The twentieth century is drawing to a close, and if there were no sudden unfortunate events, we would have become a cross-century group. The number of people who can span two centuries is always a minority among human beings as a whole, and the number of people who can span the past with a clear mind is certainly even smaller. To be called clear-minded, one must at least have a relatively complete understanding of the past century, right? Therefore, we cannot help but let our eyes pass through the crowded shoulders in the streets during these busy years, pass through the tragedies and comedies that have solidified over the past century, and the low voices and shouts that have evaporated, and directly arrive at the nineteenth century The years at the end of the century and the beginning of the twentieth century. There, a group of insightful people with long braids on their heads and long robes and mandarin jackets were talking and shouting about how the Chinese nation could enter the twentieth century. They were certainly dissatisfied with China's 19th century. When they desperately searched for the reasons for China's backwardness, they first saw the lack of talents, and the reason for the lack of talents was, they believed, the scourge of the imperial examination system.
They no longer just talked about it in articles like their predecessors did, but felt that time was pressing and asked the court to take immediate measures. Empress Dowager Cixi issued an edict in the summer of 1901 to reform the content of the imperial examination. People with insight believed that the imperial examination system could no longer be solved through reform and should be fundamentally abolished sooner or later. A memorial in 1903 said:
If the imperial examination is not abolished, the school will never flourish, the scholars will never have real knowledge, the country will never have the talents to save the times, and China will never be able to advance Being rich and powerful means that countries can never compete with each other.
Who spoke these heroic and decisive words? One beneficiary of the imperial examination system was Zhang Zhidong, a Jinshi during the Tongzhi period, and the leader was Yuan Shikai, who was later disliked. So everyone discussed with the court whether a compact timetable could be drawn up. In the future, the imperial examinations that would be held every three years would be reduced by one-third each time. The reduced places would be added to the new schools. The reduction would be completed in ten years. . It takes ten years to completely dismantle a system that has lasted for more than a thousand years. The speed cannot be considered slow, but people still can't wait. Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong said that the cultivation of talents is no better than others and cannot be delayed. If we abolish the imperial examination immediately and build schools now, it will take more than ten years for talents to emerge; if we stop the imperial examination ten years later, it will still take more than twenty years to train talents from new schools. China cannot wait twenty years. For several years - "How can I be left alone when surrounded by powerful neighbors?"
This time calculation was irrefutable, and the imperial court issued an edict in 1905 to abolish the imperial examination. Therefore, it can be said that, except for a hasty farewell in the first few years, the entire twentieth century has basically nothing to do with the imperial examination system.
Many things in the twentieth century were concluded in a hurry and failed to be concluded calmly. After the imperial examination system was abolished, it immediately became a pile of old garbage that everyone reviled, and few people were willing to fiddle with it. Of course, the scolding is justified. Children's textbooks include "Fan Jin Passed the Examination" and "Kong Yiji", and opera stages in various places include "Pipa Ji" and "Qin Xianglian", which show the absurdity and cruelty of the imperial examination system in a heart-stopping way. , making twentieth-century students and audiences feel a sense of relief after getting rid of this system. However, it would obviously be too rash to allow these excellent and moving works of art to replace modern people's rational judgment on the entire imperial examination system.
The imperial examination system has been implemented in China for 1,300 years. From the Tang Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has been closely accompanied by the history of Chinese civilization. The direct result of the imperial examination was the selection of more than 100,000 Jinshi and more than a million candidates. Of course, this huge group will also be mixed with many boring or despicable people, but on the whole, it is the basic team of Chinese officials in the past dynasties, including a large number of extremely outstanding politicians and administrators with high cultural literacy. Management expert. Without them, some of the most important parts of Chinese history would not exist.
There was a popular saying that none of the people who passed the first prize in ancient times were knowledgeable. This does not seem to be the case. It is a fact that the requirements for taking the No. 1 Scholar examination are too special and it is difficult for more outstanding figures to get the chance. However, there are a large number of No. 1 Scholars such as Wang Wei, Liu Gongquan, He Zhizhang, Zhang Jiuling, Lu Mengzheng, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Chen Liang, Wen Tianxiang, Yang Shen, Kang It is unbelievable to say that people like Hai, Weng Tong, and Zhang Jian were uneducated. This only refers to the top pick. If the scope is expanded to include Jinshi, a very spectacular list of talents will be opened. In order to select these people, almost the entire Chinese society was mobilized, and this long-lasting mobilization has created the unique destiny of countless Chinese literati and the unique mentality of the general public, and has become a part of the collective personality of the Chinese nation. This kind of inner imprint cannot be dispelled by us with a wave of hands. In fact, some people have been aware of the many shortcomings of the imperial examination system from the beginning, and many wise minds have repeatedly thought, argued, repaired and improved them, including Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, etc. who are well-known in our literary circles. Su Dongpo, Wang Anshi, etc. cannot be imagined that these cultural masters would be so imbecile, allowing them to be absurd and practicing them.
The development of the imperial examination system to the era of Fan Jin and Kong Yiji has indeed done more harm than good. However, this historical change is also very profound.
Why did the sharp change occur? Is it possible to avoid it? How do all attempts at repair fail? These issues are worthy of our careful consideration. The imperial examination was abolished at the beginning of the 20th century, and of course its drawbacks were also abolished. But have the social issues that it was intended to take on since its inception been completely solved? Why do I always have a hunch that there are some topics buried here that are far from outdated?
In my collection of books, there are not many monographs on this subject. It is easy to find them one by one and study them intensively. I read Mr. Cheng Qianfan's "The Records and Literature of Jinshi in the Tang Dynasty" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House), Mr. Lu Wei's "Anecdotes about the Imperial Examination" (Liaoning Education Press), Mr. Zhang Jinfan and Mr. Qiu Yuanyou's "History of the Imperial Examination System" (Zhonghua Book Company ), especially after reading Mr. Fu Xuancong's thick book "Imperial Examinations and Literature in the Tang Dynasty" (Shaanxi People's Publishing House) with blue background and silver pattern, I have more questions to think about. There are many problems that the knowledgeable people at the beginning of the century had no time to think about or even discover. It's a bit late for us to make up for it now, but it's still late, and since time has passed, our attitude can be calmer.
II
When talking about the imperial examination system in ancient China, there is a common misunderstanding that needs to be eliminated, that is, in essence, it is a civil official selection system, rather than literary creation talent and talent. An examination system for classical interpretation ability. Understanding this may soften many of the complaints about it.
We can imagine that if it were not for the imperial examination, how would ancient China choose its officials? This is a really big question in political science. No matter what kind of regime or strategy, it will be hollow and fragile without a reliable and effective network of officials; however, being reliable and effective alone is not enough, because selecting officials is not the same as selecting craftsmen. As long as any regime is not evil enough to have no scruples, , we must take into account the public image of the officials, not only to make the people being managed generally convinced, but also to make other officials and even political opponents have not much to say, then it is necessary to seek or create a qualification for the officials ; Doing this is already troublesome enough. What is even more troublesome is that China’s territory is so vast and its political structure is so complex. The number of officials it needs is staggering. With so many officials woven into the same unified network, the You can imagine how difficult it is; it is not easy to build a network, but because it involves too many areas and there are too many accidental factors, various changes will naturally occur soon, and over time there will be overall metabolism, so it takes a lot of hard work It is hard to find the thread again and tie it together again... This series of problems has been so intensely placed in front of the emperors of the past dynasties and all the politicians who want to conquer Kyushu Island that they cannot avoid it. All the difficulties ultimately boil down to one point: There is no doubt that it is necessary to establish a widely recognized and long-term effective standard for the selection of officials. Where is this standard?
Hereditary is one. This method is the simplest. The previous generation becomes an official and the next generation continues to do so. This method was basically adopted in China's slave society, and was later partially implemented in feudal society, which was called "enyin". The disadvantages of the hereditary system are obvious. First, because leadership skills cannot be inherited, whether the successor can use power as effectively as his predecessors has become an increasingly serious problem; second, this transfer of power has greatly reduced the court's control over the leadership. The power to appoint and remove officials dispersed political control.
Hereditary emphasis on innate qualifications to be an official led to a dead end. Therefore, some feudal lords began to seek acquired qualifications for officialdom, and acquired qualifications were mainly reflected in two aspects: literary talent and martial arts. Everyday I see people with talents and talents, and I raise them. The family gradually becomes a warehouse of talents. When they are needed, they can be assigned to official positions at a glance. This is called "nurturing scholars". Some monarchs keep people at home. Thousands. This method has made politicians and cultural figures in the past dynasties feel a little excited when they think about it. They really want to raise a group or be raised, but there are many problems when they think about it carefully. Although the diners have no blood relationship with the feeders, the relationship between the feeders and the feeders has actually become an extension of the blood relationship. Those who became officials from the feeders mainly carry out the orders of the feeders, and it is difficult to become fair managers. Society is likely to be in trouble because of them. What's more, when the monarch selects and raises diners, both the standards and the review methods are extremely arbitrary, and the ones he raises are far from all talents. As for the awarding of official positions based on martial arts achievements, it can only be regarded as a method of reward and cannot be regarded as the proper way to select officials, because as we all know, fighting and management are completely different things. It is not uncommon for warriors to harm the country.
The morning light is brilliant, the morning light is brilliant, the morning light is all over the ground
The golden sunshine, the golden light, the dazzling golden light, the golden light, the golden light, the golden light, the endless ways
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The radiance is radiant, the golden rays are rays, the golden rays are rays
The sunset is brilliant, the sun is shining, the sun is radiating, the golden glow is slanting
The afterglow is dazzling and colorful, a ray of sunshine
A ball of red light and a bright golden plate rolling
Good sentence:
The sky is full of red clouds, the sea is full of golden waves, and the red sun is like a furnace of boiling molten steel, spurting out with dazzling golden light.
In the morning, the sun shows half of its face shyly like a new daughter-in-law who has just left home.
The sun has set, and its extraordinarily strong light jets out from the treetops, dyeing the white clouds in blood and the green mountains in blood.
The sun slowly penetrated the clouds, revealing a face that was already flushed, looking at the earth like a shy little girl.
The bright sunshine passed through the gaps between the leaves and through the early fog, spreading over the campus in wisps.
The sun was lower, as red as blood, and a dazzling broad light wave on the water stretched from the edge of the ocean to the edge of the boat.
The sky was dyed blood red by the sunset, the pink clouds were reflected on the flowing water, the entire river turned purple, and the sky seemed to be on fire. .
In spring, the sun is warm. It stretches out its big warm hands and caresses people's whole body.
The spring breeze blew away the clouds and mist, and the sun smiled happily, spreading warmth and brilliance over the lake.
The scorching sun is high in the sky, and the red light shoots to the ground like a rocket. The ground is on fire, reflecting the oil being boiled and fried. The flames come.
I didn’t dare to look up at the sun. I just felt that it was dazzling everywhere. The sky, the roof, and the ground were all bright and white. It was lit red, and from top to bottom it looked like a huge fire mirror, with each sliver being the focus of the fire mirror, as if everything was about to burn.
It is late autumn, and the sun hangs lazily in the sky, like an old man dozing off with a smile on his face.
The late autumn sun is like an orange-red lampshade, emitting soft light that warms the body and face.
As soon as the sun arrives in autumn, it shines all its light on the world. Look, the fields are golden, the grounds are golden, and the mountains are golden.
The sun in winter is as pale as the moon.
The sun is surrounded by thin clouds, emitting a faint dazzling white light.
The sun works hard all year long, and in winter it is exhausted and can hardly emit any heat.
The warm sunshine fell through the dense leaves, turning into golden spots.
The towering mountains in the distance, covered with a golden coat under the sunlight, look particularly beautiful.
The sunlight was filtered by the layers of leaves, leaking onto him and turning into a faint, round and gently swaying halo.
It was eight or nine o'clock in the morning, and the bright sunlight painted circles of golden and silver halos on the leaves.
The sun shines through the thin clouds and shines on the vast white land, reflecting a silvery light that makes people's eyes dazzle.
The golden sunshine pours down and pours into the vast expanse of blue waves, making the monotonous and calm sea surface become a little colorful.
When the bright red sun shines on the top of the mountain, the fog opens like a curtain, and the city gradually appears in the golden sunshine.
The sunlight piercing the clouds is like a golden thread, criss-crossing, sewing the light gray and blue-gray clouds into a beautiful picture Incomparable patterns.
The sun has just risen over the mountain, covered by the bright red morning glow. The sun shines down from the gaps in the clouds, like countless giant dragons spitting out golden waves. Fall.
The golden sunlight shines through the gaps and onto the grass growing on the brown soil.
The sky is as clear as blue, and the bright sunshine is shining down from the gaps between the dense pine needles, forming thick and thin beams of light. , brightly illuminating the tree shadows filled with mist like gauze.
The sun's fiery smile made the hazy campus suddenly lift off its gauze.
A purple-red morning glow appeared in the sky, like a blooming red rose.
The sun that has just risen is full of energy, overflowing with red light, and illuminating the whole world.
The fiery red sun has just emerged from the sea level, giving the beautiful and tranquil sea a layer of rose color.
The morning sun shines its rays on the lake. The breeze rises and the small waves jump, stirring up the lake full of broken gold.
Suddenly, a red sun rose in front of us, and the golden light shed was like golden whips, driving away the flying clouds and mist.
A red sun appeared on the sea, bright and dazzling. The sea and sky were suddenly filled with golden light, and the sea surface changed from dark blue to deep blue.
The golden morning light gradually dyed the eastern sky red, and the high peak of Huangshan Mountain was dyed crimson by the brilliant clouds.
The sun showed its red face in the morning glow. In an instant, thousands of golden lights passed through the treetops and dyed the water surface with a layer of rouge. red.
Good words, sentences and paragraphs to describe mountains
Anonymous
Good words
High mountains, strange mountains, barren mountains and slopes Mountains and forests
Thousands of mountains and green mountains, thousands of mountains and jungles, thousands of mountains and rocks, bold mountains, bright water, beautiful mountains, clear water, beautiful mountains, tall trees, lush valleys, valleys, green mountains and green waters, Qinghai, Qingshan, strange mountains and beautiful waters
There are peaks and tranquility on the peaks. Beautiful, barren of grass, towering in the sky, surrounded by clouds and mist, strange peaks standing majestically, majestic mountains, thousands of mountains and ridges
Good sentences
The mountains exposed by the clouds are like islands. suspended.
The surrounding mountains are like a colorful cloth.
The mountains, waves and peaks are layer upon layer.
The mountains are black and green, with no edges or edges, and the cliffs are as sharp as a knife or an ax.
The undulating loess hills are really like the waves of a great flood.
Longshantou stands like a tomb in the night.
The mountains on both sides of the Xiajiang River rise and fall so high that it makes people dizzy.
The deep valley is eerily quiet and cold.
The ravine was filled with snow, as high as the back of the mountain, and became a large square covered with flat snow.
The morning light is shining, and the mountain is like a shy girl, looming, and the sunset is shining on the west mountain.
Good section
It’s really strange to look at it from here. The mountains have simply changed. Their shapes are very different from those seen from the plains or mid-mountain. They have become very layered. , messy, majestic and strange.
Looking up, the mountains are the sky, and the sky is also the mountains. There are mountains all around, as if your nose can touch the mountains at any time.