Information about poetry and songs

? Ci, Qu, Poetry and Fu are an important style of China classical literature, although it is far less popular than poetry, prose and novels for modern people. However, in ancient times, especially in the Han and Tang dynasties, poetry and fu were often neck and neck, as can be seen from Cao Pi's "Poetry and fu are all beautiful" and Lu Ji's "Poetry and fu are beautiful because of emotion, vivid and vivid". So, what is Fu? Fu originated in the Warring States Period, flourished in the Han and Tang Dynasties, and declined in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, there were literati who only wrote poems without writing them, but there were almost no talented people who only wrote poems without writing them. After Jian 'an and even the whole Six Dynasties, Fu was even praised as a poem. Qu Yuan's works are called Fu in historical records, and Qu Yuan's works are also called Fu in Hanshu. Later generations praised history and Han, so they called the works of Qu Yuan and others Fu. The first person to use the word "Fu" as a style should push Sima Qian. During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Han Dynasty, The Book of Poetry became a Confucian Classics. In this context, it is extremely inappropriate to call Qu Yuan's works poems. However, Qu Yuan's works can only be read but not sung, and it is not appropriate to call them "songs". So Sima Qian chose two names: Ci and Fu. However, he still prefers to use words to name Qu Yuan's works, because Qu Yuan's works are rich in literary talent. The works of Song Yu, Le Tang and Jing Ke are called "Fu". What really calls one's work Fu is. Then at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, literati often wrote their own works in the name of "Fu". Fu is a marginal style between poetry and prose. Between them, Fu is closer to poetic style. From the Han Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, Fu was closer to poetry than prose. From the perspective of subject matter, the subject matter of Chu Ci works is relatively simple, and most of them are "sad people don't meet." Moreover, its form is relatively fixed, and they all imitate Qu Yuan's works and write their own misfortunes and troubles like Qu Yuan. The extravagant decorations in Qu Yuan's Evocation of Soul have a great influence on Han Da Fu. Fu has a strong literati flavor since its birth, which is the reason why it is deeply influenced by Chu Ci. Sao style fu mostly adopts the metaphor of "vanilla beauty" in Chu Ci, and often follows the metaphor of Chu Ci. Since the word "Fu" was formed, Fu and poetry have been intertwined and influenced each other. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was a confluence of poetry and fu. However, poetry and fu are necessarily two different styles. Generally speaking, most poems are written for feelings, while Fu often writes for feelings. Poetry focuses on lyricism, and fu focuses on narrative objects. Liu Xizai, a poet in A Qing, said: "Different from poets, there is less emotion in poetry and more emotion in poetry." There are roughly three styles of Han Fu, namely, Sao Fu, Four-character Poetry Fu and Prose Fu. . Judging from the structure and language of fu, prose, seven-style, argumentative and Tang-style fu are all close to prose, and some of them can be completely classified as prose. The poetic features of Fu are somewhat similar to prose poems in modern literature. It has three main characteristics: first, sentences are mainly four or six sentences, and parallel antithesis is pursued; Second, it requires harmony in phonology; Third, pay attention to algae decoration and allusions in language. Antithesis and algae decoration are a major feature of Han Fu. 6 ■ Five-character poetry is a genre of ancient Chinese poetry, and the whole article consists of five sentences. Before the Han Dynasty, there were occasional five-character poems, but there were no complete five-character poems. Five-character poems first appeared and developed in folk songs and Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty. According to Records of Five Elements in Hanshu and Biography of Yinshang, the ballads of the Western Han Dynasty when it proclaimed itself emperor have become a complete five-character style. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, five-character poems emerged constantly and were incorporated into Yuefu, such as Mulberry on the Stranger, Lotus Picking in Jiangnan and so on. , are relatively mature five-character works. At the beginning of the literati's five-character poems, the views of predecessors were quite different. In the Western Han Dynasty, Mei Cheng, Li Ling, Su Wu and Ban Jieyu, these old five-character books, are actually unreliable. The earliest extant five-character poem of literati should be Ban Gu's Ode to History in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Only after corporal punishment. Being too pale will make you feel guilty. Give it to Chang 'an. I hate not having children. I'm trapped and lonely. My daughter is bitter about her father's words. The dead are not renewable. Write me a letter. Think of ancient songs and cock crow. Worry destroys cracks. The morning breeze bursts. Emperor xiaowen of the holy Han dynasty. Feel sad and affectionate. What is a hundred people? Not as good as Ti Ying. Zhong Rong's poems say that he is "ignorant", which shows that the literati are unfamiliar with the five-character poem for the first time, and the later authors are Zhang Heng's Homophony Song, Qin Jia's Poem for a Daughter and Zhao Yi's Song for Sickness, and their performance skills are becoming more and more mature. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the appearance of "Nineteen Ancient Poems" by Anonymous marked the development of five-character ancient poems to a mature stage. By Jian 'an, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, five-character poems had become the most popular poetic style, and a large number of famous poems appeared. Five-character poetry can accommodate more words, thus expanding the capacity of poetry and being able to write and narrate flexibly and meticulously. In terms of syllables, even-odd matching is more musical. Therefore, it is more suitable for the social life developed after the Han Dynasty, thus gradually replacing the orthodox position of four-character poetry and becoming the main form of classical poetry. Modern poetry appeared after the early Tang Dynasty, including five-character poems and five-character quatrains. Five-character poems after the Tang Dynasty are generally called "five-character poems in ancient style" or "five-character poems in ancient style". Everything has an origin, a beginning and an end. Poetry is no exception. As we all know, poetry is a kind of rhyme that can be sung. Poetry, like other art forms, originated from labor. It is produced in order to coordinate the labor rhythm. The original poems were written orally by human collective. The same is true of the original old poems. In the history of literature, when it comes to old poetry, it is generally divided into two genres, namely "ancient poetry" and "modern poetry". The so-called ancient poetry and modern poetry are not completely divided by the times, but only a genre. Let's not misunderstand the meaning of words. As for new poems, that is, free poems in vernacular Chinese, they are not among the old poems. Don't misunderstand that they are modern poems. The so-called modern poetry (also known as modern poetry, as the ancients called it) is relative to ancient poetry. They developed from "New Style Poetry" in the Qi and Liang Dynasties into distinctive poems. In this respect, Shen Yue, a poet, established a set of phonological theories, which first laid the foundation for metrical poetry. At first, it was limited to five words, and seven words were created by people in the Tang Dynasty. Rhyme and quatrains are two major parts of modern poetry. If you understand the metrical poem, you can also understand the quatrains. Because quatrains come with metrical poems. Metric poetry is also divided into five words and seven words, which is a poem with eight sentences each. They are composed of certain parallelism and duality, harmonious syllables, neat chapters and sentences. The author can't go beyond its scope and limitations at will. Ping means that every word has four tones: Ping, Qu, Qu and Jin. What doesn't belong to the flat sound is the snoring. On this point, we will discuss it in detail below. Every sentence of a metrical poem or quatrain is restricted by a fixed level tone. The so-called duality is the four sentences in the middle of the rhyme, which literally must be a pair, and the opposite is a pair. The first four sentences and the last four sentences are not arranged. Three or four sentences are called "front connection" or "parallel connection"; Five or six sentences are called "back couplet" or "neck couplet". These opposites, like the Shuang Ye of a door and the two wheels of a car, all function words and real words must be measured by Thai baht. Intentionally right, right thing, right thing? There are many ways to object. Let's take a look at Bai Juyi's five-character poem "Grass": the vast grass crosses the plain and comes and goes with the four seasons. Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it. Sweet they pressed on the ancient highway and reached the crumbling gate. Oh, my friend's prince, you left again, and I heard them sigh behind you. It is not difficult to see from this poem that the third sentence and the fourth sentence are a pair; The fifth sentence and the sixth sentence are a pair again. But it doesn't have to be played all the time. As for leveling? Make the "four tones" clear first, and then talk about the application of these parallelism in metrical poems and quatrains. As we said, writing old poems, especially metrical poems and quatrains, must abide by the inherent limits of metrical rules. What is leveling? People who have a little common sense about phonology certainly understand what it is; But if you haven't paid attention to this aspect at all, it is necessary to explain. The so-called flat tone is the flat tone of every word. How to call it a quiet voice, and how to call it a purr? It turns out that since the Eastern Jin Dynasty in China, people have paid great attention to tone when writing poems. Both Zhou Qing of Qi and Shen Yue of Liang have special books on this subject, and the tone of each word is adjusted to four tones: flat, up, down and inside. 7: ■ Knowledge of lyrics, poems and fu. For example, "Fang" is flat; "coat" is the top sound; "Beating" means removing the sound; "Live" means entering tone. Except for the flat voice, the three tones of up, go and in are all dull. But we should know that the flat sound itself can be divided into "flat sound" and "flat tone" For example, "Fang" is a level tone, and "Fang" is a level tone. As for the three tones of up, go and in, there is no distinction between yin and yang. To put it more clearly, it is to divide the tones of all words into Yin Ping, rising tone, Shang, Qu and Ru (hereinafter referred to as Yin and Yang, Shang, Qu and Ru); Every word, if not flat, belongs to a weak sound (that is, up, down and middle). For example, the word "Yin" itself is a flat tone; The word "Yang" is the upper sound, and the word "Shang" is the upper sound; The word "go" is to go to the sound; The word "Ru" means Ru Sheng. If you are familiar with these four tones, people can easily tell that every word belongs to Zhu Ping. Here are a few more examples to familiarize readers who are not familiar with this aspect with the four tones. Please look at the following: Yin, Endure, Seal, and Yi; Man (yang), forbearance (up), sealing (away) and heaven (middle); Gold (Grade), Dare (Up), Forbidden (Go), Urgent (Middle). Familiar with the four tones, distinguish which word is flat and which word is flat, so let's talk about how these flat and even poems are arranged. Five-character rhythmic poetry is the most popular form of old poetry "modern poetry" The so-called "law" means regularity. These laws, including the definition of flat and parallel, the length of words, the neatness of antithesis and so on. Now, let's talk about leveling. Generally speaking, regular poems are all in five words and seven languages. If you write five words, the level is as follows: mediocre, mediocre, mediocre, mediocre. Plain, plain, plain, plain. These flat poems are only eight sentences. Those who learn to write old poems must read them well first. But it's not difficult. Here are some tips to remember it. First, these eight sentences are actually two groups. The first four sentences form a group; The last four sentences are only repeated once. Just remember the four sentences. Second, if each group begins with the word "ping", the fourth sentence must also end with the word "ping". This is what people often call "leveling" and "leveling". Third, if each group is "equal", then the second and third sentences must start with a moan. Four, the normal flat formula, except for the third sentence of each group, the last word of the other three sentences must be flat. (However, the above formula has also changed. Because if the first sentence doesn't rhyme, you can start with "flush", so it happens to be a group of four sentences. For more information, please see http://220.181.38.80/f? kz= 135790729