High Score Skills in Poetry Creation
Qing' an No.1 high school Li
{Content }: 1. Understand the characteristics of poetry.
Step 2 master artistic skills
3. Writing high score skills
First, define the concept
Poetry, as a literary genre, has various forms and can be recited. In ancient China, the main criterion for distinguishing "poetry" from "non-poetry" was "whether it rhymes" (anything that doesn't rhyme is definitely a poem). After the New Culture Movement, under the influence of western literature, some writers created rhyming new poems. Since then, "Rhyme Poetry" has officially entered the stage of China literature, and even once became the mainstream of poetry.
The main features of poetry are highly concentrated reflection of social life, condensation of the author's strong thoughts and feelings, imagination, concise and vivid language and distinct sense of rhythm.
Second, the artistic techniques of poetry creation
There are many ways to express poetry. The traditional way of expression that was first popular in China and is still often used today is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu."
In the meantime, there is a quatrain called: "Three lights, the sun, the moon and the stars, and four poems are elegant."
In the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions in poems.
Fu: It is a way to express things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the Notes on Poems: "The giver must tell the truth." For example, Ge Tan and Slug in The Book of Songs used this technique.
Bobby: It's a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing": "And what is Bi Ye? Cover things with attachments and threaten to cut them off. " Zhu said, "If you compare, you can compare this thing with another." For example, books in The Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, are written in this way.
Xing: It's a way to make things interesting, that is, to use the beginning of things to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said in "Mao Shi Zheng Yi": "Those who get the Tao are happy. Take the metaphor as an example. Those who quote plants, birds and beasts in poetry and prose are happy. " Zhu pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, you should say something else first to arouse the words you are reciting." For example, Guan Ju in The Book of Songs is the expression of "Xing".
These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry:
1, analogy
Liu Xie said in the book Wen Xin Diao Long: Metaphor is "either a sound metaphor, a figurative metaphor, a mental metaphor or a metaphor." There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a more commonly used technique, that is, "personification": personification with things or personification with people.
The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /Beautiful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as people. People imitate things, for example, Love's Because of the Wind: ... My heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight, and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is "personification".
Step 2 exaggerate
It is to enlarge or reduce what is to be described in order to attract readers' attention and association.
Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it is not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way will fall for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Waterfall), in which "deep thousands of feet" and "three thousands of feet" are mentioned, although it is not true, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which is not only acceptable to readers.
However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: "A bag of cotton is wrapped/the truck head is tilted/tilted, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, people feel unreal and can't feel good.
3. Metonymy
Is to replace that thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arouses readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said, "Put wings on your thoughts, put clothes on your feelings, color your voice, and let the dead solidify."
Whether metaphor, exaggeration or metonymy depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings, bold imagination and even fantasy. It can be said that neither romance nor reality is a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style, and Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote, "When did you suddenly see this house in front of you?" ("The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind") and "She has a fragrant cloud and a foggy mist, and her jade shoulders are cold. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? "(Moonlit Night) and so on.
Step 4 mark
Symbol is to express one's will by holding things, and to give profound meaning with concrete images. For example, Yu Qian's Ode to a Lime, Lu You and Mao Zedong's Yongmei, and Shu Ting's To the Oak all rely on vivid images to pin their life ideals or understanding of something.
Third, the examination room writing high score skills
1, vivid and vivid
The expression of poetic emotion often depends on concrete images, which are the images of poets' emotions and are called images. Meaning means love, and image means image. Once the images in life enter the poem, they have infected the feelings expressed in the poet's heart, and all landscape words are sentimental words.
For example, Wang Wei's Hunting: The wind blows the horn bow and the general hunts the Acropolis. The grass is yellow in autumn, and the eagle eye is sharper; When the ice and snow melt, the horseshoe is extraordinarily brisk. It has passed Xinfeng City in a blink of an eye and soon returned to sunny Liu Ying. Looking back at the eagle wilderness, thousands of twilight clouds spread to the horizon.
The word "disease" in the poem describes the agility of the falcon in finding its prey and the word "light" describes the majestic posture of the general. Heaven and earth echo each other, vividly depicting the process from finding prey to chasing prey. In this way, the whole poem creates an image of a general who is bold and heroic and has extraordinary martial arts.
2. Create a beautiful artistic conception
Meaning refers to the context of meaning, that is, the context of thoughts and feelings; Context refers to the image of context, that is, the object of meaning and pulsation. The combination of artistic conception refers to a realm produced by the combination of the author's thoughts and feelings with external things. That is to say, the poet combines his subjective feelings with the objective scenery and depicts it by artistic means, forming an artistic realm with both form and spirit, which contains moral, moral, scenery outside the scene and image outside the image, so that readers can perceive infinity from the limited and obtain a charming aesthetic feeling. The artistic features of ancient poetry mainly include:
1, generous and heroic, magnificent and unrestrained "Looking at the Sea"
2. Desolate and depressed, with deep feelings.
3, fresh and beautiful, leisurely and pleasant "Liu Yong"
4, desolate and cold, frustrated and sentimental "Lin Yuling"
5, leisurely and indifferent, broad-minded and detached from "Passing the Old Village"
Modern poetry also emphasizes the creation of artistic conception, and modern poetry with beautiful artistic conception and harmonious rhythm is equally intoxicating. For example, The Cricket by Liushahe:
It's the cricket that sings in your memory, the surprise of childhood in my memory, the loneliness of middle age, the carving of bamboo as a cage, the falling of lanterns and fences, the sweet-scented osmanthus, the pomegranate fruit covered with pearls, the yellow leaves flying in my hometown, the leftover lotus flowers in the wild pond, the piles of hay in the field, my mother telling us to add clothes, and the years have slipped away quietly. ...
These vivid pictures implicitly and profoundly show the poet's nostalgia, nostalgia and yearning for his hometown, which is memorable and infectious.
3. Profound ideological content
Don't think that words with rhyming sentences are poems.
Poetry should be full of sincere feelings, profound ideological connotation, thought-provoking, touching and intriguing, giving people a strong infection and ideological enlightenment. For example, Cao Cao's "Short Songs", Li Bai's "Into the Wine" and Du Fu's "Cottage Blown by Autumn Wind" all have profound ideological connotations, and their surging emotions have shocked and infected people in many ways.
If you want to get high marks in writing poetry, you must pay attention to the expression of thoughts and feelings. It should be full of passion, profound thoughts, bright views or profound ideological implications, so that poetry is full of emotional infection and philosophical enlightenment. For example, Shu Ting's Maybe.
perhaps
-Answer the loneliness of an author
Maybe there are always no readers in our minds.
Maybe the road started wrong, but it turned out wrong.
Maybe we lit lanterns one by one and were blown out by the strong wind.
Maybe the candle that burns out life shines in the dark, but there is no fire around to keep warm.
Maybe the tears are gone and the land is more fertile.
Maybe we sing and the sun is singing.
Maybe the heavier the shoulders, the higher the faith.
Perhaps we must speak out for all the sufferings and remain silent about personal misfortunes.
Perhaps because of the irresistible call, we have no choice.
The poems are full of profound emotions and profound thoughts, and the language is sometimes straightforward and sometimes full of images, which set each other off and give people a lot of inspiration.
4. Highly concentrated
Poetry is the favorite of literature and art, and it is highly concentrated and summarized. What needs to be emphasized is that fewer wins more, and there is a universal force of taking one as ten. This is to express eternity in an instant, to convey infinity in a limited way, and to express rich ideological content in as concise a language as possible. For example, Mao Zedong's "Long March" "The Red Army is not afraid of the expedition, and Qianshan is only idle." In fourteen words, Wan Li, a Red Army soldier, showed his arduous fighting life and revolutionary optimism. Another example is Ai Qing's Hope:
"A sailor said,/What he likes best is the white spray aroused by anchoring .../A sailor said,/What makes him most happy is the sound of an iron chain when anchoring ..."
Ai Qing has always stressed that the language of poetry should be enlightening. His "On Poetry" has a cloud: "The language of revelation, in its most ordinary shape, contains profound truth." Many of his short poems praise ordinary truth, and most of them express his feelings about society and life in the most ordinary form. The language is enlightening. The same is true of the poem Hope. The poem describes two kinds of "hopes" of seafarers, which is actually a tribute to the optimistic and heroic character of new China seafarers and their heroic spirit of daring to struggle and win. Because for seafarers, "looking forward to starting" means looking forward to fighting stormy waves, and "looking forward to arriving" means looking forward to and yearning for successfully reaching the destination. If you don't start, you won't arrive; There is no victory without fighting. Therefore, the two hopes of sailors express that they want to fight and win. By extension, departure and arrival-fighting and victory-are just two hopes of seafarers? Don't every revolutionary always have these two hopes in his mind on the journey of life? When a ship is at sea, it will constantly encounter wind and waves; People in the world will constantly encounter difficulties. A real revolutionary soldier should be like a brave sailor. The difficult answer is fighting, and the answer to fighting is victory. This is the profound enlightenment of the poem Hope.
5. Imagination is rich and vivid
Imagination has association and fantasy, and association is the imagination of one and the other. The use of association can enrich the content of poetry. Lenovo has similar, opposite, related and similar associations, as well as causal associations, such as Liu Shahe's poem Ideal:
Ideal is a stone, knocking out a single spark; Ideal is fire, lighting the extinguished lamp; Ideal is a lamp that illuminates the road at night; Ideal is the road that leads you to the dawn. In the age of hunger and cold, the ideal is food and clothing; In the era of food and clothing, ideal is civilization. In chaotic times, the ideal is stability; In a stable era, the ideal is prosperity.
This poem is full of "yes" and "make", a series of "ideal is ……" and a series of "ideal makes …", which eulogizes the meaning of ideal. The last section says, "Please get on the ideal horse and start with the whip." I hope people will set up lofty ideals and work hard for them. In a word, this poem says that life must have ideals. Poets praise ideals from many angles, and a series of figurative metaphors contain rich meanings.
Fantasy is the imagination of things that are not realized or impossible to realize. Using fantasy can create new images and make the artistic conception of poetry full of magic and fascinating. For example, writing dreams, using myths and legends, writing hallucinations, traveling through time and space, and personifying things by metaphor, analogy and exaggeration are all manifestations of fantasy application. For example, Li Bai's "You didn't see how the water of the Yellow River moved out of the sky and entered the ocean, never to return;" You can't see the lovely hair in the bright mirror of the high room. Although it is silky black in the morning, it has turned into snow at night. " Lu You's "Sleeping at night listening to the wind and rain, iron horse glacier dream."
Imagination is the wing of poetry, and any work without imagination will not have touching artistic charm, especially poetry. Therefore, in order to get high marks in composition, candidates must pay attention to expanding their imagination when creating poems. If you don't have this ability, don't write poems with unlimited styles, so as not to be self-defeating.
6. Beautiful language and image
Poetry wins by artistic conception, whether it can create a beautiful artistic conception is the key to the success or failure of poetry, and whether the image of poetic language is vivid or not plays a vital role. It should be vivid.
For example, Wang Wei's "Lonely Smoke in the Desert, Long River Falling in the Yen" describes the strange and magnificent scenery outside the frontier fortress after entering it. The picture is open and the artistic conception is bold, which is called "the wonders of the ages" by the close Wang Guowei. The frontier desert is boundless, so the word "big" of "desert" is used. The frontier fortress is desolate and wonders. The smoke lit by the beacon tower is particularly eye-catching, so it is called "solitary smoke". A word "solitary" describes the monotony of the landscape, and a word "straight" behind it also shows its strength and perseverance. There are no mountains and trees in the desert, and the Yellow River flowing through it cannot express the poet's feelings unless a word "long" is used. Sunset, originally easy to give people a sentimental impression, uses the word "round" here, but it gives people a feeling of warmth and boundless. The word "circle" and "straight" not only accurately describes the desert scene, but also shows the author's deep affection. The poet skillfully blends his loneliness into the description of the vast natural scenery. The forty-eighth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions said: "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen." . How straight do you want to smoke? The sun is naturally round. The word' straight' seems unreasonable, and the word' round' seems too vulgar. When I closed the book and remembered, I seemed to have seen this scene. You have to look for two more words of these two, but you can't find two words. The advantage of "this is" poetry is indescribable, but it is vivid when you want to leave; "It seems unreasonable, and it is reasonable to want to go." This passage also reveals the superb artistic realm of these two poems.
7. The rhythm is clear.
Since you are writing poetry, you can't list sentences at will. In addition to creating artistic conception, we should also follow the artistic principle of "high conciseness" in poetry and reflect the musical beauty of language. Otherwise, the so-called poem you wrote can't be called a poem and won't be affirmed by the marking teacher.
The following is a brief introduction of two ways to reflect the beauty of poetry music.
(1) Harmonious Phonology
Modern poetry doesn't need to rhyme every sentence, but if every sentence can have a sense of rhythm, it is definitely much better than a poem without rhyme. For example, excerpts from To Oak: You have your copper branches and iron stems, like a knife, like a sword, like a halberd, and I have my red flowers, like a heavy sigh, like a heroic torch, and we go to cold waves, storms and thunderbolts together; We * * * enjoy the mist and rainbow, as if we were separated forever, but we were dependent on each other for life. This is great love, and here is firmness: not only love your stalwart body, but also love your stand and the land under your feet.
Bright and beautiful images, careful and fluent thinking logic and distinct rhythm make poetry full of charm.
However, if poetry is full of emotion, profound thoughts and not too particular about rhyme, it can also have a good expression effect. For example:
I love this land.
Ai Qing
If I were a bird, I should also sing with a hoarse throat: this land that was hit by the storm, this river of sadness and indignation that always surges on us, this angry wind that blows endlessly, and the incomparable gentle dawn from the forest ... Then I died, and even my feathers rotted in the land. Why do I often cry? Because I love this land deeply. ...
From the perspective of sentence structure, parallelism is used; In terms of methods, he used a close-up shot similar to a movie montage to introduce us to the objects he wanted to sing in turn: land, river, wind and dawn. These are broad images of nature or the universe, but the poet chose these typical images, which are extremely concise and vivid, but they can make us have rich imagination and association and cause deep meditation. It is worth pointing out that the poet deliberately added emotional adjectives or modifiers before "land, river, wind and dawn", so that they were all transformed into symbolic and suggestive pictures, which not only hinted at the troubled fate of the motherland, but also hinted at the indomitable people and the growing hope on the earth, and also hinted that the poet should try his best to win them with fate. Even if you die, you should bury yourself in this land and enrich it with your body. From the perspective of conception, the poet still sticks to the virtual image of "bird" ("even feathers rot in the land"), which makes a strong contrast between life and death, and shows the bird's persistence and sincere love for the land in the comparison, thus artistically shaping the image of a singer who is loyal to the land.
Although there is no rhyme in the poem, vivid and touching images and ardent and sincere feelings have already deeply infected people, making them feel excited, unforgettable and chanting after reading it.
(2) Correspondence of stanzas
Wen Yiduo emphasized that poetry should have three beauties-"beauty of music, beauty of architecture and beauty of painting". Among them, "architectural beauty" is about the arrangement of poetry paragraphs and chapters, which should have a neat and harmonious aesthetic feeling.
For example, "Farewell to Cambridge", at the beginning-I waved goodbye to the western clouds; The end-I waved my sleeve and didn't take away a cloud. Poetry reverberates like flowing water from beginning to end, which makes people feel light and smooth and memorable.
(3) fragment combination
Different scenes can be combined by montage, so that they can be divided into paragraphs, and each corresponding verse is basically neat. Such as Yu Guangzhong's Nostalgia and Wen Yiduo's A Word. Another example is:
Love life (Wang Guozhen)
I don't think about whether I can succeed or not. Since I chose far and convenient, I only care about suffering. /I don't think about whether I can win love. Since you love roses, tell your heart bravely. /I don't think about whether there will be cold wind and rain behind me. Since the goal is the horizon, I can only leave with my back to the world. /I don't think about whether the future is flat or muddy. As long as you love life, everything is expected.
The sentence patterns of the four sections basically correspond, with some neat and scattered sentences. Candidates should be confident if they draw lessons from this skill and conceive writing in this form, so that they can get high marks in their compositions.