Wang Wei, a famous landscape poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and Gao Shi, a famous frontier poet, both wrote many farewell poems. Wang Wei's masterpiece in this respect is "Send Yuan 20 An Xi", also known as "Fortress Besieged Song"; One of the representative works of Gao Shi's farewell poems is Biedongda. From these two poems, we can clearly see the differences between the two poets in the style of farewell poems and in taking pictures.
With fresh words and sad feelings, Chengwei Qu by Wang Wei creates the artistic conception and atmosphere of "a bright future in the west city, a soft spring day" and "a parting taste is thicker than wine", which is touching to read. The first two sentences of the poem, "The morning rain in Weicheng is light and the guest house is green and willow is new", are all about scenery. In the early morning, the fine spring rain stained with the light dust of the guest house and infiltrated the willow trees covering the guest house. In the fresh and humid atmosphere of spring, the guest house next to the ancient capital Xianyang Post Road is fresh and valuable, and the tender willow branches on strangers are green. These first two sentences not only explain the time, place and festival of farewell, but also make people appreciate the tender feelings and surging thoughts far from this beautiful and fresh scenery: the sky is sad and raining, so the first sentence emphasizes "facing the rain"; It hurts when you see willow leaves, so the second sentence fully highlights the pity of "willow color" In this way, the feelings of "yearning for Liu" and the meaning of parting are contained in the poem, which naturally leads to the last two famous lyric sentences, and the technique of paving the way, setting off the atmosphere and rendering the atmosphere is extremely successful. "Advise you to drink more wine and go out of Yangguan for no reason" is to advise your friends who are leaving to drink another cup of affectionate farewell wine, because it is difficult to see relatives and friends on the sparsely populated journey after passing Yangguan in the southwest of Dunhuang, Gansu. This is really "shaking hands to send you a farewell, and you can talk about it with peace of mind" and "If you hate your loved ones, you will pity your friends" (both are Wang Wei's farewell poems). Homesickness, homesickness, fear of the road, sighing far away; The love of relatives and friends, the feeling of loneliness, will come to mind together at this time and will be moved to tears. No wonder Li Yishan commented on this poem: "heartbroken singing sunshine"!
In the Tang Dynasty, when the traffic was blocked and the frontier was turbulent, people would inevitably regard this parting as a major difficulty in their lives and use their feet and horses as means of transportation, which involved heavy customs and a long journey, which is not difficult to understand. Wang Wei captured this universal psychology in time, and vividly described a farewell scene in spring with his unique artistic talent of poetry, painting and music, close observation, meticulous taste, delicate feelings and meticulous brushwork. Its beautiful words, soft pronunciation, ethereal paintings and long thoughts deeply touched the hearts of countless people living in feudal society and were sung by feudal literati for a long time. So that the famous song "Three Stories of Yangguan" adapted from it has spread to this day, and it can still make people cry, which is enough to show the unique immortal artistic charm of the poem.
Gao Shi's Don't Move Big is another style. The poet used a pen to write down the vast sky, dim sunshine and Huang Yun. Between heaven and earth, the cold north wind brought heavy snow, and what's more, "Yan Zhen was shocked by the cold." In front of this poem, the words "thousands of miles away in Huang Yun, the north wind blows geese and snow in succession" describe a magnificent frontier scenery. Although the meaning of cold and cold is in it, it can still clearly reveal the tragic atmosphere between the lines, which is not bad to write. If the first two sentences of the poem have made the frontier weather extremely bleak and tragic, then the latter two sentences are even more heroic: "Mochow has no confidant in the road ahead, and no one knows a gentleman in the world", which means: Don't worry, it is difficult to meet a confidant any further. In fact, who in the world does not respect a gentleman with great talent and great strategy! This is the so-called "leaving the soul of Mo You, watching the hero with a good sword", and "it is harmless for people to have fun here" (see Gao Shi's "Farewell Poems for Everyone"). Poets focus on the overall situation everywhere, focusing on the overall situation, and writing landscapes always grasps the overall situation, which is natural; Scratching at books and making ink, speaking freely, showing the basic characteristics of "respecting quality and taking charge of reason", the poet is very good at creating extraordinary momentum and heroic character in the vigorous weather; When it is difficult to climb mountains and life is full of troubles, I show an optimistic and cheerful demeanor. The profound philosophy of life and enterprising spirit enveloped the whole poem, just as the later generations translated that "the poet is a handsome man, and the honor cannot be lost in times of crisis" ("Old Tang Book Original Biography"), whether it is a person or a poem, it can be true.
As a farewell poem, Wang Wei takes Xianyang ancient road as the image, and the guest house is green and colorful, feeling that "there is no reason to go out to Yangguan in the west"; However, Gao Shi thought that "everyone knows you" in the harsh environment of "the north wind blows geese and snow one after another"! Comparing the two, the festivals written are one spring and one winter respectively; The weather is sometimes sunny and sometimes cloudy, after a rain, in a snow; But the thoughts and feelings are bleak and heroic, and the contrast is extremely obvious. This contrast not only appears in one or two poems, but also embodies the completely different styles of their farewell poems. For example, it is the same as sending friends to Anxi (equivalent to Kuqa in Xinjiang today). Gao Shi wrote: "Teenagers are all right, so don't be sad when you walk." "Don't be sad when you are far away from your soul. Take good care of your treasure knife." Similarly, beside the spring willow road, Gao Shi wrote: "Mountains and rivers are everywhere, and willow green is sad." "The husband is not ionic, and the tears are stained with towels." Wang Wei, on the other hand, often said, "I feel sad when I go to the ditch, holding a glass of wine in my hand", "When I meet you, I will cry when I leave", feeling that "my old friend is gone, and Ping Ling is lonely in the east", and "I have been away from home for a long time, and my eyes are full of tears", which reminds me that I should listen to Zigui after seeing the bright moon. Even in the poem "Farewell to Gao Shi", Wang wanted to say: "In Cangzhou, where there is no darkness, no one knows." From this point of view, Wang Wei's farewell poems are always characterized by his sad feelings and tactful and delicate mentality, while the ambition to serve the country and the broad-minded and heroic spirit are the main characteristics of Gao Shi's farewell poems.
The above-mentioned style differences between Wang Wei and Gao Shi's farewell poems mainly stem from their different life experiences and ideological tendencies. Wang Wei was born in an official family. With his extraordinary talents in poetry, painting and music, he entered and exited the royal family and was very popular. Thanks to the recommendation of powerful people, the imperial examination became famous, which can be described as a teenager's success. He has delicate feelings and filial piety for his mother, and is deeply influenced by her thought of worshipping Buddhism. The affection between mother and son, between brothers and between husband and wife is very deep and appreciated by people at that time. However, just after this, Wang Wei suffered an unfortunate blow. Shortly after his success, the teenager was involved in the case of the actor and the dancing yellow lion for the first time, and was demoted and released. After his comeback, Zhang Jiuling was expelled from the imperial court, so he was disheartened and politically hopeless. Then came the Anshi Rebellion. He was captured and forced to accept An Lushan's official seal, so he was almost sentenced to disobedience by the court. Coupled with the death of my mother and wife in middle age, my feelings were seriously frustrated and my spirit was devastated. These experiences clearly tell us that Wang Wei has lived in the upper class for a long time, and it is difficult for him to learn the nourishment of forging ahead and the spirit of realistic criticism from the lower class. On the contrary, it increases a lot of fun to travel around and loses some comprehensive understanding of society and life. In fact, the success of teenagers is a great misfortune for Wang Wei's life. Such a person is extremely difficult to bear the blow of unfortunate fate after middle age, and it is also difficult to have the courage and perseverance to adapt to all kinds of adversity. Belief in Buddhism made Wang Wei too addicted to inner pursuit and introspection, and lost a lot of courage and strength to seek from the real society. It is precisely for these reasons that Wang lamented that "there are many sad things in life that will not be sold to an empty net." As a typical representative of the weak class of intellectuals at that time, he always felt the spiritual hardships imposed on him by parting with great sadness, and often recited farewell poems, "Knowing far from Korea, making Xiao Tianwai, worrying about the lonely city at dusk". The bleak tone is the true reflection of the poet's misfortune and the integration of the empty Buddha thought.
Gao Shi's experience is just the opposite of Wang Wei's. He lost his father when he was young and knew the hardships of the world. With my own efforts, although I learned the skills of being both civil and military, I was not admitted to the imperial examination system until Gao Shi was 49 years old, and I just got a micro-post as a county commandant in Fengqiu. Although I enjoyed a good career in my later years, I have lived in the lower class for a long time since I was a child. The hardships of hard life and the process of self-struggle are enough to cultivate the indomitable perseverance, self-improvement spirit, high-spirited attitude towards life and generous style of senior one. The idea of making contributions has always dominated Gao Shi's life, so he can always combine his fame with social utility, and often sing frankly, boldly and freely "Don't cry when you are poor", "Men strive for wealth and advise you not to come home late" and "Sometimes good times are in vain". In this series of farewell poems, the bold tone and heroic style coincide with the magnificent atmosphere and conform to the high spirit of the times. This spirit directly inspired and influenced the formation of Li Bai's bold and unconstrained poetic style, and played a very positive role in promoting the development of Tang poetry.
Of course, Wang Wei's farewell poems do have the strong words of "generously leaning on the sword and singing to send the king away", but this is only an accidental appearance and only a few in his works, which is really not enough to show the basic style of his farewell poems. Similarly, in Gao Shi's farewell poems, there is a sad sentence of "I am far from poverty, but I only found it in one or two articles". Its firm determination and heroic spirit are enough to show his overall style and basic tolerance of being a man. The so-called "talking a lot is both angry and bone" (Yi Yin's "He Yueying Ji Ling")
On the basis of the above analysis, if we reread two farewell poems, Cheng Wei Qu and Don't Move Big, we can have a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of Wang Wei's profound feelings of parting and delicate and sad mentality revealed in his poem "Advise the monarch to drink more and go out for no reason". You can also stand in a higher realm and appreciate the heroism, masculinity and profound philosophy of life expressed in Gao Shi's poems, "Mochow has no confidant in the future, and no one knows the king in the world." What needs to be emphasized here is that from the second part of Don't Move Big, it can be found that when Gao Shi wrote Don't Move Big, he was in a dilemma on the road of life, and even reached the point that "the husband should not be poor enough, so he can meet today without drinking money" (the second part of Don't Move Big). But even so, this handsome man can still inspire his friends and himself with the sonorous words of "no one in the world knows a gentleman", and show the world and educate new people with the unyielding strength of being poor. This is really a capitalized person, a real person. Taking this moral integrity as a poem is probably a spiritual realm that cannot be ignored at present!