Summary of three compulsory knowledge points that history must recite
First, Li Zhi's deviant
(1) Contents:
(1) Get rid of the superstition of Confucius.
(2) Criticize the preaching of "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires" and emphasize people's legitimate selfish desires.
(2) Significance: To some extent, it reflects the requirements of the embryonic period of capitalism.
Second, Huang Zongxi's attack on absolute monarchy.
(1) Contents:
(1) Exposing absolute monarchy is a great harm to the world.
(2) Put forward the democratic idea of "the world is the mainstay and the monarch is the guest".
(3) advocate replacing the emperor's "family law" with "the law of the world".
(2) Significance: It attacked the feudal autocratic monarchy system and played a positive role in promoting the anti-authoritarian struggle in the future.
Third, Gu advocates practicality.
(1) Contents:
(1) Pay attention to the understanding of the actual social situation, and form the idea of practical application.
(2) Advocate seeking truth and knowledge in practice, and strive to solve practical problems of the national economy and people's livelihood.
(2) Significance: It is a precedent for a generation of simple style of study.
Fourthly, Wang Fuzhi's materialism thought.
Content:
The world is material, and everything is an objective entity.
(2) The development and change of materials have laws to follow.
Everything can be known through investigation and study.
④ Simple dialectical thinking.
(2) Significance: It is of epoch-making significance to enlighten modern people's thinking methods.
Three compulsory knowledge points that history must recite.
Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties
First, the integration of the three religions
1 .. Sui Dynasty: Confucianism put forward "the integration of the three religions into Confucianism", also known as "the integration of the three religions".
2. Tang dynasty: the rulers pursued the policy of three religions in parallel, respecting Taoism and establishing Buddha, and worshiping Confucianism.
Second, Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism
1. Background: The orthodox position of Confucianism was challenged in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and Han Yu took the lead in proposing the revival of Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty.
2. Contents:
(1) Cheng Er's Thought ① Heaven is the origin of all things in the universe, and there is reason before things.
(2) directly link justice with ethics.
(3) Put forward the epistemology of "knowing knowledge by studying things".
(2) Jia Zhu Thought (Master)
(2) Emphasize "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires".
(3) The purpose of "learning from things" is to clarify moral goodness, not to seek scientific truth.
3. Features: integrating Buddhism and Taoism to explain Confucianism, with "reason" as the core.
4. Essence: It provides a theoretical basis for maintaining absolute monarchy and feudal ruling order.
5. Status:
(1) The official philosophy that develops Confucianism to a new stage and rules it for a long time.
(2) Zhu's Notes to Four Books became the textbook on which the imperial examination was based.
(3) Zhu's scholarship influenced Japan and Korea, forming the "Zhuzi School"; And spread to Europe.
(Learning from the East to the West)
Third, Lu Wang's theory of mind and nature.
1. Lu Jiuyuan's thoughts in the Southern Song Dynasty
(1) "Heart" is the origin of all things in the universe, and "heart" is "reason".
(2) think that everything in the world is in the heart.
(3) As long as you reflect on your heart, you will get justice.
2. Wang Yangming's thought in the middle and late Ming Dynasty (a master)
(l) Propagandize the proposition of "nothing outside the heart" and "unreasonable outside the heart".
(2) Put forward the theory of "conscience" and "unity of knowing and doing".
(3) Emphasis on inner reflection, moral cultivation, getting rid of people's desires and restoring the nature of conscience.
Compulsory three historical knowledge
The Origin of Western Humanism Thought
Length creation background
(1) Athens has developed industry and commerce.
(2) The democracy of slavery in Athens reached its peak.
(3) Research pays more and more attention to "people"
First of all, the school of the wise
(1) ProTegla emphasized the value of man and put forward that "man is the measure of everything".
(2) Oppose superstition and emphasize freedom.
(3) In terms of social morality, it is advocated that individuals should have their own judgment standards and should not be forced to unify.
Second, the thoughts of Socrates and others.
Length Socrates
(l) Claims
(1) pays attention to ethics, advocates that "thinking is the measure of everything" and sets standards.
② Attach importance to education and put forward the idea that "virtue is knowledge".
(2) Status: the knowledge that makes philosophy truly "human".
2. Plato
idea
① The focus of attention is human society.
(2) in the Republic, according to wisdom and morality, people are divided into several grades, and they do their duty.
3. Aristotle
idea
1. Pay attention to nature and human society.
2. Humans are the most advanced.
3. Study nature through scientific investigation.
Learn to explore 1 and compare the similarities and differences between the wise and Socrates.
(1) Similarities: Both deny the will of God and emphasize the value of human beings.
(2) Difference:
(1) School of the Wise: It emphasizes that people's sensibility is completely based on their personal perspectives and interests.
Socrates: emphasizing moral philosophy, thinking that the highest goal of life is to pursue justice and truth; Emphasize human rationality and attach importance to education.
2. Comparison between Confucius and Socrates:
(1) Similarities: Both emphasize human values and value morality and order.
(2) Difference:
① Different service systems: Confucius respected the authority of the monarch; Socrates maintained democracy with virtue.
② Different understanding of moral source: Confucius emphasized human self-discipline and social restraint; Socrates emphasized the meaning of knowledge.
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