1. The characteristics of poetry
Poetry is a literary genre that reflects real life and expresses thoughts and feelings with strong feelings and rich imagination through rhythmic language. Lyrical color, beautiful rhyme and implicit conciseness are the three basic characteristics of poetry. There are many kinds of poems. From the content, there are mainly lyric poems and narrative poems, and from the form, there are metrical poems, free poems and folk songs.
2. Classification of poetry
China's ancient poetry can be roughly divided into two categories: one is called archaic poetry (or "ancient style"), which began in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the new metrical poems at that time were called modern poems, while the poems with less metrical restrictions before the Tang Dynasty were called ancient poems. According to the Tang Dynasty, later generations called Yuefu folk songs, poems written by scholars before the Tang Dynasty and poems written by scholars after the Tang Dynasty "archaic poems". According to the number of words in poems, there are four words (such as The Book of Songs), five words (such as Han Yuefu's poems), seven words (such as Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi) and miscellaneous words (such as Li Bai's Difficult Road to Shu). Classical poetry rhymes freely. The other is called modern poetry (or "modern poetry"), which is a new style of poetry that appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
There are two kinds of modern poetry, one is called "quatrains", each with four sentences, which are abbreviated as five words and seven words. One kind is called "metrical poem", each poem has eight sentences, five characters are abbreviated as five laws, seven characters are abbreviated as seven laws, and more than eight sentences are called excluded laws (or "long laws"). The rhythm is very strict. There are definite sentences (except arrangement), definite characters in sentences, definite rhymes (definite rhymes), definite tones (definite tones of each word in the poem) and definite couplets (the two rhymes in the middle must be aligned).
Step 3 talk
Ci is a genre evolved from poetry. Ci is a poetic style that rose in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The formal characteristics of words are "fixed tone, fixed sentence and fixed words". Every word has a title called "epigraph".
The number of words is relatively short, and the shortest is only a dozen words. For example, the 16-character order, the longest is only 240 words, such as the preface to Yingying. Generally speaking, less than 58 words are considered as "minor melody", 59 to 90 words are considered as "alto", and more than 9/kloc-0 words are considered as "long tune". Most words are segmented in structure, and a paragraph is called "a paragraph" (or "a piece") in music. Words can be divided into monosyllabic (not fragmented), disyllabic (divided into two pieces), trisyllabic (divided into three pieces, such as warrior Lan Ling) and tetrasyllabic.
4. quart (short for Quart)
Qu is a genre of classical poetry that rose after poetry and prevailed after Yuan Dynasty.
Qu can be divided into Sanqu and Drama. Sanqu is only used in oratorios,
Drama enters drama and becomes lyrics. There are Qupai and Gongdiao. Qupai is the musical form of a tune, which stipulates the number of sentences, words, levels and rhymes of the tune. Each tune belongs to a palace tune, and each palace tune has several tunes.
The system of Sanqu is divided into two types: the first poem and the number of sets. The basic form of poetry is a single song, and each poem has only one tone, which rhymes to the end; The number of songs (also known as "songs") is to connect many songs into a group in the same palace tune to sing a content, which can be used not only to write scenery and express feelings, but also to describe a story fragment. Such as Sui's "General Involved in Tune". Gaozu returned to China. "
On the Classification of Ancient Poetry
China's poems have a long history and are rich in excellent works. In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems and happy people were called songs and lyrics. The ancients said that "poetry expresses ambition, and songs express ambition" refers to the role of poetry and songs. What modern people call poetry mainly refers to poetry, while poetry refers to poetry and songs.
There are many kinds of poems.
According to the content, there are lyric poems, narrative poems, farewell poems, frontier poems and pastoral poems. According to the structural forms, there are metrical poems, free poems, prose poems and allegro poems; There are new poems and old poems according to time; From other angles, it can also be divided into: philosophical poems, limerick poems, satirical poems, recitation poems and so on.
The so-called ancient poetry refers to the old poetry as opposed to the new poetry, that is, the poetry of China society before the May 4th Movement, also known as the old-style poetry.
Ancient poetry can be divided into four-character poems, five-character poems, six-character poems, seven-character poems and miscellaneous poems. According to the genre, it can be divided into: Chu ci style, Yuefu style, Gexing style, metrical style, etc. According to the standard of temperament, it can be divided into ancient poems and modern poems.
Classical poetry and modern poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty. Before the Tang Dynasty, poems were written with free rhymes, and each sentence was four, five, six, seven, and miscellaneous (more people in later generations used classical poems with seven words). Therefore, people in the Tang Dynasty called this kind of poetry ancient poetry, also known as ancient poetry and ancient style. Modern poetry, compared with classical poetry, is also called modern poetry, which is a kind of metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. It is divided into quatrains and metrical poems, and its word number, sentence number, level tone and rhyme are strictly regulated. For example, a metrical poem, which originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty, has four or five rhymes, eight sentences each and the number of words must be the same.
Two couplets must be antithetical, with two, four, six and eight rhymes. The first sentence can be pledged or not. If the arrangement is extended to more than ten sentences on the basis of fixed rhythm, it is called arrangement. In addition to the antithesis of the first and last couplets, there are also antitheses, which are called "model pairs". For another example, quatrains are just antithetical sentences of two or four sentences, also known as quatrains, broken sentences and broken sentences, which have certain requirements for parallelism, rhyme and duality.
Strictly speaking, metrical poems include words and songs in addition to metrical poems and quatrains, while modern poems only refer to metrical quatrains without words and songs, so strictly speaking, generalized metrical poems cannot all be equal to modern poems.
Compared with the generalized metrical genre, the poetic genre includes Chuci, Yuefu and Gexing.
Chu Ci is a form of poetry created by Qu Yuan during the Warring States Period, which is characterized by the use of dialects and phonology of Chu Ci and has a strong Chu color. There are seventeen volumes of Chu Ci edited by Liu Xiang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly the works of Qu Yuan, and Qu Yuan's works take Li Sao as his masterpiece, so later generations also call it "Chu Ci Style" and "Sao Style".
Yuefu style refers to the songs that can be accompanied by music collected and preserved by Yuefu organs from Han Wei to the Tang and Five Dynasties.
Gexing style is a variant of Yuefu poetry. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, there were many Yuefu poems with the theme of "Song" and "Xing". Although the names are different, there is no strict difference between them. They all mean "Song". Their syllables and meter are generally free, and they are archaic in form, with rich changes. Since then, they have merged "Song and Xing". In the Tang Dynasty, poets in the early Tang Dynasty created Yuefu poems, in addition to following the old themes of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets also created new themes. Although it was renamed Yuefu, it was not limited to temperament, so it was called New Yuefu. This kind of poetry has been greatly developed by Li Bai and Du Fu. For example, Du Fu's Sad Chen Tao, Mourning for the Head, Military Vehicle Shop, Second Road, etc. Many of Bai Juyi's works are in the form of Yuefu songs, and most of them are mixed in a few words.
Knowing the classification of ancient poetry, when we face a specific work, it is easy to identify its genre type. For example, Chen Ziang is on the tower of Youzhou (where the time before me has passed? Behind me, where are the future generations? . Only the boundless universe, boundless, can't stop the tears full of sadness. ) and Bai Juyi's Flowers Are Not Flowers (Flowers are not flowers, fog is not fog, come at midnight and go at dawn. When there are many spring dreams in the future, there seems to be no place to go to the clouds. ), some people say it is a regular poem (see "Reference Book of Chinese Teaching in Secondary Vocational Schools" published by Higher Education Press in July 2000, page 222), but according to the characteristics of regular poems, these two poems can't be counted as regular poems anyway. In fact, the title of Chen's poem has been clearly stated: this is a poetic style; As for white poems, a careful analysis should be a new Yuefu poem mixed with three words and seven languages.