In December in Chongzhen, I lived by the West Lake. It snowed for many days, and the noise of pedestrians and birds in the lake disappeared. This is even more settled. Mao Yu rowed a boat, lit a pile of clothes and went to the pavilion in the middle of the lake to see the snow alone. Fog and songs, sky and clouds, mountains and water are white. The shadow on the lake is only the trace of a long bank. There is a small pavilion in the middle of the lake, a mustard and Yu Zhou, and there are only two or three people on board. On the gazebo, two people sat opposite each other. A boy was cooking wine and the stove was boiling. Seeing it, I was overjoyed and said, "There is no such person in the lake!" " (The author didn't want to say this. ) Take the rest and drink together. Yu Qiang drank three glasses of white wine and then said goodbye. He asked his last name. He is from Jinling and a guest here. When he got off the boat, Zhou Zi murmured, "Don't say" xianggong "is crazy. There are more people who are crazy like" xianggong "."
(Note: The pronunciation of nu and rao in the first edition of Chinese, a standard experimental textbook for compulsory education, in February 2006 54 38+0 654 38+is different from the second edition in March 2007, while other teaching references are taking, which means drawing and supporting. )
To annotate ...
1 "punting".
(2) Lingle: the appearance of white air.
(3) White: the wine glass used by the ancients to punish wine, here refers to the wine glass.
Brief introduction of the author
Zhang Dai (1597- 1679) was born in the late Ming Dynasty. He came from an official family, lived comfortably in his early years, lived in the mountains and forests in his later years, and persisted in writing in poverty. Throughout his life, he was bold and indifferent, with a wide range of hobbies and rich aesthetic interests. He likes to travel, and he is well versed in garden layout. Know music, play the piano and make music; Good tea, tea ceremony kung fu is quite deep; The collection is good and the appreciation level is extraordinary; Good opera, directors and critics pursue perfection and beauty. The predecessors said,' The older my generation is, the more people will be called He Zhang. The police won, Mr. Wang won and the courage won.
West Lake is a paradise on earth, more like "three days of heavy snow, all the birds in the lake died." A person enjoys such a beautiful world alone, and his mood is as pure and quiet as this world. He is even more happy that there are the same fans here and now. If this is wishful thinking, who wouldn't want to be so stupid for a while?
translate
In December of the fifth year of Chongzhen, I lived in the West Lake. After several days of heavy snow, the voices of pedestrians and birds in the lake disappeared. At about eight o'clock this evening, I rowed a boat, wore a fur coat and took a stove, and went to the lake pavilion to see the snow alone. (Lake) is full of ice flowers condensed by water vapor. The sky, clouds, mountains and water are all white. The shadow on the lake is just the trace of a long bank, the outline of a pavilion in the middle of the lake, and my boat, with two or three people in it.
When I arrived at the pavilion, I saw two people sitting opposite. They had already laid the felt and a boy was cooking wine in the wine stove. (They) were very happy to see me and said, "How can you meet such an (elegant) person on the lake!" Pull me to drink with you. I had a few drinks and said goodbye (to them). I asked their surnames and learned that they are from Jinling and live here. When he got off the boat, the boatman shouted, "Don't say" xianggong "is stupid, there are people as stupid as" xianggong "!
Famous comments
Qi Biaojia: There are, Zhang, and pen-making tools in chemical industry. His travels include Boao by Li Daoyuan, Spicy Life by Liu Tongren, Li Xi by Yuan Zhonglang and Humor by Wang Jizhong. One of them is an ethereal and glittering spirit, and there is nothing to find. A vivid portrayal of the West Lake, politics is in Adu. Preface to West Lake Dream
Zhang Dai: Tao An lost its family, and went into the mountains ... because I miss Yu's life, which is prosperous, beautiful and empty. For 50 years, I have a dream. ..... I occasionally draw one, such as wandering the old road, seeing an old friend and people in the city, and turning to complacency. It's true that you can't dream until you're an idiot. Preface to Tao An's Memories of Dreams
Make an appreciative comment
This article is a masterpiece of Zhang Dai's sketches. By recalling an experience of boating and watching snow in the West Lake, the author showed his seclusion and expressed his deep attachment and sentimental feelings. It snowed heavily for three days in the dead of night, and the author went by boat alone. I met a guest unexpectedly in the pavilion, and the three of them exchanged names before leaving. Zhou Zi mumbled and fell in love with three people, but I didn't know that these three people were just temperamental people. The most striking feature of this paper is its concise writing, which is less than 200 words, but it integrates narrative, scenery and lyricism. What is particularly amazing is that the author's skill in tempering quantifiers, the combination of "one mark", "one point", "one mustard" and "two or three grains" actually conveys an eternal and vast realm, even a silent atmosphere, which is amazing. The author makes good use of contrast techniques, big and small, cold and hot, loneliness and bosom friend, and the contrast is sharp, which strongly expresses his deep feelings about life and lingering thoughts about his old country.
Expand reading and deepen understanding of the text.
Buerzhai
Zhang Dai
Buerzhai, Gao Wusan, Cui Yueqian; The western wall is a little empty, and Chimonanthus praecox fills it. But the sky is green and the summer is hot, which is not enough. The back wall is higher than the iron fence, with bamboo poles and rain, and Zheng's "autumn sound is full of ears" is everywhere. The sky shines down, it looks at the sky, crystal clear as glass mica, and the person sitting is always in a cool world. The walls of the book are full of walls, and the tripod stands still. There is a stone bed bamboo gauze curtain on the left to prevent mosquitoes from invading the gauze curtain and welcome Bi Cheng.
In summer, orchids and jasmine invade clothes. Before and after Chongyang, under the chrysanthemum north window, the chrysanthemum basin has five floors, below the high-rise building. The colors are ethereal and bright, and the sky is crystal clear as autumn water. Leaves fall in winter, wintersweet blossoms, warm sun windows, red stoves () and wool (blankets). Take Kunshan daffodil as the toe. In spring, there are orchids under the wall, half an acre of peony in front of the door and many different trees.
I took off my clothes, but I didn't feel hot or cold. I felt like a lifetime ago.
-("Tao An Meng Yi")
Comment: Buerzhai, like a distant thought, is so clearly presented in front of us, which shows the author's deep love for it. The author misses the old country and the lost life, but it doesn't show it. He only described the scenery inside and outside the study and the interest of the four seasons with faint pen and ink, but between the lines, that kind of emotion was faintly revealed. At the end of the sentence, "I feel like something happened in a previous life" seems to be an understatement, but in fact it is like a heavy hammer, and the author's sentimental feelings all erupt here. Dream, dream! The past life was like a dream, like a painting, gone with the wind, but now it is hidden. The author only relies on "dream memory" to seek spiritual comfort, and its scenery is amazing. (The Essence of Ming and Qing Dynasties, p. 585)
Writing background:
After Ming's death, he expressed the author's deep yearning for his motherland.
Poetry, Prose, Poetry and Prose —— Reading Zhang Dai's "Watching the Snow in the Lake Pavilion"
In the history of China's prose, the prose in the late Ming Dynasty still occupies a place, although it is not as eye-catching as the pre-Qin philosophers or the Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. It is like a cluster of orchids in the crevice of a deep mountain, with sparse flowers and fresh flowers. Although not bright, it has its own lofty and unconventional charm.
Zhang Dai (1597- 1689) is regarded as a "temple army" with high achievements among prose writers in the late Ming Dynasty, expressing the pain of the country's downfall in a light and naive style. Representative works include prose collection "Dream of Taoan" and "Dream of West Lake".
Zhang Dai was born in an official family. He had never been an official before the Ming Dynasty and had been living a leisurely life. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he took part in the anti-Qing struggle, and then took refuge in the foothills of Shanxi, Zhejiang Province, and devoted himself to writing. Tao An's Dream and West Lake's Dream were written after he died in Ming Dynasty and entered the mountain. In the book, I cherish memories of the past, reminiscing about the past, and revealing deep thoughts and vicissitudes of my motherland between the lines. He said in "Preface to Tao An's Dream": "Cock crows at the pillow and return at night. I have been thinking for more than a lifetime, prosperous and beautiful, and I have been empty for fifty years. Today, when the millet is ripe, how can we digest it when we drive to the gladiator's cave? Yao Si remembered the past as a book, held it to the Buddha, and repented one by one. " Here we can see the main idea of his writing this book and the reason why he named it Dream. When we read Tao An Meng and West Lake Dream, while appreciating their elegant and beautiful prose images, we often feel that there is a veil of dreams hanging over them, which makes the artistic conception look deep and hazy. This is a shadow cast by history, which reflects the ideological weakness of this late Ming adherents writer and gives his writing style a unique color.
Zhang Dai's sketches are worthy of the name. The long one is only 1000 words, and the short one is only 200 words. The pen and ink are concise, elegant and full of poetry and painting. People often say that prose is poetic, which is quite true; If we compare poems, I think Zhang Dai's sketches are quite similar to the quatrains of the Tang Dynasty. Good at meaning, a few strokes, intended to imply, three sighs, no embarrassment. You can know the taste by eating a spoonful; We might as well choose a short chapter-"Looking at the snow in the middle of the lake" (see Volume 3 of Tao An Meng Yi) and try to taste it.
In December in Chongzhen, I lived by the West Lake.
The first two periods indicate time and place. In the collection, most of the works that I have traveled in the past indicate the dynasty year to show that I have never forgotten my motherland. It is marked here as "five years of Chongzhen", and the same is true. "December", when it snows in the middle of winter, "I live in the West Lake" refers to the adjacent West Lake. However, the idleness of the first two sentences has caused the heavy snow below and the snow on the lake to have no traces of time and place.
It snowed for many days, and the noise of pedestrians and birds in the lake disappeared.
Following the beginning, only these two sentences, the shape of the lake closed by heavy snow can be imagined, and it feels chilly to read. The beauty of the author lies not in writing the heavy snow intuitively, but in writing "the people and birds in the lake are dead" through hearing. After writing about the heavy snow, there was silence, lakes and mountains were frozen, people and birds were afraid to go out, they were too cold to make a sound, and even the air seemed to freeze. A word "unique" conveys a cold and gloomy feeling of ice and snow. This is a high degree of freehand brushwork, cleverly drawing the majesty of heavy snow from people's hearing and psychological feelings. This reminds us of Liu Zongyuan's famous Jiang Xue: "There are no birds in hundreds of mountains, and there are no footprints in thousands of roads. A boat, a bamboo cloak, an old man fishing in the cold river-snow. " Liu Zongyuan's Snow Map on the River is from a visual point of view. The river is vast, "there is no trace of people and birds", and there are unique fishermen who "catch snow". In Zhang Dai's works, people and birds are silent, but this silence is exactly what people feel, so there are people in silence. Liu's poem is only 20 crosses, and finally the word "snow" is pointed out, which can be described as a recent cause. Zhang Dai wrote that "three days of heavy snow" caused "all the birds in the lake died", which can be said to be every cloud has a silver lining. They have different mechanisms, but they also achieve the artistic effect of vividly depicting scenery. If "there are no birds in a hundred mountains and no footprints in a thousand paths" in "Jiang Xue" is to render and set off fishermen fishing alone in the Han River; Then Zhang Dai reflected that someone was watching the snow coldly below.
At midnight, I took a boat, holding clothes and a fire, and went to the pavilion in the middle of the lake to see the snow alone.
"It's a day", after "three days of heavy snow", it's also a cold day; Those who are "more determined" are also in the early hours of the morning, when the cold doubles. The phrase "holding clothes and holding fire" is used to keep out the cold. Imagine, in the ice and snow where birds are singing and flowers are fragrant, someone goes out late at night and "goes to the pavilion in the middle of the lake alone to see the snow". What a unique loneliness and elegance! The word "Du Wang Xue" can be cross-referenced with the word "An old man fishing in the cold river-snow". Here, the author holds the integrity of ice and snow alone, and enjoys himself. Isn't it unspeakable loneliness? He wants to go alone at night because he doesn't want to see anyone or anyone. Then, in this feeling of loneliness, doesn't it also contain the resentment of escaping from the world?
Please see how ethereal the author writes the snow scene in the lake:
Haze, sky and clouds and mountains and water, white up and down; The shadow in the lake is only the trace of a long bank. There is a small pavilion in the middle of the lake, a mustard and Yu Zhou, and there are only two or three people on board.
This is really a blurred picture of the night snow with lakes and mountains! "Rime" is a description of the snow and water vapor on the lake, which is diffuse. "The sky and the clouds and the mountains and the water are all white," and the words "and" overlap, vividly writing the scene of the sky, the sea of clouds and the lake. The author always writes a sentence first, which is like taking a panoramic view of "white from top to bottom" From the point of view of snow, it accords with the general feeling and impression at first sight. Then, from a different perspective, it becomes poetic close-ups: "A scar on the long beach", "A small pavilion in the middle of the lake", "Two or three people on board" and so on. This is a simple painting, a dreamy poem, which gives people a feeling of being absent from the scene and being in a daze. The author's tempering of quantifiers has to amaze us. You see, the word "one" of "upper and lower white" is confusing and difficult to distinguish, which makes people feel that it is big; The words "one mark", "one spot" and "one mustard" are equally matched, which makes people feel small. This is really a word "one", and the realm is gone. At the same time, from "a sign on the long embankment" to "a small pavilion in the lake" to "a mustard in the boat" and "two or three people in the boat", the lens is getting smaller and smaller until it is minimal. The quantifiers such as "mark", "point", "mustard" and "valley" are as small as one, describing the movement of sight and the change of scenery, which makes people feel that they fell from the sky and were born there, and they can't be shaken at all. This passage is about scenery, but it is not limited to scenery; From this chaotic world of ice and snow, it is not difficult to feel the author's deep affection for life as "Taicang rice".
Make the following changes and open a domain:
In the pavilion in the middle of the lake, I saw two people laying blankets and a child cooking a wine stove. Seeing it, I was overjoyed and said, "There is no such person in the lake!" " Pull me together and drink with me. I tried to drink three glasses of wine and then said goodbye to them. Ask them what their surnames are. They are from Nanjing and are guests in this place.
"I went to the pavilion in the middle of the lake to see the snow alone", but I didn't expect someone on the pavilion to arrive before me. This unexpected stroke, wrote the author's unexpected surprise, but also caused the reader's unexpected surprise. However, the author did not say that he was surprised, but wrote that two guests were "seen in the big pavilion"; The powder on the back shows that his pen is changeable. "There are more people like this in the lake!" Although this miracle was sent to Hongxing Erke, it was actually the author's voice. The beauty of the author is that he didn't say a word, but he "had a good time." The two guests who "shared a drink with others" were lucky enough to meet a bosom friend, which seemed to add a touch of warmth to the cold lakes and mountains, but the sad tone in their bones remained unchanged. It's like Li Bai's "Until, hold up my cup, I ask the bright moon to bring me my shadow and make us three", but it's just an illusory comfort. Those who are "more talented" are just rare. "Strong drinking three whites" is to reward friends. People who are "heavy drinkers" should not drink at all, but at this time, they have to drink when they meet this person. After drinking goodbye, I began to "ask him his last name", and the beauty lies in his vague words. I just said, "I'm from Jinling and I'm a guest here." It can be seen that these two friends on the lake were originally wanderers from other places, suggesting that it was difficult to make an appointment later. This supplementary pen reveals the author's infinite melancholy: the vast Liuhe, the bosom friend is hard to meet, life is like a snow claw, and in a blink of an eye, things are different. Speaking of which, is it a pity? In our opinion, the article has done this, and it is also complete and flawless. But the author, wanting more, wrote these words:
While waiting for the boat, the boatman murmured, "Stop talking about your Excellency, you idiot, and people like you are crazy!" " ! "
After reading this, I am really surprised! Previous comments on Ci are a bit stained, and this conclusion can be described as a combination of point and stain. At the port of the ship, point out a word "stupid"; In addition, Xianggong's "idiot" and "idiot like Xianggong" are immersed in contrast, and the word "idiot" is written thoroughly. The so-called "crazy as" xianggong "is not to belittle" crazy "of" xianggong ",but to set off" crazy "of" xianggong "in the same tone. The word "muttering" describes Zhou Zi's soliloquy and confusion, such as the people who heard his voice and saw him. This kind of place is also the author's pride and emotion. The literary mood is rippling and the aftertaste is endless.
This article is a mixture of narration, scenery description and lyricism. Even when I write characters, my tone is vivid. When writing lightly, the feelings are deep and long, but the full text is less than 200 words, including punctuation. This alone is worth learning! Of course, we can't blindly appreciate its aloof, self-admiring and passive seclusion, but we must look at it critically and analyze it historically.