What is Tao Yuanming's time introduction?

Tao Yuanming was born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (365) and mourned for Emperor Xingning for three years. He was born in a shabby official family. His great-grandfather Tao Kan was the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and made great military achievements. He is in charge of military affairs in Bazhou, and he is the satrap of Jing and Jiang States. His grandfather Tao Mao and his father Tao Yi are both governors. \x0d\ When he was young, his family came down. As for forgetting his pride, he is unique. Yuan Ming said, "There are many imitators of ancestors." (Catch Qin) In the future, his character and cultivation will largely be his grandfather's legacy. His grandfather's family has a lot of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. He not only studied Laozi and Zhuangzi like a general scholar-bureaucrat, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and other "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and family environment, he accepted two different concepts of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "naturally loving mountains". \ x0d In the eighteenth year of Taiyuan (393), Emperor Xiaowu, with the wish of "helping the general public greatly", served as a wine offering in Jiangzhou. At that time, the system of gate and valve was strict, and he was born in a common people, so he was looked down upon and felt that "being an official is unbearable and will be released in a few days" (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin). After he resigned and went home, the country asked him to be the master book again, and he declined politely. Andy. Seeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime, he certainly refused to go with Huan Xuan and became the confidant of this careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to give up this place and go as far as Xijing. "(Xin Chou's Night Tour in Jiangling in July) has remorse for Shi Huanxuan." How can you drown in the water? "("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May ") issued a deep sigh for the official life of people who bow down to others. In the winter of five years in Longan, he resigned and went home because of his mother's funeral. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan fought against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuan Xing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, and changed his country name to Chu. Miao people are isolated from the world. Look around, but Fei Jing is usually closed during the day. "He disdained Huan Xuan's claim to the throne. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Taishouwu and He Wuji joined forces and set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andi, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to invest. He imitated the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, took Huan Xuan hostage and arrived in Jiangling, and reported to Emperor Wu of Song. He happily wrote a poem: "forty ignorant, not afraid, fat my famous car, choose me as a horse." Although thousands of miles away, who dares not! " ("Mr. Murong" Chapter 4) After Emperor Wu of Song entered health, his style was quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by "abolishing all officials". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example" (set an example), he first banned it by threatening means (banned it in advance), and "officials at home and abroad all respected it and changed customs" he once had a good impression on him. But soon after the curtain rises, he saw that Emperor Wu of Song killed Diao Kui's family and innocent Wang Yu's father and son in order to cut off dissidents, and with his affair, he took Wang Shu, Huan Xuan's confidant, whom everyone thought should be killed, as an important official position. These gloomy phenomena disappointed him. He wrote in the poem "A Qubo, the first town army joined the army" that I originally wanted to live in the mountains, but later I moved to my hometown. Later, I resigned and lived in seclusion. In the first year of Jian 'an (405), I joined the army as a general Jianwei, and was the secretariat of Jiangzhou, Wei Liu. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left, he also left his post. In the autumn of the same year, my uncle Tao Kui introduced him as the county magistrate of Pengze. The subordinate official said: "I was greeted with a belt," he sighed. "How can I bow to the children in the village for five buckets of rice?" So he got the seal to leave his post. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he kept trying, disappointed and finally despaired to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, he was given a "resignation at home" and lived a "self-cultivation" life. Mrs. Zhai, like him, is happy and humble. "The husband plows the fields before, and the wife hoes the fields after." * * * Qi Xin works together to make a living, which is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of back in the game, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine huts, and the back eaves of Liu Yin are full of peaches and plums. You'll get drunk. Friends come to visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will accompany them to drink. When he was drunk for the first time, he said to his guests, "I am drunk enough to sleep." "Four years in Yixi, living in Beijing (now at the foot of Xijing Mountain in Xing Zi County) and moving to Chestnut (now Chestnut Hot Spring Village), life is even more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, he can still have a good time. "An old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official:" It is not enough to live in a high place under a broken roof. I will live in Shang Tong all my life (regardless of right and wrong). I hope you can giggle in the mud. "He replied," I was impressed by my father's words, but I was not harmonious. I was sincere in my study, but I violated it. "And * * * enjoy this cup, I can't drive back." (drinking) declined the old farmer's advice in the tone of "harmony without difference" In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer. Some friends offered to help him, and sometimes he couldn't help asking for a loan. His old friend was Liu's Shi 'an county magistrate in the first year of Jingping (423). He drank one glass after another. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia in Song Wendi (424), Tan Daoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "The sage is alive, there is no way in the world, but there is a way. Why did he suffer this? " He said, "Those who dare not look at the sages are less ambitious than me." Tan Daoji gave me a piece of meat, and he waved and left. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years, leading a poor rural life, but as he got older, he became more and more interested in keeping poor and honest. In the fourth year of Yuanjia (427), when he was conscious in mid-September, he wrote three elegy poems for himself, the third one. In 427 AD, Tao Yuanming finished his 63-year life course (the date of birth of Tao Yuanming has yet to be verified, so the 63-year theory here has yet to be verified) and died. He was buried in the tomb of Tao Jiagong at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, at the foot of Mianyang Mountain at the junction of Jiujiang County and Xing Zi County in Jiangxi Province today. Today, Tao Yuanming's tomb is well-preserved, and the tombstone consists of one big tablet, two small tablets, right in the middle. The epitaph on the left and the words on the right were written by Tao's descendants in the first year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. [1]\x0d\[ Edit this paragraph] Reasons for seclusion \x0d\ Tao Yuanming is known as the "Sect of hermit poets". His creation created a precedent of pastoral poetry and a new realm of China's classical poetry. Since ancient times, we have paid close attention to or studied and analyzed the reasons why Tao Yuanming retired to the countryside and lived in seclusion. The following article tries to discuss this with Tao Yuanming's poems. \x0d\ 1。 As a teenager, Tao Yuanming was influenced by his family background and Confucianism, and he had the ambition to help the world. However, due to the existence of the gate system, it is impossible for people from civilian backgrounds to break through the monopoly of the gate gentry on high-ranking positions. Tao Yuanming's ideal is hard to come true, and his ideal dream is bound to be shattered. Tao Yuanming didn't become an official until he was twenty-nine, but all he did all his life was offer wine, join the army, and be a small official like Xian Cheng. Not only can he not display his ambition, but he wants bring disgrace to oneself to deal with some officialdom figures in vain. By the time he was 39 years old, years of experience had left him in a trance. He began to devote himself to self-sufficiency and pursue peace of mind and seclusion. Since then, he worked for Peng, and returned to China after more than 80 days in office because he didn't want to bend over for Wudoumi. From then on, he ended his career efforts and hesitation, and resolutely embarked on the road of seclusion and pastoral. Tao Yuanming has really enjoyed a "warm and distant person" since he retired from the countryside at the age of 4/kloc-0. However, Tao Yuanming, who was born in a scholarly family, is not a good farmer after all, and the hard work of "cultivating in the south" may not make him live a well-off life. When Tao Yuanming was forty-four years old in Yixi, a disaster impoverished his family. This summer, the poet's "ten-acre square house with eight or nine cabins" is full of life, and he is a person who lives by relatives and friends. In the third year of Yong (422), Tao Yuanming was 58 years old, and his life was close to despair. His situation was reflected in the poem "Work when you have a chance", "If you are weak, you will be hungry, and if you are old, you will be hungry. Who dares to be greedy! " In the fourth year of Yuanjia (427), the poet was poor and ill. In the second elegy, the poet fantasizes that he can "bulge his stomach without thinking" after death, which makes people sad: "There was no wine to drink before, but now it is empty. When can I taste it better? I cried before the food box came to me. People are used to explaining it from the social environment advocating seclusion and his Confucianism and Taoism. In fact, by grasping Tao Yuanming's five official experiences and analyzing the reasons for his clumsiness, we can get some new understandings, which can be summarized as two points: one is due to Tao Yuanming's nature, and the other is due to social reality. The essential feature of Tao Yuanming's personality is to pursue the greatest freedom of the mind and the elegance of the mind. An official's life does not conform to his nature of advocating nature. Tao Yuanming is in an era of advocating freedom and mystery. Political usurpation and war can easily make literati who are bent on avoiding disasters form a recluse character. It should be said that the formation of Tao Yuanming's reclusive character has something to do with the literati's general pursuit of spiritual freedom in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is this natural endowment of advocating nature, carefree and unrestrained that he can't stand it. The reason why he resigned was because he was "natural, not motivated, hungry and cold, and only wanted to fight his own illness." His detached personality makes him prefer to go hungry rather than go to officialdom to see his boss against his will. The poet sang in "Returning to the Garden": "There is no rhyme, and its sex is autumn mountains. He fell in love with the forest for one to thirty years after falling into the dust net by mistake. "The disgust of official career is beyond words. Tao Yuanming, who regarded his career as a cage because of "nature" and "love of posts", finally resigned and retired, leaving behind the dust and returning to nature. Tao Yuanming's seclusion in the countryside should not only be considered in combination with his frank personality, but also be observed from the broad political background and his official career. His birth, his birth, can be said to be related to the social reality at that time. Tao Yuanming. However, he has the idea of contributing to the world. In his poems such as Drinking Miscellaneous Poems, he once said that "young people are poor and can swim well through the Six Classics", "they want to escape from the world" and "young people are strong and complete, and they swim alone with swords", which shows that he has not laid hands on them. He did something in politics. However, at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the situation was turbulent: the internal struggles of the imperial clan and the warlords' ambitions for political power constantly led to bloody killings and even fierce struggles. This social unrest not only brought disaster to the people, but also caused serious anxiety in the upper class of society. This makes Tao Yuanming's political ambition have to be reduced. Besides, in this power struggle, all dirty and bloody plots are under the guise of lofty morality. This makes Tao Yuanming, who is truly pure in nature, unbearable. From the 18th year of Xiao Jin's reign in Taiyuan, 29-year-old Tao Yuanming first went to work as an official, and returned to the field at the age of 42 in the 13th year. During this period, Tao Yuanming has been in the contradictory struggle between "being born" and "joining the WTO", which is reflected in his poems. In Xin Chou last July, he went on holiday and went to Jiangling to wipe his mouth at night, and so on. There are too many disappointments and sorrows in this poem. It can be seen that the poet had a painful hesitation about whether to return to the fields, but his long-cherished wish of "loving Qiushan" overwhelmed his ambition of "fleeing from the four seas", and he finally found his ultimate way out-seclusion in the countryside. Therefore, his seclusion is the result of social reality and the irreconcilable result of his thoughts and social reality. \x0d\ III Tao Yuanming's seclusion is different from other hermits who bought fame by seclusion in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is a real hermit, a life choice, and a person who hates "the world is turbid" and "everyone is drunk". Let's take a look at the general experience of Tao Yuanming's life: first, he offered wine to the country, which was unbearable for the officials, and then he returned to China a few days later. He later became an official under Huan Xuan, Emperor Wu of Song and Liu, and finally became Pengze. Resolutely resigned and returned to the agricultural and pastoral areas. Later, I advised him to work for Liu Song again. He would rather be poor and ill than be involved in officialdom again. It can be said that Tao Yuanming's seclusion is really stupid. In poems such as "Drinking in the Garden", the poet described his life after seclusion. "I hide Chai Fei during the day, thinking about wine. When I return to the market, I will wear grass. " There are eight or nine thatched cottages. ""This is a warm and distant village, and there is smoke in the Yi market. Dogs bark in deep alleys, chickens crow and mulberry trees play. " "Building a house is in a human environment, but there are no chariots and horses. Ask what you can do, you can see Nanshan leisurely under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums. "These rural areas that others look down upon, ordinary things, and rural life are like that in the poet's pen. This makes his pastoral poems more full of the flavor of working life. His poems, such as Going to the Garden in the Early Spring, Returning to the Garden, and Early Rice in the West in September of Gengxu Year, all describe the poet's participation in labor in this way: "I heard of Nanmiao in the past, but I didn't practice it then. There are people who have been empty for many times, and I can't avoid it. I drove in the morning and have begun to paint my feelings in Myanmar. "The Japanese will pay back if they lose." "Wen Yuan is so long, but I can't regret my efforts." In the hard work of leaving early and returning late, the poet has a closer relationship with the working people, and his feelings for the working people are more sincere: "Get along with each other and return home, and the pot is close to the neighbors", "When the market is revived, the grass is covered with grass. Meet without gossip, Sang Ma long ","morning smell. Readers can see that in this leisurely pastoral life, the poet's mood is natural and quiet, and he has reached a truly harmonious state of spiritual development, which is the real seclusion. \x0d\ Tao Yuanming's recluse life is not completely innate, and his recluse itself is a kind of resistance to the dark reality, which is different from escaping from reality. The poet has been working in the fields for a long time in the countryside, and his feelings are getting closer and closer to the working people, and he knows their sufferings better. Many of his poems reflect the poor life of working people and the dark hypocrisy of their official career. In his poems, he wrote: "I am hungry every day in summer, but I have no sleep in cold nights", "The old valley has gone, but the new valley has not been boarded. I am quite an old farmer, but I am worthy of the disaster of that year. The sun and the moon are still lingering, and I have not suffered", "Xi Nong has been away from me for a long time, and it is rare for the world to be true" and "Zhong Hua has been away from me for a long time, and I am poor. In The Peach Blossom Garden, the poet described an ideal society in his mind: "Silkworms gather silk in spring, and are exempt from royal tax when they are ripe in autumn", and "pay attention to children's songs and entertain themselves". Without exploitation and oppression, everyone works and lives a rich and peaceful life. This "world" is the poet's denial of the real society. It is the crystallization of the rural life practice after the poet returned to the field and the result of the further development of the poet's thought. This is enough to prove that Tao Yuanming is not completely divorced from reality after retirement. \x0d\ From his retirement and life after retirement, it can be seen that the society that Tao Yuanming yearns for is a peaceful and tranquil society with self-cultivation, self-reliance, no competition, no hypocrisy, no mutual oppression and harm; The pursuit of life is simple and sincere, indifferent and lofty, and there is nothing to ask for; His favorite living environment is also a quiet and natural country. Because of these pursuits, most of his pastoral poems present a diluted and peaceful appearance, but behind them are full of hatred and anxiety about the real society and anxiety about the short and insensitive life. Therefore, as Mr. Lu Xun said, "Tao Qian is great because he is not completely silent."