How to distinguish between flat and oblique? There are currently two systems in Pingchi. One is based on Mandarin and is referred to as the new voice. The second is based on "Pingshui Yun" as the standard, which is referred to as Gu Sheng. Now these two systems are used interchangeably, which is called a dual-track system. However, they cannot be mixed, that is, when writing a couplet, only one set of standards can be used. There is nothing wrong with the habit of using new or ancient sounds to compose couplets. You cannot use your own habits as a standard to determine right and wrong. Losing rationality is not advisable.
1), New Tone (Modern Chinese is Mandarin)
Because according to the principle of four tones, the audio frequency of characters with entering tone and flat tone is very different, while the harmonic range of flat tone is the same. It is within the scope of harmonics of the entering tone. Therefore, after the Yuan Dynasty, the entering tone gradually disappeared in the north and merged into the current two and four tones. The leveling tone was further divided into two categories: Yinping and Yangping, and then gradually evolved. It has become the four tones of modern times: Yinping, Yangping, Shangsheng and Qusheng. People call them the new four tones. Those with Yinping and Yangping (the first and second tones in Mandarin) are called Pingsheng, and the other tones are Shang and Qusheng. The third and fourth tones in Mandarin are called oblique tones. Friends under the age of forty should understand.
(2) Ancient (old) tones
Old Chinese divides Chinese characters into four tones: Ping, Shang, Qu, and Ren. Ping refers to the Ping tones in ancient Chinese (including most of the first and second tones in current Chinese); Ping refers to the Shang, Lai and Ru tones in ancient Chinese (modern news, analysis into the four tones). This is the oblique division of old rhymes (ancient sounds).
“Ji, Shuo, Ji, Ji, Xi” are all Ru tone characters in ancient Chinese. Although they have now been included in Yin Ping and Yang Ping, when talking about Ping and Le, they should still belong to the Le tone. Characteristics of Ru Ting characters are that they sound short, fast, urgent, collected, and hidden. (Nowadays, some places in the south of the Yangtze River in my country, such as the Minnan dialect, still maintain this pronunciation method. It is not difficult for them to recognize Ru Ting characters. ). Utilizing the moods of different tones and staggering them into sentences, a flat and oblique rhythm is formed. Applying this rhythm of flat and oblique to different literary genres gives literary works a sense of ups and downs of music.
"Kangxi Dictionary" contains a song that explains the pronunciation of the four tones. The song goes:
"If the tone is flat, don't hold it low. When the tone is high, shout loudly and collect it fiercely. When the tone is gone, "Ming Ming Ai Yuan Dao, entering the sound in a short and urgent manner"
According to this principle, people divide all Chinese characters into two categories, namely, one flat and one oblique, and either flat or oblique. This forms the opposition and unity of Chinese characters. One level and one level, that is, the relationship between yin and yang, level rising and level suppressing, level clear and level turbid, level long and level falling, level long and level short and short, level gentle, slow and sharp. Levels and obliques alternate with each other, and the rhythm comes out. When the rhythm comes out, the rhyme begins, thus forming the phonological beauty of Chinese. Not only do couplets of the same sentence have to alternate between plain and oblique, but the upper and lower sentences also have to alternate, that is to say, the upper sentence uses flat tones. The corresponding position of the next sentence must use oblique tones. On the contrary, the upper couplet uses oblique tones, and the next sentence must use flat tones. In this way, the unity of opposites between the pronunciations of the characters is formed, the contrast of the meanings of the characters, and the contrast of the pronunciations of the characters, form the uneven beauty of the couplet structure, which makes it catchy to read, cadenced, sonorous and harmonious. Li Rulun, a modern poetry theorist, said: "The tone of the sound is consistent with the configuration of the music, which makes the poems independent." "You can chant without singing, you can sing without chanting, and it also has musical beauty. Even if you move your eyes but don't speak, The appearance of words in the eyes can also show its sonorous and subdued, because synaesthesia is at work."
(There are many books on ping and tones. If you want to further distinguish the tones and tones, especially the entering tone characters. To use proficiently, you need to read special reference books. Here I recommend a few books for everyone to choose from: Mr. Wang Li's "Chinese Poetics" and Mr. Guo Xiliang's "Handbook of Ancient Phonetics of Chinese Characters" and Mr. Tang Zuofan's "Handbook of Ancient Phonetics" ", followed by Mr. Guan Kerang's "Rusheng" and Mr. Zhou Bingjun's "Outline of Ancient Chinese" are also good)
The ancient Rusheng characters are still read in some dialects today. For example, in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Suzhou, Nanjing, Taiyuan, Zhangjiakou, etc.; in some dialects, such ancient ru tones are not pronounced as ru tones today and have been classified into other tones. Most of the ancient Ru tone characters in Zhengzhou are now assigned to Yinping, a small part are to Yangping, and Chongqing is now assigned to Yangping. Mandarin is classified into the four tones of today's Yinping, Yangping, Shangsheng, and Qusheng. For the convenience of checking, the entering tone characters in this table are arranged in the order of Yinping, Yangping, rising tone and falling tone in Mandarin. Words with the same tone are arranged in the order of initial consonants. Some words are added with small notes, such as "发～生", the "～" symbol indicates omission.
(1) Today's Mandarin reading is Yinping
b Eight-eight bowls, pull out, peel off, force turtles to hold back, open ~ open
p Splash, glance, pounce, slap, thunder Pohu~
m touch the table
f send out
d answer
t collapse, kick, kick, stick, bald butt protrusion
n pinch
l pull, hold
c rub gently~
s Spread~hands shrink and block~
zh only juice weaving~Zhuo Zhuo on the camp table catches Zhuo Zhuo and picks porridge
ch eats, inserts, pokes and removes ~Open
sh lice wet and lost kill brush Shu Shushu
j stimulate the traces and attack the accumulated achievements and the clogs ~ attack and expose the knot ~ the real connection
Scorpion Xu Xue Pei
g Put it down, cut off the pigeon's arm and scrape the pigeon's skin
k Knock on the stick and cry in the cave
h Drink the water and suddenly scream. 劐黑
o 一一揖揎厖屋狠曰曰约press
(2) Today’s Mandarin reading is Yang Ping character
b Bubabo Kuibai Bo Bo Bo stop, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo Bo, "礴 Bo Bo Bo" "Pu Pu Pu Pu" "Ren Pu"
m "There is no film"
f The Buddha is punished, the Buddha is beaten, the Buddha is clothed, and the Fufu is clothed. From the Fufu Fufu to the bat spokes
d Answer the question, and the Tatada is the flute. Didi Di Di's direct enemy is facing Zhai Di Bian~ The butterfly is the butterfly, the ultimatum is overlapping, the ultimatum is read over and over again, the ultimatum is read alone, the poison is poisonous, and the Duo is pacing and thinking~
z If you smash it, you will choose the Zeze, blame the tsk, 绻绻箷, and the thief is the only pawn. The clan's head yesterday
s Customs
zh Zhizhi Zhizhi held the nephew's post and struggled, the gate house was broken and the zhe was relegated to the caterpillar, the bamboo, the candle, and the shaft by axis. Bracelet, peck, wash, pull, chop and chop
ch, check
sh, pick up stones, eat, eat, and twist with tongue, which one is ripe?
j and Level Ji Jie Ji Ji Ji Ji Jie Jie Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Ji Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Ji Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Zhi Jie Jie Ji Ji Jue Miao Ju Jue Jue Jue Stubborn, forcefully dig up the jue Jue fern and kick one, lethargic and mad, Ji Juejue chew up the hale and seize the 芩钁
x Xi Xixi, daughter-in-law of Xi Xiaxiaxiaxiajiaxiaixiexiexiejiejie acupointology
g Gege Luge separated diaphragm Guo Guo Guo bone ~ head
k cough shell
h close the box and turn it around to close the core and raccoon dog to dry up the dendrobium and slippery activity
o uh
(3) Today's pronunciation of the upper tone characters in Mandarin
b Divination of hundreds of cypresses in the north
p Addicted to writing simple pieces of paper, plain webs
m Applying medicines
f Hairdressing methods
d Dudu
t Ta Da Tie Tie Cai ~ Tuo
s Sa~ Zhong Qiansuo
zh Tell the eye to blink narrowly
ch ruler
sh sichuan genus
r humiliation
j halberd to jiwu~jiajiaoxueju
q begging song~
x Xue Xue Su
g Bone~Bear Falcon Valley Hub Kuan Hu Mi Ge surname~
k Thirst
o Evil~ Xinyi
(4) Mandarin is pronounced without the consonant character
b Bibi Bi Xie ~ Lipi Bi Bi Bi Zhi Bi Bi Bi Bi Chan Bi ~ Twist is not thin ~ Lotus
p Forced ashes, amber, secluded, waterfall exposure
m Momo~lime foam, jasmine, Momo, Momomomo, no wheat~falling pulse, dead road, secret honey, secret silence, looking for power and extinguishing Miemu Mu Mu Mumu Mumu
f Fu Fufu belly covers the adder and eats it, binds it with medicine
d Duzhao's eyes~
t Step on step, step on the couch, step on the couch, and step on the couch.
n l Spicy wax wax wax pewter ribs ribs Le ~ make happy ~ Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Feng Li Li Li Li oak gravel Li Li Lie Lie Lie Li crack hunting deer hyena bad deer Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Liuluo Luo Luoluo Luo Luoluo Luolu Luolu rate plundered briefly
z He made a chisel with thorns and thorns
c Lateral measurement of the toilet policy book suddenly promoted the Cu cluster and frowned
s Sa Sa Se Se Se Si Ji Se Se Su Ji Su Su Ji Su Su Su Su Su Su
zh Choke Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhe Zhe Zhu
ch Reprimand Chi Che Withdraw Clear animal ~ live twitching touch fearful deposed Chuchuo drop dirty
sh style wiping room release Shi Shi decoration evil 惃郃郃郃郃郃郃郃雃???hāra involving Shu Shu 妁朔贴槊槊擄榀耀
r The sun is hot and the flesh is as soft as the bamboo mat
j The crucian carp is stubborn and has a lonely temper
q Until now, it is weeping and cowardly, and it is comfortable and the basket is cut, and it is remembered that the concubine was stolen. But it is true that the magpie bird in the shell is in the shell
x The gap is scary ~ the human body leaks the filthy bits and the livestock ~ the animal husbandry Xu Xu continues the blood
g each
k kekekekeke妼榼榼妾妾综合 housing
h Hehaohe ~ Picking cranes and brown teapots or being confused to get earworms and woks and Huohehe
o evil Good ~ Calyx stunned E crocodile bad luck yoke curb Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi service epidemic disease billions of memories imaginary interpretation translation Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Ji Yi Yi suppress axillary fluid pluck leaves leaf industry ye Ye Ye Ye Wu 杌 Wu Wuwo socks grip The tones of modern Chinese are divided into four tones: flat, up, going, and entering. "Ping" refers to the flat tone among the four tones, including the two tones of Yinping and Yangping; "廄" refers to the flat tone among the four tones, including the three tones of Shang, Lai and Ru. According to traditional saying, the flat tone is a flat tone, the rising tone is a rising tone, the falling tone is a falling tone, and the entering tone is a short tone. The Jade Key Song of the Ming Dynasty says:
"Pingsheng and leveling should not be lowered." Angry,
The upper voice is loud and fierce,
The voice is clear and sad,
The voice is short and urgent. ”
Simple. Generally speaking, the key to distinguishing between flat and oblique is "unequal means oblique."
Modern Chinese
In modern Chinese, the four tones are divided into Yinping, Yangping, rising tone and falling tone.
The ancient Ping tone is divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping in modern Chinese, which are the so-called first tone and second tone.
Part of the ancient rising tone has become the falling tone in modern Chinese, and part of it is still the rising tone. Shangsheng is the third consonant tone of modern Chinese.
The tone of the ancient falling tone is still the falling tone in modern Chinese, which is the fourth tone.
The ancient Ru tone no longer exists in modern Chinese; it has become Yinping, Yangping, Shangsheng and Qu tone.
The four tones of modern Chinese are as follows:
Yin Ping Yang Ping Shang Qi Tone
The first tone the second tone the third tone the fourth tone
For example:
Mama scolds
(Yinping) (Yangping) (upper tone) (lower tone)