Test center:
1. Appreciate the image, language and expression skills of the work. Appreciating the image, language and expression skills of a work can be a comprehensive requirement in the proposition, a problem in a certain aspect, or a combination with the ideological evaluation of the work. Therefore, we should improve our appreciation ability in an all-round way and not neglect it.
First, appreciate the image of poetry
Appreciating poetic imagery means understanding the author's thoughts and feelings and the social significance of poetry by analyzing the personality characteristics of poetic imagery.
A, pay attention to the color of the image (literal and implied). Color conveys the poet's different emotional experiences.
Warm colors-warm, lively, positive and high-spirited; Cold tone-cold and gloomy, passive and depressed, lonely and desolate. For example, "Two orioles sing green willows and a row of egrets rise to the sky" (Du Fu's quatrains), and the four completely different colors of "yellow, green, white and blue" in the poem are woven into a gorgeous picture, conveying a very happy mood.
B, through the combination of dynamic and static, open poetic scenes and convey emotions. For example, "when people are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty." When the moon rises, birds will sing in the spring stream. " The dynamic scenery of "flowers falling on the moon and birds singing rising" in the poem not only makes the poem full of vitality, but also highlights the "spring stream".
C, the image of poetry is sometimes associated with national history and culture, traditional customs and habits, lifestyle, psychological characteristics, etc., and is endowed with special significance. We should give priority to these symbolic special images when appreciating them. Special image:
"Looking at the moon and thinking far away", "Sad for spring and sad for autumn", "Looking at the flowing water, I miss the fleeting time, and the drizzle on the phoenix tree is sad and sad".
Hongyan-homesick, messenger;
Rhododendron-an unlucky beauty, a man who cares about the country and the people, laments and is sincere;
Partridges-homesickness and sadness; Dongli-the land of fine mountains and dust;
Chrysanthemum-high quality; Willow-reluctant to leave;
Three old and cold friends (pine, bamboo and plum)-pride
Peach blossom-beauty; Bird-freedom.
When analyzing poetic images, we should pay attention to scenery and emotion, things and emotion; The relationship between scenery and people, things and people.
A. Lyrics "Moonlight is in the pine forest, and crystal stone is in the stream." (Wang Wei's "Living in Autumn")
B. Holding the object to express the will, "Everything is smashed into mud and ground into dust, but the fragrance remains unchanged." (Lu you's "operator?" Yongmei ")
"Don't be afraid of being smashed into pieces, leave innocence in the world." (Yu Qian's Ode to a Lime)
C. Compassion for things "Who pities a shadow and loses a million clouds?" (Du Fu's Lonely Goose)
D. Scenery blending "Beautiful scenery in the evening, fragrant flowers and plants in the spring breeze, swallows flying in the mud, Yuanyang sleeping in warm sand" (Du Fu's quatrains)
Second, appreciate the language of poetry
1, memorize common terms, such as: accurate, vivid, vivid, concise, incisive, concise, bright, fresh, meaningful, novel, beautiful, gorgeous, beautiful, implicit, simple, natural and unrestrained.
2. Pay attention to "poetic eyes" ("refined words")
Such as: "Red apricots are full of branches in spring"; "Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan"; "The steps are dyed red by the green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves."
"The shadow is thin and shallow, and the moonlight floats lightly." -The shadow of plum blossoms is thin and light, and the fragrance of plum blossoms is vivid.
"Why do Qiangdi blame the willow? The spring breeze is just Yumen Pass. " -obviously personification is used, which is not only the emotion in the song, but also the heart of the piper.
"Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows."-The words are fresh, highlighting the poet's inner pain.
3. Pay attention to "refining sentences"
Due to the restriction of rhyming length of poems or the need of rhetoric, poets often treat poems specially, so we must master some grammatical knowledge of ancient poems in order to understand and appreciate them.
First, the flexible use of parts of speech
For example, Li Shangyin's Untitled: "Seeing clouds change in the morning mirror, the evening song dares to ask about the cold moonlight."
Chang Jian's "Zen after the Broken Mountain Temple": "Birds are singing and mountains are shining here, and people's hearts are touching the pool level", which is refreshing ... cheerful; Empty, make ... empty
Intertextuality
For example, Du Mu's "Bo Qinhuai", smoke cage cold water moon cage sand-smoke moon cover cold water smoke moon cover sand.
My road is full of petals-I swept it for others, and my thatched door was closed-but now it's open for you. "Du Fu's Guest Arrives-my road is full of petals-I swept the broom of the monarch for others, and the Pengmen is now the broom of the monarch.
C, flip chip
For example, in Wang Wei's "Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains", the bamboo language laundry girl returns, and the lotus leaf lies in front of the fishing boat-"the bamboo sound returns, and the lotus moves under the fishing boat".
In Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity, "fragrant rice pecks at parrot grains, and phoenix perches on old branches"-"parrot pecks at fragrant rice grains, and phoenix perches on old branches". Du Fu mainly wrote about the beauty of the capital Chang 'an, emphasizing the unusual rice and phoenix trees there.
D. ellipsis
"The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating, and life experiences are ups and downs."
"Maodian crows on the moon, Banqiao is frosty."
Third, appreciate the expressive skills of poetry.
1, expression:
Express your will by holding things, blending scenes, reasoning, associating, imagining, rendering, comparing, setting off, combining reality with reality, combining static and dynamic, combining before and after, expressing one's mind directly, expressing one's will by using ancient times, satirizing modern people, suppressing first and then promoting.
2. Rhetoric:
Metaphor, analogy, metonymy, duality, exaggeration, symbol, contrast, contrast, pun, rhetorical question, irony, synaesthesia, intertextuality, allusions, translation, overlapping, etc.
3. Forms of expression: narration, description, lyricism and discussion.
Meaningful:
Poetry can be divided into lyric poetry and narrative poetry, and there is also a kind of mystery poetry, which is small in number but has great influence. These poems are all based on concrete things. Several great poets, such as Du Fu, Lu You and Su Shi, often see sentences with profound reasoning interest in their works.
"Take one side of the mountain as a mountain peak, and the distance is different. I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain. " (Su Shi in the Xilin Wall)-It shows that I am trapped in it and can't jump out. I am often confused by various phenomena and can't see the truth of the incident clearly.
In Zhu's "Random Thoughts on Reading", "Open a half-acre square pool, and the sky is high and the clouds are light. How can the canal be so clear? Why is there running water at the source? "
Lu You's "Tour of Shanxi Village" "Heavy mountains and heavy waters have no way to doubt, and there is another village in the dark."
Wang Zhihuan is in the Heron Villa, but you can broaden your horizons by just going up one flight of stairs.
Rhetoric:
Rhetoric plays the same role in poetry as in other styles.
Metaphor-more vivid (like the strong wind in spring, blowing at night, blowing open the petals of ten thousand pear trees. )
Personize people-personify things (love the old forest with birds and miss the old garden with fish in the pool. )
Rhetorical question-emphasis (if two relationships are long, is it sooner or later? )
Exaggeration-emphasis and prominence (white hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow like a long beard)
Duality-enhance the musical beauty of poetry, express conciseness and lyricism, and enhance the external formal beauty of poetry (leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river always roll forward)
Clever use of allusions, the use of previous poems-refined and implicit; Expand the content; Rich in literary talent.
This aspect requires a lot of extracurricular reading and historical knowledge, but sometimes it is very obvious.
For example, Du Mu's poem in Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow;
Xin Qiji's Happy Forever? The story of Tuoba Tao in the nostalgia of Gubeiting in Jingkou;
In Wang Shifu's Farewell to the Pavilion, "Tears dripping from the sleeves are wetter than Sima Qing's shirt" is obviously used "Who cried the most? And this Jiujiang officer. "My blue sleeves are wet" in Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip.
One thing that deserves special attention in rhetoric is contrast. The technical terms are "static versus dynamic" and "sound versus static".
Such as: "Birds live in trees by the pool, and monks knock at the door."
The quieter the cicada forest, the quieter Tonamiyama.
Contrast (Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow", "If she only smiles back, there will be hundreds of spells cast, and the six palaces will fade into nothing", with beauty as the contrast. )
Comparison (the first three sentences and the last sentence of Li Bai's Yue revisiting the ancient times)
Synaesthesia, the communication of sensory organs. (Li Bai's Thousands of Snowflakes in Yaotai Blow the Fragrance of Spring Breeze) At this time, the snowflakes are like pear blossoms in the spring breeze, fragrant in Wan Li. Vision and smell communicate, and the poet's affection is full of it. )
Other necessary knowledge and ability:
1, poetry genre-landscape poetry, pastoral poetry, frontier poetry, chanting poetry; The words are bold and graceful.
2. Personal style of poetry
Generally speaking, there are two kinds: realism and romanticism. Each poet presents different characteristics in his own creative practice and forms his own artistic style.
Tao Yuanming-simple and natural, Li Bai-bold and elegant, Du Fu-depressed and frustrated, Bai Juyi-easy to understand, Du Mu-handsome and handsome, Wang Wei-poetry and painting integrated, Wang Changling-ambitious and lofty, Li Shangyin-obscure and obscure, Su Shi-broad and bold, Liu Yong-gentle and graceful.
3. To appreciate poetry, you should know how to know people and discuss the world.
Mencius first put forward the theory of knowing people and discussing the world. He believes that to understand a work, we must know the author and his times.
4. Poetry appreciation should be good at association and imagination.
On the surface, the reader seems to follow the image of the poem and be in a passive position when reading. In fact, readers can enter the artistic conception of poetry through association and imagination according to their own experience accumulation, aesthetic habits and aesthetic ideals, thus supplementing and enriching the image of poetry and the artistic blank that the poet has not written.
For example, Man Chun on the Red Apricot Branch-readers can not only see the scene of apricot flowers in full bloom, but also imagine the birds frolicking among the flowers, singing birds and flowers, vivid and colorful, bringing the artistic conception of spring to life.
Fourth, evaluate the ideological content of the work.
Evaluation is the last step of appreciation: from "feeling" of poetry to rational generalization.
Evaluating the ideological content of a work is to analyze and evaluate the social significance of the theme of the work and the author's thoughts, feelings and attitudes. Analysis and evaluation should be practical and realistic, to the point, without belittling or exaggerating.
Du Mu's "Bo Qinhuai": "The smoke cage is full of sand in the cold moon, and it is near Qinhuai restaurant at night. The merchant girl doesn't know the hate of national subjugation, but she still sings backyard flowers across the river. " Literally, this poem seems to accuse the female singer in the restaurant of ignorance and carelessness. But what the merchant girl sings is only a song, so it is just a pen. The real "ignorance and hatred of national subjugation" should be the gentry and nobles in their seats.