The representative of French romantic writers is the leader of the active romantic literary movement in the early19th century, and he is an outstanding bourgeois democratic writer in the history of French literature. Hugo experienced almost all the major events in France in the19th century. He wrote many poems, novels, plays, various essays, literary comments and political articles in his life, and was an influential figure in France.
all one's life
Hugo was born in Sang Song, Dushanbe, in eastern France, near Switzerland. His father was a general under Napoleon. When Hugo was a child, he was stationed in Spain with his father. At the age of 65,438+00, he went back to Paris to study and graduated from high school to study law school. However, his interest is writing. 15 years old won the prize of the French Academy Poetry Competition, and 17 years old won the first prize of "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition". Later, he was disappointed with the Bourbon Dynasty and the July Dynasty and became a pacifist. He also wrote many poetic dramas and plays, as well as several novels with distinctive characteristics, and carried out his thoughts.
184 1 was elected as an academician of the French Academy; 1845 Member of the House of Lords; 1848, after the February revolution, served as the representative of the Republic of China; 185 1 year, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor; Hugo rose up and was forced into exile; During his exile, he wrote the following.
1870 After the French bloodless revolution overthrew Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, Hugo returned to Paris. Hugo's life works cover almost all fields of literature. Critics believe that his creative ideas are closest to modern ideas. After his death, France mourned and was buried in the "Pantheon" where French celebrities gathered to commemorate cards.
Hugo's most legendary romantic story in France is that he met the 26-year-old actress Juliet Derouet at the age of 30 and fell in love with her. No matter whether they were together or apart, Hugo wrote her a love letter every day until she died at the age of 75. In the past 50 years, Hugo wrote nearly 20,000 letters without interruption.
[edit] script
Cromwell, a verse script published in 1827. The "preface" of the script is considered as the declaration of the French romantic drama movement and an extremely important literary work of Hugo.
Ernane (Agni), 1830, its premiere is a symbol of the complete victory of French romanticism over classicism.
[editor] novel
Notre Dame de Paris (183 1) is a famous novel of Hugo and a representative of romantic novels. The two characters in the novel, quasimodo and Fu, are in sharp contrast. The former is ugly in appearance, but pure and kind in heart. The latter is hypocritical. The heroine Esmond is the embodiment of beauty.
The novel Smiling Man, published in 1869, has the same beauty and ugliness as Notre Dame de Paris. The protagonist Gwen Alvin was born in a noble family, but when she was a child, she was disfigured by intrigue in the court. Later, it was adopted by the folk artist Xiong. So Gwen Alvin is the son of the people. Later, the novel turned around, and Gwen Alvin's fate fluctuated greatly. But because of the death of her lover "Goddess" (transliteration "Di"), she was completely desperate and threw herself into the river. The creation of The Smiling Man marks the author's great step towards realism.
Marine labor
Les Miserables lasted more than 30 years, from 1828 to 1845, and Hugo finally finished writing a complete book until 186 1. It is a literary masterpiece that best embodies Hugo's literary techniques and thoughts. In the novel, Hugo describes the deep suffering of the lower class. And through the experience of the protagonist Shang, Hugo's compassionate thought is expressed.
93 is Hugo's last novel. The two opposing characters in the novel, Guo Wen, a revolutionary, and Marquis Landnak, a royalist, are another contrast between good and evil in Hugo's works. Guo Wen saved three children by missing the Marquis Rantenak alive, but he did not hesitate to put himself on the guillotine and let the enemy leader go. This arrangement can best reflect Hugo's belief in compassion and pure conscience.
Charles pierre baudelaire (charles pierre baudelaire,1821April 9-1867 August 3 1).
One of the greatest French poets, the pioneer of symbolism poetry and the founder of modernism, is famous all over the world for his poetry collection "Flowers of Evil".
biography
Charles Baudelaire was born in Paris, the only son of Fran? ois Baudelaire and his second wife in his later years. Fran? ois served in the clergy in his early years and later in the Senate. He was gifted in poetry and painting, which made him have a good artistic influence in Baudelaire's childhood. When Baudelaire was six years old, his father Francois died, and the following year, his mother remarried. After the July Revolution and the restoration of the French king, Baudelaire's stepfather, Colonel Aupic, was transferred to Lyon. Baudelaire entered a local private school and transferred to Louis Middle School at the age of 15. During this period, Baudelaire began to show his talent in poetry, but his poems were not recognized by his mentor. The evaluation was that these poems showed some degenerate qualities that did not belong to his time. 1839, Baudelaire was expelled from school because he insisted on shielding a classmate.
From 65438 to 0840, 19-year-old Baudelaire lived freely in the Latin quarter, made friends in the literary world and contributed to a newspaper. The next year, Aupic was angered by his dissolute life. He put his stepson on a ship bound for India, hoping that this arduous voyage would change Baudelaire. 1842 In February, Baudelaire returned to Paris by another ship during his voyage. This trip to the East gave Baudelaire countless fantasies and became the creative source of some later works. In April, Baudelaire inherited his father's inheritance and began to live a luxurious life at will. All the delicious dishes, beautifully dressed beauties and opium drugs are painted with a strange pallor in Baudelaire's poems.
From 65438 to 0843, Baudelaire began to write some poems that were later included in Flowers of Evil. Because of his unrestrained luxury, his family appointed a guardian in 1844 to manage Baudelaire's property and allocated him 200 francs a month. The following year, Baudelaire attempted suicide. During 1846, Baudelaire created a large number of works, including poems, novels, literary theories and translations, most of which were first included and published as Flowers of Evil in 1857. It was not his poems that made Baudelaire make his debut in the Paris literary world, but his literary comments: Salon of 1845 and Salon of 1846. 1848, the revolution of workers, students and citizens in Paris overthrew the July dynasty. Baudelaire was very active during this period. He founded a revolutionary publication with his friends, but it only lasted for two days. On June 23rd, Baudelaire took part in the street fighting of the June Uprising. In Baudelaire's life, Poe was the most influential writer. From July 65438 to July 0848 until his death, Baudelaire insisted on translating Poe's works.
Shortly after the publication of "Flowers of Evil", due to "indecent" (indignation aux bonnes m? Urs), the court fined Baudelaire 300 francs and ordered the deletion of six major poems from the collection of poems. At that time, the French literary world had two views on this incident, and only a few people stood on Baudelaire's side. Hugo, a great writer, once wrote to Baudelaire to praise the flower of evil. 186 1 Flowers of Evil is reprinted, and 35 new poems have been added to those six poems. 65438+ In February of the same year, Baudelaire was nominated as a French academician candidate, and in February of the following year, Baudelaire refused.
1862, the poet fell ill for the first time, and his condition deteriorated three years later. 1866, he suddenly developed aphasia and hemiplegia while visiting a church in Belgium. After returning to Paris, he lived in Dr. Duval's sanatorium and died the following year.
At the age of 46.
Brief analysis of works
The ultimate goal of art is to create beauty, however, the definition of beauty is quite different. Baudelaire believes that beauty should not be bound, goodness is not equal to beauty, and beauty also exists in evil and ugliness. Two centuries ago, when Baudelaire showed the world the beauty he created, the critics called him "the devil poet" in horror. At that time, it was at the end of romanticism, and some recognized themes were exhausted in creation. Most poets stick to their posts in that crowded land, and few bold innovators appear. Baudelaire, who insisted on cultivating the "flower of evil" outside everyone, was nothing more than a revolutionary of that era.
Charles Baudelaire was born at Gaoye Street 15.
1827 baudelaire's father jean-fran? ois baudelaire died.
1828 Mother remarried to Colonel Obik.
183 1 year, Obico was transferred to Lyon for garrison, and his whole family went with him. Baudelaire entered Delaume Boarding School.
1832 entered the Royal Lyon Middle School.
1836, Obico was transferred back to Paris, and Baudelaire entered Louis the Great Middle School. Start reading chateaubriand and St. Boff
1837 second prize of Latin poetry for top middle school students.
1838 traveled to the Pyrenees and wrote pastoral poems at first.
1839 was expelled from Louis the Great Middle School. Pass the high school graduation exam
1840 Enter Leivick Bay Boarding School. Started fooling around and fell out with my stepfather.
184 1 year, he was forced to travel, leaving bordeaux for Calcutta.
1842 returned to Paris to inherit his father's inheritance. Moved to St. Louis and started dating St. Boff, Gaudi, Hugo and actress Jenny Duval. He wrote more than twenty poems in Flowers of Evil.
1843 economic difficulties. Smoking marijuana. Many poems in Flowers of Evil were written at this time.
1844 being appointed guardian to manage his property is extravagant.
1845 Two attempted suicides. Published Salon in 1845. Started translating Poe's works.
1846.
1847, I met Mary Dubren and published the novel La Fanfaro.
1848 Join a revolutionary group. Edgar allan poe's Translation of The Enlightenment of Magnetism
Disappointed with the revolution, 1849 hid in Dijon for several months.
185 1 published Wine and Indian Cannabis, and published eleven poems with the general theme of hades, which were later included in Flowers of Evil. Accuse the foggy month coup and give up all political activities.
The life and works of Poe are published in 1852. Send a poem to Mrs. Sabatier for the first time
1855 published 18 poem entitled "Flowers of Evil" in Two Worlds Review.
1857 The first edition of Flowers of Evil triggered a lawsuit. Sever diplomatic relations with Sabatier
1858 I went back to my parents' home and had financial difficulties.
The salon of 1859 was published on 1859, and the spirit became more and more uneasy.
1860 released "artificial paradise"
186 1 attempted suicide again. The flower of evil reprinted. Nominated as a candidate for the French Academy of Sciences. Write "naked heart"
1862 withdrew from the candidate and was in poor health.
1863 "Little Prose Poetry" First Edition
1864, five new prose poems were published with the theme of "melancholy in Paris". Go to Belgium. The plan to make money by publishing fell through. Write "Belgian satire"
1865 wrote naked heart. Write "Poor Belgium". I got worse and returned to Paris.
1866 published a collection of prose poems, Wandering Things. I suddenly fell down while visiting St. Lu's church in Belgium. Aphasia, hemiplegia, sent to a nursing home.
1867 is dead. Flowers of Evil, Third Edition
Flower of Evil is divided into six parts: melancholy and ideal, Paris scenery, wine, flower of evil, rebellion and death, among which melancholy and ideal are the most important, accounting for two-thirds of the book. In this part, the poet patiently and mercilessly describes and analyzes his double soul, showing his efforts to get rid of the double pain of spirit and body. It pursues beauty and purity, trying to realize its ideal in the world of beauty, but beauty is like a cold statue, out of reach; He sought love, but he was deceived by love again and again; He prayed to angels for happiness, youth and happiness, trying to get comfort from tobacco and music, but gloomy and ugly scenes and lingering sadness always hung over him, increasing his pain.
The poet used an English word "spleen" to express his mental pain, hoping to end his mental pain and struggle by running away and traveling far away. So, he turned his eyes from the inner world to the outer material world and turned to Paris where he lived. What he saw and heard in the streets of Paris constitutes the content of the second book "Paris is a Scene". Scene in Paris is a nude portrait of a metropolis in an industrial society. In this part, the struggle between melancholy and ideal gives way to the struggle between evil and good. Paris in the poet's eyes is an ugly hell on earth full of hostility; Bullied beggars, lonely old people, blind people who are numb and silent, ugly and old prostitutes, patients who linger on, gamblers, thieves, zombies and so on. , have been overwhelmed by powerful evil forces. The poet can't find comfort in the spiritual world and the material world, so he has to anesthetize himself with alcohol, stimulate his illusion and build an "artificial paradise". He seems to see the garbage collector intoxicated with his own glory and immersed in the illusion of being on cloud nine. The devil disguised as a beautiful woman came to seduce him, coquettish women winked at him, lovers held glasses in their hands ... he galloped freely in the dream of losing the garden. However, the dreamland in drunkenness is not reliable after all. After waking up, he returned to the real hell from the artificial paradise. This is a place full of sin, but full of flowers.
What is this evil flower? For poets, it means that women have priority. These women sometimes appear as "black Venus", sometimes as blue-eyed women, and sometimes as virgin and angel. These faces remind us of three women who played important roles in Baudelaire's life. One is Jeanne Duval, a wayward and sickly girl with a foreign accent, which is quite popular with poets. She met the poet at 1842, and they loved each other for many years. The other is Mary Dubren, an evil and lofty blue-eyed woman who once brought subtle pleasure to the poet, but she was unfaithful to the poet and later became his mistress. Finally, Apolloni Sabatier, who has the beauty of Athens and the outline of an angel. The poet secretly loves her and praises her silently. Three women play three different roles in the poet's life. They either represent maternal love and brother and sister, or appear as ideal lovers, but unfortunately none of them can comfort his wife. They are the monarch of the poet's soul and body, or impose love on the poet, or refuse the poet's love. Instead of soothing this torn soul, they have aggravated the pain of division, because their duplicity, tenderness and betrayal are behind them. The poet shuddered. He struggled in this abnormal sex and evil lust and began to fight back. He blamed God, praised Satan, supported Cain's descendants to ascend to heaven, and wanted to "throw God on the ground". Like an exiled prince, he wants to return to heaven with rebellious angels. He yearns for "strange" and "unknown" places, regards death as the last challenge and the only hope, as the inevitable fate imposed by nature, as a warm paradise and an eternal job. The poor, lovers and artists all pin their hopes on the miracle of the last journey of life. The poor ended their sufferings in death and got a place to live. Lovers get loyal and pure love in death; The artist was inspired by death and was free forever. At last, the poet reviewed and summarized his life exploration with a 146-line "Travel" and ended the whole poem.
The theme of Flowers of Evil is evil and the relationship between good and evil around evil. Evil refers not only to evil, but also to depression, pain and disease. Flowers can be understood as goodness and beauty. Baudelaire broke away from the view of good and evil for thousands of years, and observed evil from a unique perspective, believing that evil has dual nature, both evil and special beauty. On the one hand, it corrodes and infringes on human beings, on the other hand, it is full of the spirit of challenge and resistance, encouraging people to fight against their own laziness and social injustice, so Baudelaire hates and praises evil, and fears and yearns for it. He lives in evil, but he tries not to be swallowed up by evil. On the contrary, he faced evil critically and analyzed it. If it is a morbid flower, it is an evil flower, which means that the environment in which it grows is morbid and evil. Baudelaire believes that "all good and noble things are the result of human efforts" and "good is always the product of human efforts" from the Christian theory of "original sin", so we can only dig out evil through our own efforts. Picking the flowers of evil is to tap hope in evil and draw moral lessons from it.
Baudelaire's thoughts are closely related to his social environment. All he sees in life is ugliness. He hates the authorities and is incompatible with traditional moral values. He supported Satan, who has always been regarded as the embodiment of "evil", complained about the sufferings of Cain and his descendants, expressed sympathy for the poor and unfortunate, and devoted himself to discovering beauty from them.
The Flower of Evil systematically and orderly depicts a poet's psychological process of exploring life. The hero in the poem is a young man who has no livelihood. He is aloof and lofty, unwilling to go along with this dirty society, so he is squeezed out and hit everywhere in this society. He is like an angel who has been demoted to the world, and can't find his place in the world. He is an albatross, but he landed on the boat and was bullied; He is a swan on a beautiful lake, but he lost his freedom in a narrow cage; He pursues beauty, but beauty is far from him; He pursued love, but it broke his heart. Boredom and melancholy haunt this restless soul. He was overwhelmed by a force, he wanted to resist, but he was unable to do so; He is unwilling to obey this society. Reality is hostile to him, and the future is illusory. He can only indulge in memories of the past. The ugly reality, the strange future and the glorious past are torturing the poet at the same time. He doesn't know how to get rid of it. He felt deep sadness.
The Flower of Evil is a historical and epochal work, which reflects the complicated life and many things. Social unrest, regime change, wealth growth, people's suffering, social atmosphere and urban civilization are all reflected in the poem. However, the poet does not objectively and mechanically reflect the reality, but uses symbols and metaphors to reflect the reality through his own subjective imagination and illusion. Baudelaire surpassed Balzac's modernity and devoted himself to the pursuit of modernity. This modernity is different from reality and times, and has the nature of epic.
As a poet, Baudelaire truly lived a life full of contradictions and struggles. Happiness and sadness, success and failure, enthusiasm and indifference, strength and weakness have merged into a symphony in him, which has made him taste the five flavors of life and feel the true meaning of life. His hatred for family and society, loneliness in life, emotional misfortune and physical pain made him depressed and degenerate. However, Baudelaire has extraordinary will, amazing insight and judgment. He combined the wisdom and extraordinary talent of human beings, bravely and tenaciously faced the challenge of fate, showed this inner struggle of good, evil, beauty and ugliness in a perfect form, opened up a unique road of his own and opened up a new literary era. He is not only the last poet of classicism, but also the first poet of modernism. Because of this, Rambo called Baudelaire "the first discerning man, the king of poets, the real God"
In the 1840s.
1842, baudelaire disembarked and returned to Paris, France during his trip to India. In the next four years, he wrote many poems, some of which were later included in his most famous collection of poems, Flowers of Evil. During this period, the poet's creation was still unstable, and too many fantasies flashed in his mind, like water drops rolling around and not yet converging into a stream. From 1848 to 185 1, the poet devoted great enthusiasm to revolution and uprising. It is not difficult to see from the existing data records that Baudelaire is very immature politically.
In the 1850 s
From 65438 to 0847, Baudelaire first came into contact with Poe's works, and some of Poe's creative ideas had a great influence on him.
And the French literary master Geyer.