Common expressive techniques in poetry
1. Rhetoric: metaphor, personification, contrast, contrast, exaggeration and allusions.
2. Description techniques: dynamic and static combination, far and near combination, visual hearing, smell and touch, virtual and real combination, point and surface combination.
3. Lyric skills: direct lyric (direct expression of ideas)
Indirect lyricism: borrowing scenery to express feelings, containing feelings in the scenery, touching the scenery to create feelings, writing mourning feelings with music scenes, expressing feelings with scenery, expressing aspirations with things, and satirizing the present with ancient times.
The first mode: image type analysis
Standardize answering skills:
(1) What image;
(2) the basic characteristics of image;
(3) the meaning of image.
example
Briefly analyze the image of "Li Weng" in the poem.
Jiang? snow
liu zongyuan
There are no birds flying over those mountains, and there are no traces of people in those paths.
A boat on the river, a fisherman wearing his webworm moth; Fishing alone is not afraid of snow and ice.
This poem describes a lonely and noble old fisherman. (What image)
In the cold and quiet environment, the old fisherman is not afraid of the cold, concentrates on fishing, and has a lonely body and a lofty and aloof personality. (Image Features)
This is the sustenance and portrayal of the poet's lofty thoughts and feelings from worldly detachment. (meaning of image)
Give it to yourself.
Zhang Jiuling
Now that you're out, you don't care about the disabled machine anymore.
I miss you like a full moon, and the brightness is decreasing every night.
What kind of characters has this poem shaped?
Created an image of a homesick woman who has been away from home for a long time and is increasingly haggard because of missing. The first two sentences of the poem say that the wife is empty and has no intention of working because her husband is out. The woman's face is haggard because of missing day and night, just like the full moon, which is gradually weakening its brightness and becoming a lack of moon. (Step 2) Expressed a thoughtful woman's deep yearning for her husband. (Step 3)
The second mode: artistic conception analysis
General question: What kind of artistic conception does this poem create?
Variant question: What kind of picture does this poem depict? What thoughts and feelings did the poet express?
Answer steps:
(1) depicts the picture displayed in the poem. Candidates should grasp the main scenery in the poem and reproduce the picture in their own language. When describing, one should be faithful to the original poem, the other should be recreated with one's own association and imagination, and the language should be beautiful.
(2) Summarize the characteristics of the environmental atmosphere created by the scenery. Generally, two disyllabic words can be used, such as loneliness and cold, tranquility and beauty, freshness and brightness, vigor and grandeur, tragic and generous, desolation and desolation. , and should pay attention to accurately reflect the characteristics and emotional appeal of the scene.
(3) Analyze the author's thoughts and feelings. Don't be empty, but give specific answers. For example, it is not enough to answer "expressing the author's sentimental feelings", but also to answer "sentimental" why.
Solution analysis: Artistic conception refers to the imaginary realm created by the combination of objects (that is, images) that entrust the poet's feelings. Including scenery, emotion and environment. Three aspects are indispensable when answering questions.
Common mistakes: Students often make two mistakes when answering such questions:
One is to describe the scenery by literal translation, and change the description into translation;
Second, students often take the positive contrast mode of "thinking in the situation and blending the scene" as the main mode, but suddenly some poems compare their thoughts and feelings through scenery, which leads to mistakes in their understanding of their thoughts and feelings.
In this case, we should pay more attention to the poet's life, ambition or title to avoid making mistakes.
Example of answering questions:? Read the following Tang poem and then answer this question. (8 points)
Two quatrains (Part I)
Du Fu
Jiangshan bathed in spring, how beautiful, flowers send flowers. Swallows are busy nesting in wet mud and sleeping in pairs on the warm beach.
Note: This poem was written by the poet when he temporarily lived in Chengdu Caotang after "four tours at one year old".
What kind of scenery does this poem depict? What kind of feelings did the poet express? Please analyze it briefly.
A: This poem depicts a beautiful scene of early spring: the spring is bright, the fields are green, the river reflects the sunshine, the spring breeze brings the fragrance of flowers and plants, the mud melts, the soil is wet, the swallows are busy building their nests with mud, the sun is bright, the beach is warm, and Yuanyang is still sleeping on the sandbar (the first step). This is a beautiful spring scene (step 2). It shows the poet's happy and carefree state of mind after his wandering life (the third step).
The third mode: analytical skill type
Q: What kind of artistic technique is used in this poem?
Title change: please analyze the expression (or artistic technique, or technique) of this poem. How do poets express their feelings? What's the effect?
Artistic skills are the means used by poets to express their feelings. To answer questions accurately, you must be familiar with some common expression skills. Artistic techniques can be divided into three categories: lyrical techniques, expressive techniques and rhetorical techniques.
There are two kinds of lyric techniques: direct expression and indirect lyric. Indirect lyricism can be divided into borrowing scenery to express feelings, melting feelings into scenery, touching scenery to create feelings, melting scenery to express feelings, supporting things to express feelings, and supporting things to express feelings.
Second, the expression techniques mainly include: (1) set off, divided into positive contrast and negative contrast; (2) Lenovo and imagination, also called the combination of reality and reality; (3) comparison; (4) draw lines; (5) rendering; (6) symbol; (7) combination of static and dynamic; (8) Dynamic lining is static; (9) Expressing grief with musical scenes; (10) Zhang Xianzhi; (1 1) If you want to improve, suppress it first.
There are often three figures of speech in ancient poems: (1) Bi Xing, that is, saying something else first causes what is sung; (2) metaphor; (3) Metonymy; (4) personification; (5) exaggeration; (6) pun; (7) duality; (8) allusions. There are rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, irony and so on.
Answer steps:
(1) Point out exactly what technique was used;
(2) Explain how the author uses this technique by combining poems;
(3) How can this technique effectively convey the poet's feelings?
Example: Read the following poem and then answer this question. (8 points)
Leave early? the Chen Dynasty
Dewdrops invaded the camel's brown, Han Xiao was bright, and the stars were dry and bright.
Lonely bridges and dreams, grass insects in the depths of rice fields are singing.
What does this poem mainly express? What's the effect?
A: Mainly use the method of comparison (the first step). The sky is not bright, the stars are vertical and horizontal, especially bright, which sets off the darkness of the night; "Grass insects sing" reflects the silence of the environment (step 2). The contrast between the two highlights the loneliness brought by the poet's early travel and inner wandering (the third step).
The fourth mode: analytical language type
Q: What are the linguistic features of this poem?
Question variant: Please analyze the language style of this poem. On the language art of this poem.
Words that can be used to answer questions generally include: fresh and natural, unpretentious, gorgeous and graceful, clear and smooth, euphemistic and implicit, bold and unrestrained, graceful and graceful in style, concise and vivid, etc.
Answer steps:
(1) Use one or two words to accurately point out language features.
(2) Analyze this feature with relevant sentences in the poem.
(3) Point out how the author's feelings are expressed.
Example of answer:
Yue Nv's Ci (III)
Lipper
Girls Picking Lotus If the girls picking lotus in Yexi saw the guests, they sang back to the boat. He smiled and hid in the lotus, pretending to be ashamed.
Please analyze the linguistic features of this poem.
A: The language of this poem is fresh and natural. (Step 1) The poet used a series of seemingly ordinary verb phrases such as "receiving guests", "laughing in" and "don't come out" to create a beautiful and moving image of a lotus picker. It is natural to use the word "pretending to be ashamed" to describe her psychology and modality towards the right person. (Step 2) The poet expressed his praise for pure love in the language of "clear water produces hibiscus". (Step 3)
The fifth mode: one-word collar full poem style.
Q: One word is the key to the whole poem. Why?
Ancient poetry is very particular about conception, and often a word or a word constitutes the clue of the whole poem. Grasping this word proposition can often test the examinee's grasp of the whole poem.
Answer steps:
The role of the word (1) in highlighting the main idea.
(2) Consider the role of words in the structure of poetry.
Example of answer:
On a spring night, I smell the flute in Los Angeles.
Lipper
Yu Di's dark flying sound scattered into the spring breeze in Los Angeles. Who can't get homesick when they hear that there is another village in the serenade?
The word "folding willow" is the key to the whole poem. What is the moral of "breaking willow"? Do you agree with "key"? Why?
A: "Folding willow" means "parting", and the theme of poetry is homesickness (the first step). This homesickness is caused by hearing the flute sound of the song "Broken Willow" (the second step). It can be seen that "folding willow" is the key to the whole poem.
The sixth mode: exquisite fonts and poetic eyes.
Q: What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why?
Problem variant: one sentence has always been praised. What do you think of it?
Answer steps:
(1) Explain the meaning of this word in the sentence.
(2) Expand the association and put the word in the original sentence to describe the scene.
(3) point out what kind of artistic conception the word sets off, or what kind of feelings it expresses.
Example of answer:
Nanpubie
Bai Juyi
In the bleak drudgery of Nanpu, the autumn wind is bleak.
Turn back immediately, my heart is broken, so I can leave and don't look back.
It is believed that the word "Kan" seems ordinary, but in fact it is very vivid and can really reveal the image of the lyric hero. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
A: I agree. Look, in the poem, it means to look back (the first step). I left people, and I often looked back. Every time I look back, I feel deeply grieved. This word makes us seem to see the tearful image of the lyric hero (step 2). Just the word "look" shows the sadness of parting as much as possible (step 3).
The seventh mode: different views [always trying to mobilize your enthusiasm for learning]
Question: Some people think so, others think so. What do you think?
Question variant: Some people think that a word is well used, while others think that a word is well used. what do you think?
Answer steps:
Find the key points in the original words and sentences and answer them in the form of translation.
Read the following Tang poem, then answer this question. (6 points)
Jiang? Han? Du Fu
I am wandering in Jianghan belt, and I miss my homeland and can't return. In the vast world, I am just a pedantic old Confucian. The sky is far away, and the moon is lonely all night.
The heart of the setting sun is still strong, and the autumn wind is sick. Since ancient times, the old horse has not spent its physical strength because of its wisdom. Therefore, although I am old and sicker, I can still do it.
Some people think that this poem is full of the poet's spirit of self-improvement, while others think that this poem expresses the poet's resentment. What do you agree with? Please provide a justification for the answer. You can also express your views.
Answer: (Those who are "striving for self-improvement" should contact "the heart is still strong at sunset", and those who answer "resentment" should contact "no need to walk long distances". )
The first answer: I agree with the poet's statement that he is full of self-improvement. It is mentioned in the poem that "the heart is still strong" and the disease yearns for the Soviet Union "
Save the old horse, etc. It can be seen that the poet is not afraid of illness, refuses to accept the old age and hopes to serve the country.
The second answer: I agree to express the poet's resentment. The poem wrote "homesickness", "pedant", "cloud" and "sunset", especially the last two sentences; Am I not as good as an old horse pedant? Expressed the poet's vicissitudes of life and the resentment of serving the country.
The word "around" is written in some books as "Xiao". Which word do you think is more appropriate? Why? (3 points)
The eighth mode: refining sentence patterns
Question method: What's so good about this poem?
Problem variant: 1. What is the significance and function of this poem?
2. What are the performance characteristics or briefly analyze the function and artistic effect of this poem.
Steps to answer questions: ① clarify the meaning of language, and sometimes explore its deep meaning; (2) Analyze the expressive function of poetry in writing scenery, words or people. (3) Sometimes you can briefly explain the artistic effect.
Read the following poem and then answer this question.
Two Poems on Water Threshold (I)
Du? only
When you go to Guo Xuan, no village can overlook this honor. Clear water, almost drowning both sides; Green trees and flowers in full bloom in the evening.
It was drizzling, and the fish jumped out of the water happily; The breeze is blowing gently, and the swallows slant across the sky. The city is crowded with thousands of people; There are only two Three Lamps District here, and it's free.
[Note] Water sill: The railing by the river can be used for fishing or overlooking. Near Du Fu's Chengdu Caotang. ? Credit: far.
The fifth and sixth sentences of this poem are well-known sentences, and Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua in the Southern Song Dynasty called it "a unique natural beauty". Please talk about the "beauty" of these two poems, and talk about what kind of feelings the author expressed in combination with the whole poem.
A: These two poems are about drizzle and fish frolicking on the water. The breeze blew and the swallows glanced obliquely across the sky. If the rain is fierce, the fish will dive to the bottom; If the wind is urgent, the swallow can't stand it. Write about the joy and inclination of fish and the lightness of swallows. The poet's observation is meticulous, and his words are natural, simple and delicate. The poem describes the natural environment of the thatched cottage, and between the lines contains the author's love for nature, spring and leisurely mood.
The ninth mode: analytical concept type
Question method: How was this poem conceived?
Question variant: Please analyze the ingenious conception of this poem.
Solution analysis: there is thought in poetry, and a poem is closely related to a sentence. Then, to analyze the structure of poetry, we must grasp the relationship between poems. Some poems write scenery first and then express feelings, others write scenery first and then express feelings, and there are also theories of bedding, transition, contrast and transition.
Steps to answer questions: ① Reveal the relationship between poems. ② Summarize the content described in the poem. (3) Point out what thoughts and feelings this idea conveys.
Read the following poem and then answer this question.
Dongpo ①? Su Shi
The rain washed Dongpo, the moonlight was clear, and the city people walked like savages.
Don't doubt the slope head road, love to drag the stick.
[Note] ① This poem was written by Su Shi when he was relegated to Huangzhou. Dongpo is where Su Shi lives and cultivates in Huangzhou.
It is true that there are many mountains and stones.
What is the function of the first sentence of the whole poem? Please enjoy it briefly.
A: The first sentence is the basis of the whole poem. It depicts a moonlit picture of Dongpo after the rain, creating a clear and quiet atmosphere to reflect the spiritual realm of Ming Che in the author's mind.
The tenth mode: emotion and theme.
Q: What kind of thoughts and feelings are expressed? What is the theme of this poem?
Question variant: What kind of social reality does this poem reflect? What kind of interest does this poem show? Or ask questions in combination with artistic conception, or ask questions for a sentence or a couplet.
Answer steps: (1) What is written in each sentence (or related sentence) of the poem (2) What expressive skills are used (3) What emotions are expressed.
For example, read the following Song lyrics and then answer this question. (8 points) (2006 National Volume II)
Nankezi Rebecca
The mountains are dark and the weather is cold and rainy. Several branches were bright and wet, and they were red with tears. Don't feel sorry for the east wind.
The hat faces outwards and ditches are everywhere. Hard work is a problem concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers. Get a plow and look forward to a good year.
【 Note 】 ① Agriculture, countryside and farmers: refer to spring ploughing, summer sowing and autumn harvest.
(2) Try to analyze the content of Xiaque and the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author in the poem.
A: It describes the life of peasants' hard struggle, and gives a sigh that "hard work on earth is three rural issues". (Step 1) (Skip step 2 because there is no special expression skill) It expresses farmers' desire for good weather and abundant crops. (Step 3)
The eleventh mode: evaluation problem
Question: the evaluation question is to list one or several poems first, and then quote the comments of ancient poetry critics or later generations on the characteristics of poems, asking you to judge whether this comment is correct or reasonable first, and then explain the reasons. This kind of question is similar to the judgment and reasoning question in the political history exam. In fact, this type of question is only a variation of the previous types of questions, and there is no direct question. Students need to analyze whether they are asking about content, theme or expression skills, and then make appropriate expressions by combining questions and poems.
Thinking of answering questions: (1) Carefully examine the questions (2) Deeply read and understand the poems (3) Answer questions in combination with the contents of the poems and comments. Note: closely follow the content of poetry and analyze it point by point; Clarify? When giving reasons, stick to the key words in the comments.
Example of answer:
red wall
Du Mu
A broken iron halberd sank into the sand and disappeared, only to find that it was the remnant of Battle of Red Cliffs after grinding and washing. If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai.
Someone once quoted "a grain of sand to see the world, half a flower to talk about human feelings" to summarize the artistic characteristics of this poem. Do you agree with this view? Please briefly explain.
Analysis: This is a typical poem evaluation question. The original intention of the poem is very clear, but the proposer borrows a western poem to summarize its artistic characteristics, so he should change his mind when answering. The so-called "a grain of sand sees the world, and half a flower talks about human feelings" means seeing the whole leopard from a small perspective. This paper takes the unearthed cultural relics Ji Po and Er Qiao, the second daughter of Wu, as examples to show the political changes during the Three Kingdoms period.
This is an epic poem, which expresses feelings about the rise and fall of the country. It can be said that the content is big and the theme is big, but the poet expresses it through "small things" and "small things". This poem is a small cultural relic, "Broken halberd", which is associated with the turbulent years before the division of the Han Dynasty. Thinking of the heroes in the Chibi War can be said to be "seeing the world in a grain of sand". The last two sentences relate the fact that "Er Qiao" has not been caught to the big theme of Wu Dong's hegemony and tripartite confrontation, which is tangible and affectionate, and can be described as "half-petal talk about human feelings".