corn; Paddy fields are dominant in the south, with two or three crops a year, mainly rice and wheat. Qinling National Botanical Garden is located in zhouzhi county, Xi Province, 76 kilometers away from the city center. The total planned area is 458Km2, of which the central area is 262Km2, ranking first in the world. The total investment budget of Qinling National Botanical Garden is 65.438+0.38 billion yuan, and the investment of the first phase project is 530 million yuan. Its main functions are scientific research, popular science education, biodiversity protection and eco-tourism.