Great changes in Tibet about 10 or 50 years ago
(1) Old Tibet 50 years ago
Old Tibet more than 50 years ago: ① It was a society with backward social system and extremely cruel economic exploitation. The feudal serfdom society in Tibet was darker and more backward than that in medieval Europe. The three lords, officials, nobles and upper-class monks, who account for 5% of Tibet's population, occupy all the land, pastures, forests, mountains and rivers and most of the livestock in Tibet; And the serfs and slaves who account for more than 95% have nothing. ② It is a hierarchical society with extremely cruel political oppression. The thirteen codes and sixteen codes, which were popular in old Tibet, divided people into three classes and nine classes, and confirmed and safeguarded the inequality of people's social and political status in the form of law. The code clearly stipulates that the life price of the superior is gold as heavy as the body, while the life price of the subordinate is just a straw rope. (3) is a church-state unity, religious society. Religion and monasteries were in the position of "returning to religion" in the social and political structure of the unity of politics and religion in old Tibet, and became the only ideology and independent political and economic privilege, which dominated people's spiritual and cultural life. The upper monks in the temple are one of the biggest serf owners, although they are the main political rulers in Tibet. The former local government in Tibet implemented the dual-track system of monks and secular officials, and the monk officials were greater than the secular officials. ④ It is a society with a low level of development, and people's lives are not enough. Until the middle of the 20th century, Tibetan society was still in an extremely closed and backward state, with almost no modern industry and commerce, modern science and technology, education, culture, health and other undertakings. Agricultural production has long used primitive farming methods, and animal husbandry has basically adopted natural nomadic methods. The variety of agriculture and animal husbandry is single and degraded, the labor tools are not improved, and the grain output is low. The vast number of serfs were hungry and cold, and their survival was difficult. Countless people died of hunger and cold. In Lhasa, Shigatse, Qamdo, Naqu, Shannan and other towns, beggars are in droves, and old people, women and children begging in the streets can be seen everywhere.
(2) New Tibet in 50 years.
Over the past 50 years, with the democratic reform and reform and opening up, under the leadership of the central government and the support of the people of the whole country, and through the unremitting efforts of people in Xizang, Tibet has made continuous progress on the road of modernization and achieved brilliant achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. (1) Great strides have been made in economic development. Over the past 50 years, great changes have taken place in Tibet's economic system and structure, and the total economic output has achieved a great leap. Tibet has bid farewell to the closed manor system and is moving towards a modern market economy. In 2000, the GDP of the whole region reached1174.6 billion yuan, which was twice as high as 1995 and twice as high as 1990, equivalent to more than 30 times before peaceful liberation. From scratch, modern industry has gradually become an important pillar to promote the rapid economic development in Tibet. For example, the modern industrial system with local characteristics in Tibet has cultivated a number of well-known national enterprise brands such as Lhasa beer, Zheng Qi Tibetan medicine and Everest motorcycle; The mode of production in agriculture and animal husbandry has undergone fundamental changes, and the level of productivity and production efficiency have been greatly improved. Since the peaceful liberation, the state has invested heavily in the construction of irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure, and vigorously carried out a large number of agricultural and animal husbandry infrastructure projects represented by the comprehensive development of the central basin of "one river and two rivers", which has greatly improved the production conditions of agriculture and animal husbandry in Tibet, and the production and lifestyle of farmers and herdsmen relying on the sky to eat and raise livestock is becoming history. (2) education, science and technology, medical and health undertakings have developed rapidly. There were no schools in the modern sense in old Tibet, and temples monopolized education. The enrollment rate of school-age children is less than 2%, and the illiteracy rate of young and middle-aged people is as high as 95%. Nowadays, education has been widely popularized, forming a relatively complete education system covering general education, preschool education, adult education and vocational education. By 2000, there were 956 schools of all kinds in the whole region, with 38. 1 10000 students. The enrollment rate of school-age children increased to 85.8%, and the illiteracy rate decreased to 32.5%. The population with college education or above has reached 33,000, accounting for 65,438 0.26 ‰ of the total population in the region, which is higher than the national average and in the forefront. At the same time, modern science and technology have developed rapidly from scratch. With the great attention of the Party and the government, 25 scientific research institutes have been established, with 35,000 professional technicians, covering dozens of disciplines such as history, economy, population, language, religion, animal husbandry, forestry, ecology and Tibetan medicine. Among them, Tibetan studies, plateau ecology, Tibetan medicine and other disciplines are at the leading level in the country and have produced a number of academic achievements with world influence. Medical and health undertakings have developed vigorously. In old Tibet, apart from the traditional Tibetan medicine monopolized by feudal nobles and monasteries, the people were extremely short of medicine and had neither money nor place to see a doctor. At present, by 2000, the number of medical and health institutions in the whole region had grown to 1237, with 6,348 beds and 8,948 professional health personnel. The number of beds per thousand people and the number of health technicians are higher than the national average. The quality of life of the people has been greatly improved. The great development of social economy has greatly improved people's material living standards. In 2000, people in Xizang basically got rid of poverty, achieved food and clothing, and some people lived a well-off life. With the gradual prosperity of people's lives and the diversification of consumption structure, various household appliances have entered the homes of ordinary people. Many wealthy farmers and herdsmen built new houses, and some even bought cars. Modern means of information dissemination, such as radio, television, communication and Internet, have developed in step with the whole country and even the world, and have penetrated into people's daily lives. People in most areas can learn about the news that happened in the whole country and around the world that day by listening to and watching radio and television, and get information by telephone, telegraph, fax or the Internet, so as to get in touch with the whole country and around the world immediately and transmit information. Taking Jiazhulin Town, Gongga County, Shannan Prefecture, Tibet as an example, this paper further illustrates the changes in the lives of farmers and herdsmen.